- Muhammad in Islam
-
Main article: Muhammad
Muhammad (also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed), is considered the last prophet by the Islamic holy book, the Qur'an as interpreted by most Muslims. He was born in 571 in Mecca.[1]
Lineage of six prominent prophets according to Islamic tradition Adem (Adam) Nuh (Noah) Ibrahim (Abraham) Ishmael Is'haq (Isaac) Musa (Moses) Maryam (Mary) Isa (Jesus) Abdul Muttalib Muhammad Dotted lines indicate multiple generations This article is part of the series: Islam 
A series of articles on
Prophet of Islam
Muhammad
Life
In Mecca · Hijra · In Medina · Conquest of Mecca · Wives · Farewell pilgrimage · Family tree ·
Career
Qur'an · Hadith ·
Early reforms under Islam · Diplomacy · Military · Persecution by Meccans · Migration to Abyssinia ·
Miracles
Isra and Mi'raj · Relics · Splitting of the moon ·
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi ·
Views by subject
Jewish · Christian · Slavery ·
Succession
Farewell sermon · Saqifah · Pen and paper · Family · Companions · History ·
Praise
Durood · Na'at · Mawlid · Haḍra · Madih nabawi ·
Ya Muhammad ·
Perspectives
Islamic · Jewish · Bible · Medieval Christian · Historicity · Criticism · Prophetic biography · Depictions · Films · Depictions in film ·Contents
Prophethood
Muslims believe that Muhammad is a messenger (rasul in Arabic) and prophet of God. He is also acknowledged as the last of Islam's prophets, including Adam (Adam), Nuh (Noah), Ibrāhīm (Abraham), Dawood (David), Musa (Moses), 'Isa (Jesus), and others.The family tree of all these prophets are shown right. Some Islamic scholars argue that Muhammad was foretold in the Bible.[2]
Although some Western references like Catholic Encyclopedia regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam,[3] Muslims believe that monotheistic faith was not created by a human but it was finally revealed by God to Muhammad.
Muslims do not worship Muhammad, due to the belief in the Oneness of God as stated in the Shahada. In addition, Muslims see him as a human being and not as a God or angel.
Muslims must follow Islamic prophet Muhammad, according to this verse from the Qur'an
O ye who believe! Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger, and those charged with authority among you. If ye differ in anything among yourselves, refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if ye do believe in Allah and the Last Day: That is best, and most suitable for final determination. .Divine revelation
Main article: WahyAccording to Islamic tradition, when the angel Gabriel appeared to him at the Cave of Hira, the Qur'an, began to be revealed to him. His wife, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, encouraged him to describe the events that happened in the cave.
Other than Qur'an, Hadith, narrations originating from the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad is an important part of Islam. Muslims do not believe in Hadith as Divine Revelation, however they follow the Hadiths as Mohammad's teachings, as there is no distinction between Muhammad's teachings and to surrender to one God in Islam.[citation needed].
Miracles
Main article: Miracles of MuhammadMuslims believe the Qur'an is the living miracle given to Muhammad by God, as the collection of the works which all are written in rhyme and meter. Some Muslims believe that there are other miracles of Muhammad. For example, some Muslim commentators and some Western scholars have interpreted the Sura Al-Qamar[5] as referring to Muhammad splitting the Moon in view of the Quraysh when they began persecuting his followers.[6] See miracles of Muhammad
Marriages
Main article: Muhammad's wivesHe married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, Sawda bint Zama, Aisha bint Abi Bakr, Hafsa bint Umar, Zaynab bint Khuzayma, Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya, Rayhāna bint Zayd ibn ʿAmr (disputed), Zaynab bint Jahsh, Juwayriya bint al-Harith, Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan, Safiyya bint Huyayy, Maymuna bint al-Harith and Maria al-Qibtiyya. Muslims see the wives of Muhammad as Mothers of the Believers.
Death of Muhammad
See also: The Farewell SermonAfter the Qur'an was completed, Muhammad died on 8 June 632. Just before the death, there was a group of companions of Muhammad near him when Muhammad asks that he wants to write a will and hence requires a pen and paper. Umar said that Muhammad is ill. Abu Bakr also agreed on that. When Muhammad heard that, he ordered both to leave the room. Umar was full of grief upon hearing the news of demise of Muhammad. Umar, the devoted disciple, could not accept the reality that the "Messenger of God" has died.[7] According to the Qur'an, "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers have passed away before", i.e. died or killed. It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. At this point Abu Bakr is reported to have come out to the Muslim community and gave his famous speech which included:
"Whoever worshipped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad is dead, and whoever worshipped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies."Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an:
"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?".—Qur'an, sura 3 (Ali-Imran), ayah 144.[8]Hearing this from Abu Bakr, the most senior disciple of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم, Umar then fell down on his knees in great sense of sorrow and acceptance of the reality. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم death was occasioned by his deep love for him.[7]
He was buried in Medina in his house now the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque).[citation needed]
Names and titles of praise
When speaking or writing, Muhammad's name is often followed by the phrase "peace be upon him," (in English often abbreviated to PBUH or simply "(p)"), since Muhammad is so esteemed by Muslims.[9]
Muhammad is often referenced with these titles of praise or epithet:
- an-Nâbî, "the Prophet"
- ar-Rasûl, "the Messenger"
- al-Habeeb, "the beloved"
- al-Muṣṭafā, "the chosen one"[10]
- al-Amîn, "the trustworthy"[11]
- as-Sadîq, "the honest"[12]
- al-Haq, "the truthful"[13]
- ar-Rauf, "the kind"[14]
- al-Uswa-e-Hasana, "the model of conduct"[15]
- al-Insān al-Kāmil, "the perfect man"[16]
- al-Khairul Bashar, "the best of mankind"[17]
- al-Khātim an-Nâbîyīn, "the seal of the prophets"[18]
- ar-Rahmatul lil 'alameen, "the beneficent and mercy of all the worlds personified"[19]
- as-Shaheed, "the witness"[20]
- al-Mubashshir, "the bearer of good tidings"[21]
- an-Nathir, "the warner"[22]
- al-Mudhakkir, "the reminder"[23]
- ad-Dā‘ī, "the one who calls [unto God]"[24]
- al-Bashir, "the announcer"[25]
- an-Noor, "the light personified"[26]
- as-Siraj-un-Munir, "the light-giving lamp"[27]
- al-Kareem, "the noble"[28]
- an-Nimatullah, "the divine favour"[29]
- al-Muzzammil, "the wrapped"[30]
- al-Muddathir, "the shrouded"[31]
- al-'Aqib, "the last [prophet]"[32][33]
- al-Mutawakkil, "the one who puts his trust [in God]"[34]
- al-Kuthâm, "the generous one"
- al-Mahi, "the eraser [of disbelief]"[35]
- al-Muqaffi, "the one who followed [all other prophets]"
- an-Nâbîyyu at-Tawbah, "the prophet of penitence"
- al-Fatih, "the opener"
- al-Hashir, "the gatherer (the first to be resurrected) on the day of judgement"[36]
- as-Shafe'e, "the intercessor"[37][38]
- al-Mushaffaun, "the one whose intercession shall be granted"[39]
He also has these names:
- Abu'l-Qasim, "father of Qasim"
- Ahmad, "the chosen one"[40]
- Hamid, "praiser"
- Mahmood, "praiseworthy"
- `Abd-Allah, "servant of Allah"[41]
In Turkey, he is often called Hz. Muhammed or "Peygamber Efendimiz". [42]
Different views of Mazhabs
Sufi views
Sufis believe that Muhammad is alive with the power of invisibility; his spirit pervades the world and can be reached by true seekers.[43][44]
Sunni beliefs
Sunnis believe in the prophethood of Muhammad like all Muslims.
Shia beliefs
In Shia'ism, Muhammad is free from sins as the doctrine of sinlessness called [Ismah] (Arabic: عِصْمَة, Persian: ِعصمت) states. This doctrine literally means 'protection' and is generally translated as "sinlessness". Protection is believed to be of three types of "Protection from mistake in receiving the revelation from Allah", "Protection from mistake in conveying the revelation of Allah" and "Protection from sins." It is believed that all the prophets in Islam, Fatima, and the twelve descendants of Muhammad(Twelvers. Ismailis believe the line is still going on, and are on the 49th imam, Aga Khan IV ) through Fatima are sinless.[45]
The Twelver Shi'a teaches that Muhammad, Fatima together with the twelve descendants of Muhammad through Fatima are purified by God (See the Event of the Cloak). They are commonly called The Fourteen Infallibles. Though The Fourteen Infallibles are human being and may be tempted by Satan towards sin, it is believed that they will be helped by God to overcome Satan's temptations. The following verse of Qur'an is sometimes cited to prove this position.
(Iblis) said: "O my Lord! because Thou hast put me in the wrong, I will make (wrong) fair-seeming to them on the earth, and I will put them all in the wrong,-
"Except Thy servants among them, sincere and purified (by Thy Grace)."Punishment of criticism
See also: Islam and blasphemyCriticism of Muhammad is often equated with blasphemy, which is punishable by death in some Islamic states.
Pakistan is frequently in the news for prosecutions under its blasphemy law. If the courts decline to act, angry crowds have been known to lynch the suspected blasphemer.[47]
In 2005 a Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, printed some controversial cartoons, a few of which were interpreted as insulting Muhammad and Islam. Some countries -- Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iraq among them—protested the Danish government for not taking action against the newspaper. The Danish government responded by asserting that it does not control the media.
Visual representation
Main articles: Depictions of Muhammad, Depictions of Muhammad in film, and List of films about MuhammadWhile most of Islam was predominantly aniconistic during most of its history, there are rich traditions of visual representation of Muhammad, mainly in the form of paintings and illustrations in religious or hagiographical texts. Religious figures rarely have their face shown. Such figures are often shown with their head veiled in sheets embroidered with Qur'anic text.
See also
- Muhammad
- Miracles of Muhammad
- Prophets of Islam
- Relics of Muhammad
- Stories of The Prophets
Notes
- ^ Quran 33:40
- ^ Muhammad foretold in the Bible: An Introduction, by Abdus Sattar Ghauri, retrieved July 03, 2010
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, Mohammed and Mohammedanism, retrieved July 03, 2010
- ^ Quran 4:59–59
- ^ Quran 54:1–2
- ^ Daniel Martin Varisco, Moon, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
- ^ a b as-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way (London, 1995), p. 54 – 61.
- ^ Quran 03:144 (Translated by Pickthall)
- ^ Islam / Muslim, retrieved July 03, 2010
- ^ Quran 22:75
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:237
- ^ Quran 33:22
- ^ Quran 10:08
- ^ Quran 9:128
- ^ Quran 68:4
- ^ Ibn al-'Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164-1240), The 'perfect human' and the Muhammadan reality
- ^ Quran 33:21
- ^ Quran 33:40
- ^ Quran 21:107
- ^ Quran 33:45
- ^ Quran 11:2
- ^ Quran 11:2
- ^ Quran 88:21
- ^ Quran 12:108
- ^ Quran 2:119
- ^ Quran 05:15
- ^ Quran 33:46
- ^ Quran 69:40
- ^ Quran 16:83
- ^ Quran 73:01
- ^ Quran 74:01
- ^ Sahih Muslim, 4:1859
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:732
- ^ Quran 9:129
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:732
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:732
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 9:93:601
- ^ Quran 3:159Quran 4:64Quran 60:12
- ^ Quran 19:87Quran 20:109
- ^ Quran 61:06
- ^ Quran 25:1
- ^ Schimmel, Annemarie (1990). Islamic Names: An Introduction (Islamic Surveys). Edinburgh University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0852245637.
- ^ ShaikhSiddiqui Barelvi
- ^ Major sects in Islam - YaNabi.com
- ^ Are Prophets of Allah not Sinless?, by Ali A. Khalfan, May 07, 2005, retrieved March 27, 2006
- ^ Quran 15:39–40
- ^ Man ‘declared infidel’ killed by mob -DAWN - Top Stories; 21 April 2005
References
- Schimmel, Annemarie. 1985. And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4128-0.
- Ibn Ishaq, 1980. "Sirat Rasul Allah, (The Life of Muhammad)", tr: A. Guillaume, New York: Oxford University Press.
Prophets in the Qur'an Note: Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind. The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Qur'an.People in the Quran Individuals Aaron · Abel · Abraham · Abu Bakr · Abū Lahab · Adam · Amram · Anne · Asiya · Azar · Azrael · Believer of Ya-Sin · Benjamin · Cain · Caleb · David · Devil · Dhul-Kifl · Dhul-Qarnayn (Cyrus the Great, Alexander the Great) · Elijah · Elisha · Elizabeth · Eve · Ezra · Gabriel · Gog · Goliath · Haman · Harut · Hud · Idris · Isaac · Ishmael · Jacob · Jesus · Jethro · Joachim · Job · Jochebed · John the Baptist · Jonah · Joseph · Joshua · Khidr · King of Abraham's time · Korah · Lot · Luqman · Luqman's son · Maalik · Magog · Mary · Marut · Michael · Miriam · Moses · Muhammad · Noah · Pharaoh of Joseph's time · Pharaoh of the Exodus · Potiphar · Queen of Sheba · Saleh · Samiri · Samuel · Sarah · Saul · Shoaib · Solomon · Umm Jamil · Wicked man, Parable · Wondering man, Parable · Zachariah · Zaid · Zipporah · ZulaikhaGeneral groups Specific Groups Disciples of Jesus · Jinns of Solomon · Muhammad's wives · Scribes of the Quran · People of the Cave · Pharaoh's sorcerers · Twelve Tribes of IsraelCommunities ʿĀd · Companions of the Elephant · Companions of the Rass · Egypt · · Israelites · Mesopotamia · Midian · Nineveh · Sodom and Gomorrah · Thamud · People of Tubba · People of the Wood · People of Ya-Sin · Quraysh · RomansLifeforms Note: Italics denote that the name of the figure is not mentioned in the Quran, but is taken from other sources of Islamic literature.Categories:- Muhammad
- Muslim views
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
