Valve

This article is about the flow control device. For the game developer, see Valve Corporation. For the electronic component, see Vacuum tube. For other uses, see Valve (disambiguation).

These water valves are operated by handles.

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.

The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which drops to obstruct fluid (gas or liquid) flow in one direction, but is pushed open by flow in the opposite direction.

Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transport. The industries in which the majority of valves are used are oil and gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewage and chemical manufacturing.^{[citation needed]}

In daily life, most noticeable are plumbing valves, such as taps for tap water. Other familiar examples include gas control valves on cookers, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, safety devices fitted to hot water systems, and valves in car engines. In nature, veins acting as valves are controlling the blood circulation; heart valves control the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintain the correct pumping action.

Valves play a vital role in industrial applications ranging from transportation of drinking water to control of ignition in a rocket engine.

Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever or pedal. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.

More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.

Applications

Valves vary widely in form and application. Sizes^[ambiguous] typically range from 0.1 mm to 60 cm. Special valves can have a diameter exceeding 5 meters.^[which?]

Valve cost ranges from simple inexpensive disposable valves to specialized valves cost thousands of US dollars per inch of diameter.

Disposable valves may be found inside common household items including mini-pump dispensers and aerosol cans.

Types

The inside of an extremely large butterfly valve

Valves are quite diverse and may be classified into a number of basic types. Valves may also be classified by how they are actuated:

• Hydraulic
• Pneumatic
• Manual
• Solenoid
• Motor

Basic types

Valves can be categorized into the following basic types:

Duplex ball valve

• Ball valve, for on/off control without pressure drop, and ideal for quick shut-off since a 90º turn offers complete shut-off angle, compared to multiple turns required on most manual valves.
• Butterfly valve, for flow regulation in large pipe diameters.
• Ceramic Disc valve, used mainly in high duty cycle applications or on abrasive fluids. Ceramic disc can also provide Class IV seat leakage
• Check valve or non-return valve, allows the fluid to pass in one direction only.

Three check valves in corrosion-resistant Hastelloy

• Choke valve, a valve that raises or lowers a solid cylinder which is placed around or inside another cylinder which has holes or slots. Used for high pressure drops found in oil and gas wellheads.
• Diaphragm valve, which controls flow by a movement of a diaphragm. Upstream pressure, downstream pressure, or an external source (e.g., pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) can be used to change the position of the diaphragm.
• Gate valve, mainly for on/off control, with low pressure drop.

Stainless steel gate valve

• Globe valve, good for regulating flow.
• Knife valve, similar to a gate valve, but usually more compact. Often used for slurries or powders on/off control.
• Needle valve for accurate flow control.
• Pinch valve, for slurry flow regulation.
• Piston valve, for regulating fluids that carry solids in suspension.
• Plug valve, slim valve for on/off control but with some pressure drop.
• Poppet valve
• Spool valve, for hydraulic control
• Thermal expansion valve, used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
• Pressure Reducing Valve
• Sampling valves
• Safety valve

Specific types

• Aspin valve: a cone-shaped metal part fitted to the cylinder head of an engine
• Ball cock: often used as a water level controller (cistern)
• Bibcock: provides a connection to a flexible hosepipe
• Blast valve: prevents rapid overpressures in a fallout shelter or a bunker
• Cock: colloquial term for a small valve or a stopcock
• Demand valve: on a diving regulator
• Double beat valve
• Double check valve
• Duckbill valve
• Flipper valve
• Flow control valve: an application which maintains a variable flow rate through the valve
• Heimlich valve: a specific one-way valve used on the end of chest drain tubes to treat a pneumothorax
• Foot valve: a check valve on the foot of a suction line to prevent backflow
• Four-way valve: was used to control the flow of steam to the cylinder of early double-acting steam engines
• Freeze seal/Freeze plug: in which freezing and melting the fluid creates and removes a plug of frozen material acting as the valve
• Gas pressure regulator regulates the flow and pressure of a gas
• Heart valve: regulates blood flow through the heart in many organisms
• Larner-Johnson Valve: needle control valve often in large sizes used in water supply systems
• Leaf valve: one-way valve consisting of a diagonal obstruction with an opening covered by a hinged flap
• Pilot valve: regulate flow or pressure to other valves
• Plunger Valve: To regulate flow while lowering the pressure
• Poppet valve and sleeve valve: commonly used in piston engines to regulate the fuel mixture intake and exhaust
• Pressure regulator or pressure reducing valve (PRV): reduces pressure to a preset level downstream of the valve
• Pressure sustaining valve, or back-pressure regulator: maintains pressure at a preset level upstream of the valve
• Presta and Schrader valves are used to hold the air in bicycle tires
• Reed valve: consists of two or more flexible materials pressed together along much of their length, but with the influx area open to allow one-way flow, much like a heart valve
• Regulator: used in SCUBA diving equipment and in gas cooking equipment to reduce the high pressure gas supply to a lower working pressure
• Rocker valve
• Rotary valves and piston valves: parts of brass instruments used to change their pitch
• Rupture disc: a one time use replaceable valve for rapid pressure relief, used to protect piping systems from excessive pressure or vacuum; more reliable than a safety valve
• Saddle valve: where allowed, is used to tap a pipe for a low-flow need
• Safety valve or relief valve: operates automatically at a set differential pressure to correct a potentially dangerous situation, typically over-pressure
• Schrader valve: used to hold the air inside automobile tires
• Solenoid valve: an electrically controlled hydraulic or pneumatic valve
• Stopcock: restricts or isolates flow through a pipe
• Swirl valve: A specially designed Joule-Thompson pressure reduction/expansion valve imparting a centrifugal force upon the discharge stream for improving gas-liquid phase separation
• Tap (British English), faucet (American English): the common name for a valve used in homes to regulate water flow
• Thermal expansion valve, used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
• Thermostatic Mixing Valve
• Thermostatic Radiator Valve
• Trap primer: sometimes include other types of valves, or are valves themselves
• Vacuum breaker valve: prevents the back-siphonage of contaminated water into pressurized drinkable water supplies

In biology

Nature has developed an efficient valve, the sphincter, found in many animals including humans.

Components

Cross-sectional diagram of an open globe valve.
1. body
2. ports
3. seat
4. stem
5. disc when valve is open
6. handle or handwheel when valve is open
7. bonnet
8. packing
9. gland nut
10. fluid flow when valve is open
11. position of disc if valve were shut
12. position of handle or handwheel if valve were shut

The main parts of the most usual type of valve are the body and the bonnet. These two parts form the casing that holds the fluid going through the valve.

Body

The valve's body is the outer casing of most or all of the valve that contains the internal parts or trim. The bonnet is the part of the encasing through which the stem (see below) passes and that forms a guide and seal for the stem. The bonnet typically screws into or is bolted to the valve body.

Valve bodies are usually metallic or plastic. Brass, bronze, gunmetal, cast iron, steel, alloy steels and stainless steels are very common.^{[citation needed]} Seawater applications, like desalination plants, often use duplex valves, as well as super duplex valves, due to their corrosion resistant properties, particularly against warm seawater. Alloy 20 valves are typically used in sulphuric acid plants, whilst monel valves are used in hydrofluoric acid (HF Acid) plants. Hastelloy valves are often used in high temperature applications, such as nuclear plants, whilst inconel valves are often used in hydrogen applications. Plastic bodies are used for relatively low pressures and temperatures. PVC, PP, PVDF and glass-reinforced nylon are common plastics used for valve bodies.^{[citation needed]}

Bonnet

A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body. It is commonly semi-permanently screwed into the valve body or bolted onto it. During manufacture of the valve, the internal parts are put into the body and then the bonnet is attached to hold everything together inside. To access internal parts of a valve, a user would take off the bonnet, usually for maintenance. Many valves do not have bonnets; for example, plug valves usually do not have bonnets. Many ball valves do not have bonnets since the valve body is put together in a different style, such as being screwed together at the middle of the valve body.

Ports

Ports are passages that allow fluid to pass through the valve. Ports are obstructed by the valve member or disc to control flow. Valves most commonly have 2 ports, but may have as many as 20. The valve is almost always connected at its ports to pipes or other components. Connection methods include threadings, compression fittings, glue, cement, flanges, or welding.

Handle or actuator

A handle is used to manually control a valve from outside the valve body. Automatically controlled valves often do not have handles, but some may have a handle (or something similar) anyway to manually override automatic control, such as a stop-check valve. An actuator is a mechanism or device to automatically or remotely control a valve from outside the body. Some valves have neither handle nor actuator because they automatically control themselves from inside; for example, check valves and relief valves may have neither.

Disc

Valve disc

A disc or valve member is a movable obstruction inside the stationary body that adjustably restricts flow through the valve. Although traditionally disc-shaped, discs come in various shapes. Depending on the type of valve, a disc can move linearly inside a valve, or rotate on the stem (as in a butterfly valve), or rotate on a hinge or trunnion (as in a check valve). A ball is a round valve member with one or more paths between ports passing through it. By rotating the ball, flow can be directed between different ports. Ball valves use spherical rotors with a cylindrical hole drilled as a fluid passage. Plug valves use cylindrical or conically tapered rotors called plugs.^[ambiguous] Other round shapes for rotors are possible as well in rotor valves, as long as the rotor can be turned inside the valve body. However not all round or spherical discs are rotors; for example, a ball check valve uses the ball to block reverse flow, but is not a rotor because operating the valve does not involve rotation of the ball.

Seat

The seat is the interior surface of the body which contacts the disc to form a leak-tight seal. In discs that move linearly or swing on a hinge or trunnion, the disc comes into contact with the seat only when the valve is shut. In disks that rotate, the seat is always in contact with the disk, but the area of contact changes as the disc is turned. The seat always remains stationary relative to the body.

Seats are classified by whether they are cut directly into the body, or if they are made of a different material:

• Hard seats are integral to the valve body. Nearly all hard seated metal valves have a small amount of leakage.
• Soft seats are fitted to the valve body and made of softer materials such as PTFE or various elastomers such as NBR, EPDM, or FKM depending on the maximum operating temperature.

The shut off butterfly valve for a Francis turbine at Gordon Power Station, Tasmania

Ball valve

A closed soft seated valve is much less liable to leak when shut while hard seated valves are more durable. Gate, globe, and check valves are usually hard seated while butterfly, ball, plug, and diaphragm valves are usually soft seated.

Stem

The stem transmits motion from the handle or controlling device to the disc. The stem typically passes through the bonnet when present. In some cases, the stem and the disc can be combined in one piece, or the stem and the handle are combined in one piece.

The motion transmitted by the stem may be a linear force, a rotational torque, or some combination of these(Angle valve using torque reactor pin and Hub Assembly). The valve and stem can be threaded such that the stem can be screwed into or out of the valve by turning it in one direction or the other, thus moving the disc back or forth inside the body.^[ambiguous] Packing is often used between the stem and the bonnet to maintain a seal. Some valves have no external control and do not need a stem as in most check valves.

Valves whose disc is between the seat and the stem and where the stem moves in a direction into the valve to shut it are normally-seated or front seated. Valves whose seat is between the disc and the stem and where the stem moves in a direction out of the valve to shut it are reverse-seated or back seated. These terms don't apply to valves with no stem or valves using rotors.

Inconel X750 Spring

Gaskets

Gaskets are the mechanical seals, or packings, used to prevent the leakage of a gas or fluids from valves.

Valve balls

A valve ball is also used for severe duty, high-pressure, high-tolerance applications. They are typically made of stainless steel, titanium, Stellite, Hastelloy, brass, or nickel. They can also be made of different types of plastic, such as ABS, PVC, PP or PVDF.

Spring

Many valves have a spring for spring-loading, to normally shift the disc into some position by default but allow control to reposition the disc. Relief valves commonly use a spring to keep the valve shut, but allow excessive pressure to force the valve open against the spring-loading. Coil springs are normally used. Typical spring materials include zinc plated steel, stainless steel, and for high temperature applications Inconel X750.

Trim

The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim. According to API Standards 600, "Steel Gate Valve-Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets", the trim consists of stem, seating surface in the body, gate seating surface, bushing or a deposited weld for the backseat and stem hole guide, and small internal parts that normally contact the service fluid, excluding the pin that is used to make a stem-to-gate connection (this pin shall be made of an austenitic stainless steel material).

Valve operating positions

A seacock for cooling seawater, on a marine diesel engine.

Valve positions are operating conditions determined by the position of the disc or rotor in the valve. Some valves are made to be operated in a gradual change between two or more positions. Return valves and non-return valves allow fluid to move in 2 or 1 directions respectively.

Two-port valves

Operating positions for 2-port valves can be either shut (closed) so that no flow at all goes through, fully open for maximum flow, or sometimes partially open to any degree in between. Many valves are not designed to precisely control intermediate degree of flow; such valves are considered to be either open or shut. Some valves are specially designed to regulate varying amounts of flow. Such valves have been called by various names such as regulating, throttling, metering, or needle valves. For example, needle valves have elongated conically-tapered discs and matching seats for fine flow control. For some valves, there may be a mechanism to indicate by how much the valve is open, but in many cases other indications of flow rate are used, such as separate flow meters.

In plants with remote-controlled process operation, such as oil refineries and petrochemical plants, some 2-way valves can be designated as normally closed (NC) or normally open (NO) during regular operation. Examples of normally-closed valves are sampling valves, which are only opened while a sample is taken. Other examples of normally-closed valves are isolation valves, which are kept open when the system is in operation and will automatically shut by taking away the power supply. This happens when there is a problem with a unit or a section of a fluid system such as a leak in order to isolate the problem from the rest of the system. Examples of normally-open valves are purge-gas supply valves or emergency-relief valves. When there is a problem these valves open (by switching them 'off') causing the unit to be flushed and emptied.

Although many 2-way valves are made in which the flow can go in either direction between the two ports, when a valve is placed into a certain application, flow is often expected to go from one certain port on the upstream side of the valve, to the other port on the downstream side. Pressure regulators are variations of valves in which flow is controlled to produce a certain downstream pressure, if possible. They are often used to control flow of gas from a gas cylinder. A back-pressure regulator is a variation of a valve in which flow is controlled to maintain a certain upstream pressure, if possible.

Three-port valves

Schematic 3 way ball valve: L-shaped ball right, T-shaped left

Valves with three ports serve many different functions. A few of the possibilities are listed here.

Three-way ball valves come with a T- or L- shaped fluid passageways inside the rotor. The T valve might be used to permit connection of one inlet to either or both outlets or connection of the two outlets. The L valve could be used to permit disconnection of both or connection of either but not both of two inlets to one outlet.

Shuttle valves automatically connect the higher pressure inlet to the outlet while (in some configurations) preventing flow from one inlet to the other.

Single handle mixer valves produce a variable mixture of hot and cold water at a variable flow rate under control of a single handle.

Thermostatic mixing valves mix hot and cold water to produce a constant temperature in the presence of variable pressures and temperatures on the two input ports.

Four-port valves

Main article: four-way valve

A 4-port valve is a valve whose body has four ports equally spaced round the body and the disc has two passages to connect adjacent ports. It is operated with two positions.

It can be used to isolate and to simultaneously bypass a sampling cylinder installed on a pressurized water line. It is useful to take a fluid sample without affecting the pressure of a hydraulic system and to avoid degassing (no leak, no gas loss or air entry, no external contamination)....

Control

A sailor aboard a ship operates the wheel controlling a fuel valve.

Many valves are controlled manually with a handle attached to the stem. If the handle is turned ninety degrees between operating positions, the valve is called a quarter-turn valve. Butterfly, ball valves, and plug valves are often quarter-turn valves. If the handle is circular with the stem as the axis of rotation in the center of the circle, then the handle is called a handwheel. Valves can also be controlled by actuators attached to the stem. They can be electromechanical actuators such as an electric motor or solenoid, pneumatic actuators which are controlled by air pressure, or hydraulic actuators which are controlled by the pressure of a liquid such as oil or water. Actuators can be used for the purposes of automatic control such as in washing machine cycles, remote control such as the use of a centralised control room, or because manual control is too difficult such as when the valve is very large. Pneumatic actuators and hydraulic actuators need pressurised air or liquid lines to supply the actuator: an inlet line and an outlet line. Pilot valves are valves which are used to control other valves. Pilot valves in the actuator lines control the supply of air or liquid going to the actuators.

The fill valve in a toilet water tank is a liquid level-actuated valve. When a high water level is reached, a mechanism shuts the valve which fills the tank.

In some valve designs, the pressure of the flow fluid itself or pressure difference of the flow fluid between the ports automatically controls flow through the valve.

Other considerations

Valves are typically rated for maximum temperature and pressure by the manufacturer. The wetted materials in a valve are usually identified also. Some valves rated at very high pressures are available. When a designer, engineer, or user decides to use a valve for an application, he/she should ensure the rated maximum temperature and pressure are never exceeded and that the wetted materials are compatible with the fluid the valve interior is exposed to. In Europe, valve design and pressure ratings are subject to statutory regulation under the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC (PED) ^[1]

Some fluid system designs, especially in chemical or power plants, are schematically represented in piping and instrumentation diagrams. In such diagrams, different types of valves are represented by certain symbols.

Valves in good condition should be leak-free. However, valves may eventually wear out from use and develop a leak, either between the inside and outside of the valve or, when the valve is shut to stop flow, between the disc and the seat. A particle trapped between the seat and disc could also cause such leakage.

Images

• 

  Globe valve

• 

  A valve controlled by a wheel

• 

  Large butterfly valve

• 

  Cast iron butterfly valve

• 

  Cast iron butterfly valve

• 

  Hastelloy ball valve

• 

  Stainless steel gate valve

• 

  Stainless steel gate valve

• 

  Hastelloy check valves

• 

  Duplex ball valve

• 

  Inconel gate valve

• 

  Stainless steel wafer check valve

• 

  Inconel check valve

• 

  Stainless steel ball valve

• 

  Cryogenic 254 SMO gate valve

• 

  Inside view of a tilting disc inconel check valve

• 

  Duplex ball valves

• 

  Cryogenic super duplex gate valve frozen up during operation

• 

  Super duplex ball valves

• 

  Flanged nozzle inconel check valve or axial check valve

• 

  Inside hastelloy check valve, wafer configuration

• 

  Large carbon steel swing check valve

• 

  Disc for an alloy check valve also known as axial check valve

• 

  Balls for alloy ball valves

• 

  Wafer check valve

• 

  Nuts and bolts for incoloy valves

• 

  Inconel check valve springs

• 

  Ball for a titanium ball valve

See also

• Ball valve
• Tap (valve)
• Control valves
• Directional control valve
• Endobronchial valve, medical
• Piping
• Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems
• Plumbing
• Valve stem
• Variable Valve Timing
• Zone valve
• Four-way valve

References

1. ^ "European Commission Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)". http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/pressure-and-gas/documents/ped/. 

External links

• Animations showing Internal Function of Various Types of Valve, tlv.com
• Flow in known Design Types of Shut-off Valves, home.arcor.de
• Valves: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Standard Notation, controls.engin.umich.edu