Water industry

The water industry provides drinking water and wastewater services (including sewage treatment) to households and industry.

Overview

The modern water industry operates sophisticated and costly water and wastewater networks and sewage treatment plants, and typically consumes 1-2% of GDP. It is generally a natural monopoly, and as a result is usually run as a public service by a public utility which is owned by local or national government. In some countries, notably France, the UK and the Czech Republic, the water industry is regulated but services are largely operated by private companies with exclusive rights for a limited period and a well-defined geographical space.

Organizational structure

There are a variety of organizational structures for the water industry, with countries usually having one dominant traditional structure, which usually changes only gradually over time.

Ownership

* local government - the most usual structure worldwide
* national government - in many developing countries, especially smaller ones
* private ownership - relatively few examples outside England.
* co-operative ownership and related NGO structures

Operations

* local government operating the system through a municipal department, municipal company, or inter-municipal company - the most usual structure worldwide
* local government outsourcing operations to the private sector - an increasing trend since around 1990; around 10% of the industry (see also water privatization)
* national government operations
* private sector operating a system it owns
* BOTs - private sector building parts of a water system (eg wastewater treatment plant) and operating it for an agreed period before transferring to public sector ownership and operation.
* cooperation and NGO operators

Functions

* Integrated water system (water supply, sewerage (sanitation) system, and wastewater treatment) - by far the most common
* Separation by function (eg Dutch system where sewerage run by city, water supply by municipal companies, and water treatment by water boards)
* Other separation (eg Munich, where separation into three companies for bulk water supply, water and wastewater network operations, and retail)

tandards

Whatever the ownership structure, water quality standards and environmental standards relating to wastewater are usually set by national bodies, such as (in the UK) the Drinking Water Inspectorate and the Environment Agency. In the United States drinking water standards are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). U.S. pollution control standards are developed jointly by EPA and state environmental agencies pursuant to the Clean Water Act. For countries within the European Union, water-related directives are important for water resource management and environmental and water quality standards. Key directives include the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 1992 (requiring most towns and cities to treat their wastewater to specified standards), and the Water Framework Directive 2000, which requires water resource plans based on river basins, including public participation based on Aarhus Convention principles. See [http://www.watertime.net/Docs/WP1/D7_Int_Context_final-revb.pdf Watertime - the international context] , Section 2. International Standards (ISO) on water service management and assessment are under preparation within Technical Committee ISO/TC 224.

ee also

* Water privatization
* Millennium Development Goals (one of the MDGs is "Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water")
* Water Services Regulation Authority - UK water industry economic regulator
* American Water Works Association - North American industry and standards association for drinking water
* Water Environment Federation - Professional association for ambient water quality research & pollution control

External links

* Lowi, Alvin Jr. [http://lsb.scu.edu/~dklein/Half_Life/avoiding.pdf Avoiding the Grid: Technology and the Decentralization of Water]
* [http://www.waterworld.com WaterWorld Magazine (see Water & Wastewater Industry Report e-newsletter)]
* [http://ww.pennnet.com/articles/print_toc.cfm?Section=ARTCL&p=64 Industrial WaterWorld]
* [http://ww.pennnet.com/articles/print_toc.cfm?Section=ARTCL&p=20 Water & Wastewater International]
* [http://www.h2bid.com Water Procurement Portal]
* [http://www.nacwa.org National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA)] Major sewerage agencies in the U.S.