Turkology

Turkology (Turcology, Turkologie) is a complex of humanities sciences studying languages, history, literature, folklore, culture, and ethnology of people speaking Turkic languages and Turkic peoples in chronological and comparative context. This includes ethnic groups from the Sakha in East Siberia to the Balkan Türks and Gagauz in Moldova.

Related periodical publications

A selection of English-language periodicals studying Turkology
*"Journal of Turkic Languages" [http://linguistlist.org/pubs/journals/get-journals.cfm?JournalID=541]
*"Journal of Turkish Linguistics" [http://tdae.org/b/index.php/en/jtl-en/]
*"Journal of Turkology" [http://linguistlist.org/pubs/journals/get-journals.cfm?JournalID=542]
*"Journal of the American Oriental Society" [http://www.umich.edu/~aos/index.html]
*"Journal of Asian Studies" [http://www.aasianst.org/]
*"British Society for Middle Eastern Studies" [http://www.dur.ac.uk/brismes/]
*"The Turkology Update Leiden Project(TULP)" [http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/topical/histor.htm]
*"Journal of American Studies of Turkey" [http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/]
*"Turkologischer Anzeiger/Turkology Annual" [http://maviboncuk.blogspot.com/2005/10/source-turkologischer-anzeiger.html]
*"Indiana University Central Eurasian Studies" [http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=4973]

History

Ethnological information on Turkic tribes for the first time was systemized by the 11th-century Turkic philologist Mahmud al-Kashgari in the "Dīwān ul-Lughat it-Turk" (Dictionary of Turkic languages). Multi-lingual dictionaries were compiled from the late 13th century for the practical application of participants in international trade and political life: Kipchak (Cuman)-Persian-Latin-German "Codex Cumanicus", "Armenian-Kipchak", and "Russian-Kipchak" dictionaries. By the Middle Ages the Turkology was centred around Byzantine and Greek historians, ambassadors and travelers, and geographers. In the 15-17th centuries the main subject of Turkology was the study of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish language, and the Turkic languages of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. In 1533 a first hand-written primer appeared, and by 1612 a printed grammar by Jerome Megizer was published, followed by F. Mesgnin-Meninski's 4-volume "Lexicon Turcico-Arabico-Persicum" published in 1680.

P. S. Pallas initiated a more scientific approach to Turkology with his "Comparative dictionaries of all languages and dialects" (1787) which included lexical materials from Tatar, Mishar, Nogai, Bashkir, and other Türkic languages. In the 19th century, Turkology was further developed by M. A. Kazembek's "Grammar of the Turkish-Tatar language" (1839), O. N. Betlingk "Grammar of the Yakut language" (1851). A major achievement was the deciphering at the end of the 19th century of the Early Middle Age Orkhon inscriptions by V. Thomsen and W. W. Radloff (1895). By the end of the 19th century, Turkology developed into a complex discipline that included linguistics, history, ethnology, archeology, arts and literature. In the 20th century the Turkology complex included physical anthropology, numismatics, genetics, ancient Turkic alphabetic scripts, typology, genesis, and etymology, onomastics and toponymy. The appearance of "Türkische Bibliothek" (1905-27) inaugurated specialised periodicals, followed by "Mitteilungen zur Osmanischen Geschichte" (1921-26). Scientific developments allowed calibrated dating, dendrochronology, metallurgy, chemistry, textile, and other specialized disciplines which contributed to the development of the Turkological studies. Deeper study of the ancient sources allowed better understanding of economical, social, mythological and cultural forces of the sedentary and nomadic societies. Linguistic studies uncovered pre-literate symbioses and mutual influences between different peoples.

Persecution in Soviet Russia

On 9 August 1944 in the USSR, when the Central Committee VKP(b), the ruling party of the former USSR, published an edict prohibiting "ancientization" of the Turkic history. The edict was followed by a consecutive wave of mass arrests, imprisoning and killing of the erudite layer of society, massive creation of replacement "scientists", and the re-writing of history pages on an industrial scale. Combined with the concurrent wholesale deportation of indigenous populations to remote areas in Middle Asia and Siberia, the wipe-out of the science was nearly complete, and the impact of the action subsided only partially in the newly independent countries after the collapse of the USSR. In the course of 2 decades after assuming power, the tradition of Turkological studies in Russia and dependent countries was suppressed.

On the other hand, this edict brought unintended benefits to Turkology. One was the nearly immediate linguistic development of an alternate lexicon which replaced the nouns and adjectives containing the word "Türk" by a wealth of euphemisms: "nomads, Siberians, Paleosiberians, Middle Asians, Scythians, Altaians, Tuvians", etc. that filled scientific publications. The other was "writing into a drawer", when results of the years of fruitful work were written down for future publication. When the bonds relaxed, the publications exploded. Another was a flight of scientists from Russia into remote areas, which brought first class scientists into many intellectually starved outlying areas of Middle Asia. And another one was connected with the state-wide efforts to re-invent the history, when most of the Turkological facts were found in the process of search for "correct" history. And another one was a built-up of the public interest for the forbidden subjects, that resulted that no print size could satisfy the demand. L.N.Gumilev and O.Suleimenov inflamed a surge in the new generation of Turkology scholars.

The following list presents a cross-section of Turkology scholars persecuted in 20th-century Soviet Russia. With the physical culling of the scholars from the society, concurrently was also organized a total extermination of all their published and unpublished works, their books were removed from the libraries and destroyed from private collections by intimidated population, articles and publications were culled, published photographs were retouched, private photographs were destroyed, published scientific references were erased, or publications with undesired references were destroyed. Very few of expedition diaries, ethnographical notes, reports and drafts for publications were ever recovered.

*Я. В. Васильков, М. Ю. Сорокина (eds.), Люди и судьбы. Биобиблиографический словарь востоковедов - жертв политического террора в советский период (1917-1991) ("People and Destiny. Bio-Bibliographic Dictionary of Orientalists - Victims of the political terror during the Soviet period (1917-1991)"), Петербургское Востоковедение (2003). [http://memory.pvost.org/pages/dic.html online edition]

List of Turkologists

*Abramzon S.M (1905-1977) (ethnographer) ( [http://history.krsu.edu.kg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=524&Itemid=38] in Russian)
*Adamovic M. (Uralic languages, Turkologist)
*Akishev K.A. (archeologist, investigated Issyk Kurgan)
*Altheim F. (1898-1976) (historian)
*Amanjolov A.S. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing)
*Anokhin A.V. (1867-1931) (Turkologist, ethnographer, ancient musical arts)
*Aristov N.A. (1847-1903) (Orientalist)
*Asmussen J.P. (1928-2002), (Orientalist, Manichaeism historian [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp6/ot_asmussen_20050106.html] )
*Ayda Adile (1912-1992) (Etruscologist, Orientalist)
*Bacot J. (1877 - 1965) (Orientalist)
*Baichorov S.Ya. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing [http://www.elbrusoid.org/content/famous/p2550.shtml] "in Russian")
*Bailey H.W. (1899-1996) (Orientalist)
*Bang W. (Bang Kaup J.W., J.Kaup) (1869-1934) (Turkologist, linguist [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v3f7/v3f7a016.html] )
*Barfield T.J. (history, anthropology, and social theory [http://www.bu.edu/smscinst/faculty_barfield.html] )
*Bartold W.W. (1869-1930) (Orientalist)
*Baskakov N.A. (1905-1995) (Turkologist, linguist, ethnologist)
*Batmanov I.A. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing)
*Bazin Louis (Sinologist, orientalist)
*Beckwith C. (Uralic and Altaic Studies)
*Benzing J. (1913-2001) (Turkic and northern Eurasia languages [https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/linguipedia/index.php?title=Johannes_Benzing&printable=yes] )
*Bernshtam A.L. (1910—1956) (archeologist)
*Bidjiev Kh.Kh.-M. (1939-1999) (archeologist, Turkologist [http://www.elbrusoid.org/content/remember/p9774.shtml] "in Russian")
*Biletsky A.O. (1911-1995)
*Bosworth C.E. (Orientalist, Arabist)
*Bretschneider, E. (1833-1901) (Sinologist)
*Budberg P.A. (Boodberg) (1903-1972) (Sinologist, orientalist)
*Calafell F. (geneticist)
*Castrén M.A. (1813–1852)
*Chavannes E. (1865 - 1918) (Sinologist)
*Chia-sheng, Feng (Jiasheng, Fen Tszia-shen, C. S. Feng)
*Cinnioglu C. (geneticist)
*Clauson G. (1891–1974) (Orientalist, Turkish language)
*Comas D. (geneticist)
*Deguignes H.(Joseph) (1721-1800) (Orientalist)
*Derenko M. (geneticist)
*Dilaçar Agop (1895–1979) (linguist)
*Doblhofer E. (Historical philology,)
*Donner O. (1835–1909) (linguist)
*Drompp M.R. (Orientalist, Turkologist [http://www.eurasianhistory.com/data/articles/f02/1062.html] )
*Eberhard Wolfram (1909 -1988) (Sinologist, Philologist, Turkologist [http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/eberhard.html] )
*Ecsedy Ildikó (1938-2004)
*Egorov N.I.
*Emre A.J.
*Enoki Kazuo
*Fiori G. (geneticist)
*Fedorov-Davydov G.A. (1931–2000) (archeologist [http://saray-al-mahrusa.ru/person/opis/f-d.htm] "in Russian")
*Fefelova V.V. (geneticist)
*Francalacci P. (geneticist)
*Frye R.N. (philologist, historian)
*Gabain, von, A. (1901-1993) (Turkologist, Sinologist, linguist, art historian [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v10f3/v10f309.html] )
*Geng Shimin 耿世民 (Turkologist, Uigurologist, Manichaeanism, linguist, archeologist, historian)
*Gibbon E. (1737 – 1794) (historian)
* Giraud M.R. (1904-1968) (philologist, historian)
*Gökalp Z. (1886-1924) (Sociologist)
*Golden P. (historian)
*Golubovsky P.V. (1857 - 1907) (historian)
*Grousset R. (1885-1952)
*Gumilev L. (Arslan) (1912–1992)
*Habichev M.A. (1910-1993)
*Halasi-Kun Tibor (1914-1991) (Turkologist [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE6D7133AF937A15753C1A967958260] )
*Gustav Haloun (1898-1951)
*Hamilton J.R. (linguist, Uigur and Chigil studies)
*Harmatta J.(1917-2004) (linguist)
*Haussig, von, H.W.
*Heissig W. (1913-2005) (Mongolist)
*Henning W.B. (1908—1967)
*Herberstein S. (Siegmund, Sigismund, Freiherr von Herberstein, Gerbershtein) (1486 – 1566) (historian, writer, diplomat)
*Hirth F. (1845-1927) (Sinologist)
*Howorth H.H. (1842- 1923) (archeologist, historian)
*Ishjamts N.
*Ismagulov Orazak (anthropologist)
*Jalairi Kadir Galy (Djalairi, Kadyrali, Kadyr Ali, Kydyrgali) (ca 1620) (historian)
*Jarring G. (1907–2002) (Turkologist)
*Jdanko T. (Zhdanko) (ethnographer)
*Kantemir D. (Cantemir) ((1673-1723) (historian, linguist, ethnographer)
*Karafet T.M. (geneticist)
*Kazsmarki I. (historian)
*Kharkov V.N. (geneticist)
*Khazanov A. (social anthropologist and ethnologist)
*Kitsikis Dimitri (political science)
*Kononov A.N.
*Konow S.
*Köprülü M.F.(Koprulu) (1890-1966)
*Kormushin I.V. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing)
*Kotwicz W. (1872-1944) (Orientalist [http://www.geocities.com/wlad_11514/polacyen.htm] )
*Kradin N.N. (anthropologist, archaeologist)
*Küner N.V. (1877-1955) (17-languages polyglot, Turkologist [http://www.sektam.net/modules.php?name=Encyclopedia&op=content&tid=2005&eid=5] , [http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/kakula/post51764342] "in Russian")
*Kurat A.N. (historian)
*Kvaerne P. (Tibetology, Religions [http://www.tibet.com/language/ltwa/tibet-journal.html] )
*Kyzlasov I.L. (Turkologist, runiform writing)
*Kyzlasov L.R.
*Lagashov B.R. (Caucasology, philology)
*Le Coq A. (1860 - 1930) (archaeologist, explorer)
*Liu Mau-tsai (Liu Guan-ying) (Sinologist, Turkologist)
*Lyzlov A. (ca. 1655-ca. 1696)
*Maenchen-Helfen O. (1894-1969) (academic, sinologist, historian, author, and traveler)
*Malov S.E. (1880-1957) (Orientalist, runiform writing)
*Marquart J. (Markwart) (1864-1930)
*Martinez A.P.
*Matsuda Hisao
*McGovern W.M. (1897-1964) (Orientalist) [http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/McGovern_William.pdf]
*Minorsky V.F. (1877-1966) (Orientalist [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/ot_grp5/ot_minorsky_20040720.html] )
*Moravcsik G. (1892-1972) (Byzantinology [http://www.getcited.org/mbrz/10290174] )
*Mori Masao
*Mukhamadiev A. (Numismatist, orientalist, philologist)
*Müller G.F. (Miller) (1705–83) (father of ethnography)
*Munkacsi B. (1860-1937) (linguist)
*Nadelyaev V.M. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing)
*Nasilov D.M. (Turkologist, philologist)
*Nemeth J.
*Ogel B. (Philology)
*Orkun H.N.
*Pakendorf V. (geneticist)
*Pallas P.S. (1741—1811) (naturalist, ethnographer)
*Pelliot P. (1878–1945) (Sinologist)
*Perez-Lezaun A. (geneticist)
*Petrov V.P.
*Pletneva S.A. (archeologist)
*Poppe N.N. (1897-1991) (linguist-Altaist)
*Potanin G.N. (1835 - 1920) (Explorer, historian)
*Potapov L.P. (1905-2000) (Turkologist, ethnographer, ethnologist)
*Potocki Yan (Jan) (1761-1815) (ethnologist, linguist, historian)
*Poucha P. (Central Asian philology)
*Puech H.-C. (linguist)
*Pulleyblank E.G.
*Radloff W. (1837–1918)
*Ramstedt G.H. (1873-1950) (Altaic languages)
*Räsänen Martti (Ryasyanen M.) [http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_R%C3%A4s%C3%A4nen]
*Rasonyi L (1899-1984) (Turkologist [http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1sonyi_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3] In Hungarian)
*Rasovsky D.A. (historian)
*Rémi-Giraud S. (linguist)
*Robruk, of, William (Guglielmo di, Gil'om de, Rubruquis) (travel ca 1248-1252)
*Rogers J.M. (Orientalist)
*Rona-Tash А.
*Rybatzki V.
*Samoilovich A.N. (1880-1938, killed in Stalinist repressions) (Orientalist, Turkologist)
*Samolin W. (1911-1972?) (Orientalist)
*Senigova T. N. (Fine Arts, Turkologist)
*Sevortian E.V.
*Seydakmatov K. (Turkologist, runiform writing)
*Shcherbak A.M. (Turkologist, runiform writing)
*Shiratori Kurakichi (1865-1942)
*Sinor D.
*Smirnova O.I. (numismatist)
*Starostin S. (1953-2005) (linguist, Altaic languages hypothesis)
*Strahlenberg, von, P.J. (Philip Johan Tabbert) (1676 — 1747)
*Tarskaya L.A. (geneticist)
*Tenishev E. R. (1921-2004) (linguist, Central Asian philology [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B] in Russian)
*Tiesenhausen, von, W. ("In Russian" Tizengauzen V.G.) (1825-1902) (Orientalist, numismatist, archeologist, [http://www.rulex.ru/01190108.htm] "in Rissian")
*Thomsen V. (1842–1927)
*Togan, Zeki Velidi (1890–1970) (historian, Turkologist, leader of liberation movement)
*Tolstov S.P. (1907-1976) (archeologist)
*Tremblay X. (philology)
*Vainberg B.I. (archeologist, numismatist)
*Valihanov Chokan (Shokan, Chokan Chingisovich) (1835-1865) (Turkologist, ethnographer, historian)
*Vambery A. (1832–1913)
*Van Govej (1877-1927) (Sinologist, historian, and philologist)
*Vasiliev D.D. (Türkic runiform script)
*Velikhanly N.M (Velikhanova) (Orientalist)
*Velyaminov-Zernov V. V. (1830-1904) (Turkologist [http://transpedia.blogspot.com/2007_05_18_archive.html] )
*Wang Guowei 王国维 (1877-1927) (Sinologist, historian)
*Winter W.
*Wittfogel K.A. (1896–1988) (Sinologist, historian)
*Yadrintsev N.V. (1842-1894)(archeologist, Turkologist, explorer)
*Yudin V.P. (1928—1983) (Orientalist, historian, and philologist [http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus6/Chengiz-name/posl.phtml?id=1573] "In Russian")
*Zajączkowski Ananiasz (1903-1970) (Turkologist [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananiasz_Zaj%C4%85czkowski] In Polish)
*Zakiev M. (Philologist)
*Zehren E. (Orientalist, archeologist)
*Zerjal T. (geneticist)
*Zieme P.W.H. (Turkologist, linguist)
*Zuev Yu. (1932-2006) (Sinologist)

References

*Kononov A.N., editor, "Bibliographical dictionary of native Turkologists. Pre-USSR period", Moscow, Science, 1974 - Кононов А.Н., ред., "Биобиблиографический словарь отечественных тюркологов. Дооктябрьский период"; Москва, Наука, 1974 (In Russian). Brief biographical and bibliographical compendium of more than 300 Turkologists in Russia, who contributed to the development of Turkology and education in Türkic languages from the 18th century to 1917.

External links

* [http://eng.iku.edu.tr/iku_eng_department.asp?department=turklang Istanbul Kültür University]
* [http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/newspot/2002/mar_apr/n5.htm International Turkology and Turkish History Research Symposium]
* [http://www.satcity.pair.com/index2.html Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies]
* [http://www.turkiye.net/sota/sota.html SOTA Research Centre for Turkestan and Azerbaijan]
* [http://aton.ttu.edu ATON at Texas Tech University]