- Islamic marital jurisprudence
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Part of a series on Islamic
jurisprudence
(Fiqh)PoliticalMaritalEtiquetteIslamic studies In Islamic law (sharia), marriage (zawaj زواج) is a legal bond and social contract between a man and a woman. Islam commends marriage, with the age of marriage being whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally. Polygyny is permitted in Islam under some conditions,[1] but polyandry is forbidden.
Contents
Types of marriage
Nikah
Main article: NikahNikah (Arabic: نكاح, literally: contract[2]) is the first, and most common, form of marriage for Muslims. It is described in the Qur'an in 4:4.[3]
A Muslim bride signing the nikkah nama or marriage certificate.
Regulations:
- It is aimed to be permanent, but can be terminated by the husband engaging in the divorce process or the wife seeking a divorce.
- The couple inherit from each other.
- A legal contract is signed when entering the marriage. However it is not a requirement that the contract be in writing, it may be oral especially amongst illiterates.
If an agreed end-date is determined in the Nikah contract:
- In Sunni jurisprudence, the contract is voided.
- In Shia jurisprudence, the contract is transformed into a nikah mut'ah.
Requirement of witnesses:
- Sunni: Either, 2 Muslim male adult. Or 1 Muslim male adult and 2 Muslim female adult.
- Shia: 2 Muslim male adult.[4]
- Sunni - Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali: Compulsory. Hanafi: Strongly recommended, but not compulsory.
- Shia - Depending on the scholar, it is either obligatory or obligatory based on precaution.
Nikah mut‘ah
Main article: Nikah mut‘ahNikah mut‘ah (Arabic: نكاح متعة,, temporary marriage[6]), often referred as fixed-time marriage. Many of these marriages have a time limit, and is the second form of marriage, and is referred to in Al-Qur'an in Surah An-Nisa ayat 24, 4:24("اسْتَمْتَعْتُمْ"). There is controversy on the Islamic legality of this type of marriage, since Sunnis believe it was abrogated by Muhammad, while Shi'ia hold to Al-Qur'an and the ruling of Imam Ali (a.s.) that it is lawful in which he said "The first to ban Mut'ah was Omar[7]" and "Were it not for Omar banning Mut'ah only the sickest people would commit fornication.[8]" Nikah mut‘ah has a preset time period to the marriage which is stated during the initiation of the contract. Traditionally the couple do not inherit from each other. The man usually is not responsible for the economic welfare of the woman and she usually may leave her home at her own discretion. For these reasons Sunnis frequently compare this type of marriage to adultery or prostitution. Nikah mut‘ah also does not count toward a maximum of wives (four according to the Qur'an). However, similar to normal marriages that are common among Sunnis and Shi'ias, the woman still is given her mahr,and the woman must still observe the iddah, a period of four months at the end of the marriage where she is not permitted to marry in the case she may have become pregnant before the divorce took place. This maintains the proper lineage of children.
Nikah misyar
Main article: Nikah MisyarNikah Misyaar is a Nikah in Sunni's carried out via the normal contractual procedure, with the specificity that the husband and wife give up several rights by their own free will, such as living together, equal division of nights between wives in cases of polygamy, the wife's rights to housing, and maintenance money ("nafaqa"), and the husband's right of homekeeping, and access etc.[9]
Interfaith marriage
Main article: Interfaith marriage in IslamIslam allows a man to marry a woman from the People of the Book, that is, Christians and Jews.[10]
Polygyny
Muslim men are allowed to practise polygyny, that is, they can have more than one wife at the same time, up to a total of four, per Sura 4 Verse 3. Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband, by contrast, is not permitted.
Restrictions on marriage
Polygamy
Main article: Polygyny in IslamThe Quran states: (30:21): “And among His signs is that He has created for you, from your selves, mates, that you may incline towards them and find rest in them, and He has engendered love and tenderness between you. Surely in this are signs for people who reflect.” Polygyny in Islam is permitted. Polyandry, on the other hand, is strictly prohibited. A man does not need approval of his first wife for a second marriage but he has to let her know and she chooses to stay with him or leave him. A man is responsible to make justice among his wives and never hurts one wife to please another.
Permissible age
The Kitab al Nikah permits marriage by reaching maturity sexually and mentally (baligh).
Other religions
Main article: Interfaith marriage in IslamTraditionally, Muslim jurists hold that Muslim women may only enter into marriage with Muslim men. The Qur'an explicitly allows Muslim men to marry chaste women of the People of the Book, a term which includes Jews and Christians.[11][12]
Some jurists say that Muslim men are prohibited from marrying a woman of the People of the Book if they live in non-Muslim countries.[12]
Arranged marriages
An engagement may be arranged between families for their children, but Islamic requirements for a legal marriage include the requirement that both parties are able to give informed legal consent (ijab-o-qubul). A marriage without this consent or performed under coercion is considered void and may be annulled on those grounds.
Adulterers
Islam does not give adulterous men the right to marry a chaste woman and nor may an adulterous woman marry a chaste man, except if the matter has not gone to court and the two purify themselves of this sin by sincere repentance.[13][14]
Women of purity are for men of purity, and men of purity are for women of purityOther
A woman or man may propose marriage directly or through an intermediary (matchmaker).
Recognition or celebration of same sex marriage is completely unjustified in the view of Islamic law. Islam forbids homosexuality in Qur'anic injunctions and Islamic tradition.
A marriage is registered by the Qadi who performs the short ceremony.
Unlike the wedding ring in Western societies, there is no visible sign worn to show a woman or a man is married. However, some Muslims have found the wedding ring to be a non-religious tradition and have used a ring.
Mahr
Main article: MahrMahr is a mandatory gift given by the groom to the bride. Unlike a bride price, however, it is given directly to the bride and not to her father. Although the gift is often money, it can be anything agreed upon by bride and groom such as a house or viable business that is put in her name and can be run and owned entirely by her if she chooses.
Islamic marriage contract
Main article: Islamic marriage contractThe purpose, rules, and regulations of the Islamic marriage contract. A Muslim marriage is not a sacrament, but a simple, legal agreement in which either partner is free to include conditions. These conditions are stipulated in a written contract. Violating any of the conditions stipulated in this contract is legal grounds for a partner seeking divorce. The first part of the Nikah, marriage ceremony is the signing of the marriage contract itself.
Various traditions may differ in how Nikah is performed because different groups accept different texts as authoritative. Therefore, Sunnis will likely accept the hadith of Muhammad al-Bukhari, while Shia will have their own collections, for example Furu al-Kafi, thus producing different procedures. This contract requires the consent of both parties. There is a tradition, outside of the religion, in some Muslim countries to pre-arrange a marriage for young children. However, the marriage still requires consent for the wedding to legally take place.
Divorce is not forbidden as a last resort, however the dissolution of the contract, Talaq, is often described as the most disliked of permissible things in Islam and should be used as a last resort.
Walima
Main article: WalimaThe Walima is a dinner given by the groom's side of the family to celebrate the welcoming of the bride to the family. It is a strong sunnah (the repetition of an action of Muhammad) and it is recommended to be held the earliest possible day after the Nikah.
Behavior within marriage
Rights and obligations of spouses
Main article: Rights and obligations of spouses in IslamIslam advocates a role-based relationship between husband and wife.
`Abd Allah ibn `Umar narrated:
The Prophet said, "All of you are guardians and are responsible for your wards. The ruler is a guardian and the man is a guardian of his family; the lady is a guardian and is responsible for her husband's house and his offspring; and so all of you are guardians and are responsible for your wards."—Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 7, Book 62, Number 128It puts the main responsibility of earning over the husband. Both are obliged to fulfill the other's sexual needs. Both are obliged to treat each other with kindness.
Separate accommodation for wife
The wife has the right to live in separate accommodation with her husband and children, if she does not like to share it with anyone like her in-law or relatives. This is the view of most of the Hanafi, Shaafa’i and Hanbali fuqaha. She also has the right to refuse to live with her husband's father, mother and siblings.
Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar: That he heard Allah's Apostle saying, "Everyone of you is a guardian and is responsible for his charge; the ruler is a guardian and is responsible for his subjects; the man is a guardian in his family and responsible for his charges; a woman is a guardian of her husband's house and responsible for her charges; and the servant is a guardian of his master's property and is responsible for his charge." I definitely heard the above from the Prophet and think that the Prophet also said, "A man is a guardian of his father's property and responsible for his charges; so everyone of you is a guardian and responsible for his charges."[Sahih Bukhari]
This indicates that a wife is responsible for the house of her husband. Also that a man should be the guardian of his family. i.e. after his marriage he moves out of his father's house, and runs his own family affairs and is guardian of his family. In joint family, typically the head is either the father of the husband, or mother of the husband. This also indicates that a husband should look after his parent's house, as " A man is a guardian of his father's property". So a wife should not object to her husband when he is looking after affairs of his parents.[15]
Sexuality
Main article: Islamic sexual jurisprudenceSexuality in Islam is largely described by the Qur'an, Islamic tradition, and religious leaders both past and present as being confined to marital relationships between men and women. While most traditions discourage celibacy, all encourage strict chastity and modesty with regards to any relationships across gender lines, holding forth that intimacy as perceived within Islam (encompassing a swath of life more broad than strictly sex) is to be reserved for marriage.
Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud narrated:
We were with the Prophet while we were young and had no wealth whatever. So Allah's Apostle said, "O young people! Whoever among you can marry, should marry, because it helps him lower his gaze and guard his modesty (i.e., his private parts from committing illegal sexual intercourse etc.), and whoever is not able to marry, should fast, as fasting diminishes his sexual desire."—Volume 7, Book 62, Number 4:[16]While adulterous relationships are strictly forbidden, permissible sexual relationships within marriage are described in Islamic sources as great wells of love and closeness for the couple involved. Sexual relationship between married couples are even source of rewards from God as doing the opposite; i.e., satisfying sexual needs through illicit means has punishment. Specific occasions (most notably daytime fasting (see sawm) and menstruation) are times forbidden for intercourse, though not for other ways of touching and being close to one another. Anal sex with one's wife is also strictly prohibited.
Gender roles
Main article: Gender roles in IslamSee also
- Marriage and wedding customs in Islam
- Women in Islam
- Nikah Ijtimah
- Islam and slavery#Concubinage
- Nikah Halala
- Beena - a form of marriage used in pre-Islamic Arabia
- The Sermon for Necessities
References
- ^ http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article308231.ece
- ^ Nikah.com Information: Definitiion of Nikah (Islamic marriage)
- ^ Quran 4:4
- ^ Witnesses for Marriage
- ^ Nikah without Parents Knowledge?
- ^ Answering-Ansar.org :: Mut'ah, a comprehensive guide
- ^ http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/mutah/al_awail.jpg
- ^ http://www.answering-ansar.org/answers/mutah/tafsir_kabir_v4_p41.jpg
- ^ Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Misyar marriage
- ^ Islam allows a man to marry a woman from the People of the Book, that is, Christians and Jews
- ^ Quran 5:5
- ^ a b El Fadl, Abou (2006). "On Christian Men marrying Muslim Women". Scholar of the House. http://www.scholarofthehouse.com/oninma.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ Quran 24:3, Quran 2:221
- ^ Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Mizan, Chapter:The Social Law of Islam, Al-Mawrid
- ^ Rights of Spouses and issues with joint family
- ^ Wedlock, Marriage (Nikaah)
Further reading
- Ali, Kecia (2010). Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674050594.
External links
- E-Book: Marriage - A Form of Ibada
- E-Book: Wedding Customs and Non-Islamic Traditions
- Rights of husband and wife, and issues with joint family system
- The Etiquettes of Muslim Marriage
- Islamic Philosophy of Marriage
- VIDEO: British Man and French Woman talk about Becoming Muslims and how they got married.
- VIDEO: A French Muslim Convert Talks about Hijab and Marriage
- crescentlife.com's "Fundamentals of a happy marriage", credited to Shahina Siddiqui. A Muslim view of marriage structured around "21 F's", words beginning in F such as Faith, Forgiving, Forget, Forbearance, and so on. Similar content exists in multiple other sources, credited to various authors or uncredited.
- Why Muslim Singles Cannot Get Married
- The Wali in Islam:1,2,3,4,5
- Islam Marriages and Qur’an Teachings
- QuranicPath | Marriage of Believers
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