Beatification and canonisation of Pope John Paul II

Beatification and canonisation of Pope John Paul II
Beatification of John Paul II

Pope John Paul II reigned as pope of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City for almost 27 years. Since his death on 2 April 2005, many thousands of people have been supporting the case for beatifying and canonising the late Pope John Paul II as a saint.[1][2][3][4] His formal beatification ceremony took place on 1 May 2011 [5] despite concerns over his part in the child sex abuse problem.[6]

Contents

Beatification

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John Paul II's official title was: ‘Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of Saint Peter, Head of the College of Bishops, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, Servus Servorum Dei, Pope John Paul II.’ [7] In 2006 the title Patriarch of the West was removed from the papal list of titles by the reigning pope, Benedict XVI, due to its obsolescence.

On 9 May 2005, Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor. Normally five years must pass after a person's death before the beatification process can begin. However, in an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Cardinal Vicar Camillo Ruini, the one responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who dies within the diocese of Rome, cited "exceptional circumstances" which suggested that the waiting period could be waived.[8]

The "exceptional circumstances" may possibly refer to the people's cries of "Santo Subito!" ("Saint Now!" in Italian) during the late pontiff's funeral.[8][9][10][11] Therefore the new Pope waived the five year rule "so that the cause of Beatification and Canonisation of the same Servant of God can begin immediately".[12] The decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.[13] John Paul II often credited Our Lady of Fátima for preserving him on that day. Cardinal Camillo Ruini, vicar general for the diocese of Rome, officially opened the cause for beatification in the Lateran Basilica on 28 June 2005.[7][14][15][16]

In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. A French nun, confined to her bed by Parkinson's Disease or a neurological condition with similar symptoms which can go into remission, is reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".[8][17][18] The nun was later identified as Sister Marie Simon-Pierre.

Sister Marie Simon Pierre is a member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards from Puyricard, near Aix-en-Provence.[19] Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, 46, is working again, now in Paris at a maternity hospital run by her order.[20] She met reporters 30 March 2006 in Aix-en-Provence, during a press conference with Archbishop of Aix Claude Feidt.[21][22]

“I was sick and now I am cured,” she told reporters. “I am cured, but it is up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not.”[21]

It has been suggested,[23] however, that Sister Marie Simon-Pierre did not have Parkinson's Disease as there is no easy way to accurately diagnose the disease short of medical autopsy. Sister Marie Simon-Pierre also suffered a relapse [24] though the Episcopal Conference of France disputed that the relapse (which would have thrown the purportedly miraculous nature of the cure into doubt) was anything more than a rumor.

On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI said Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his homily he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen "in the near future".

In January 2007, it was announced by Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz of Kraków, his former secretary, that the key interviewing phase in Italy and Poland of the beatification process was nearing completion.[8][25] The relics of Pope John Paul II—pieces of white papal cassocks he used to wear—were being freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause to interested parties; this distribution and prayerful use of relics is a typical praiseworthy pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.[26]

On 8 March 2007 the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification is at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007 — the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death — the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, who will conduct an investigation of their own.[10][25] On the fourth anniversary of Pope John Paul's death, 2 April 2009, Dziwisz told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica.[21][27][28][29][30][31][32] A nine year-old Polish boy from Gdańsk, who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, "I want to walk", and began walking normally.[27][28][30][31][32]

In October 2009, Rome's mayor Gianni Alemanno said that the beatification, likely to draw huge crowds, was expected to take place in 2010, but on 4 November 2009 Monsignor Slawomir Oder, postulator of the cause of beatification, said that it was not yet known when study of the case could be concluded.[33]

On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that Pope John Paul II had lived a life of virtue.[34][35] If Pope Benedict XVI agrees, he will sign the first of two decrees needed for beatification. The first recognises that he lived a heroic, virtuous life and enables him to be called "Venerable", the next step in the sainthood process.[34][35] That decree was signed by Pope Benedict XVI on Saturday, December 19, 2009.[36] The second vote and the second signed decree would recognise the authenticity of his first miracle (most likely, the case of Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, the French nun who was cured of Parkinson's Disease). Once the second decree is signed, the ‘positio’ (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and his writings and with information on the cause) is regarded as being complete.[35] He can then be beatified. John Paul II was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI on May 1, 2011.[37]

In the course of the beatification process, Monsignor Slawomir Oder, postulator of the cause, wrote a book on Pope John Paul II called Why A Saint. Oder described how the late Pope flagellated himself with a whip that he also took to his holiday home in Castelgandolfo.[38][39] The book publishes the testimony of 114 witnesses. Oder also mentions that when the Pope was shot in Vatican Square, he initially thought the group Brigate Rosse was responsible. Sometime before the shooting, the Pope's secret service reported a Brigate Rosse plan to kidnap him.

Prior to the announcement of his beatification, some ecclesiastical authorities had expressed concern that the cure of Sister Marie-Simon-Pierre, and perhaps the cure of the boy who had cancer, may not be complete and lasting, as it has not been that long since the supposed miracles.[40][41] Sister Marie's symptoms were analyzed very thoroughly before the beatification was announced (by the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints and its medical panel for the Pope's case) to make sure they were not actually psychogenic, or related to another disease. The medical miracle was given a positive affirmation by the Congregation and its medical and theological panels, and by Pope Benedict. It would not have counted as a miracle if the cause was psychogenic and if the immediate physiological cure had not been judged to be definitive, total, and permanent, as well as directly attributable to his intercession.

“It will be a great joy for us when he is officially beatified, but as far as we are concerned he is already a Saint.”

—Stanisław Dziwisz [20]

Ceremony

Statue of Pope John Paul II outside the Catedral de la Almudena (Madrid, Spain). Made by sculptor Juan de Ávalos (1911–2006) in 1998.
St Peter's Square during the Beatification Ceremonies

The beatification ceremony of Pope John Paul II was held on 1 May 2011 and was presided over by Pope Benedict XVI.[42] A vigil in preparation for the celebration was held the night before in the Circus Maximus.[43][44] The casket in which he was interred was exhumed and placed before Saint Peter's tomb on 29 April 2011.[45] It was placed in front of the main altar for public veneration during the ceremony. After the ceremony, the casket was reinterred in the Chapel of St Sebastian.[5] A vial containing the late Pope's blood, taken during the final days of his life, was displayed as a relic for veneration.[46] The reliquary in which the vial was kept during the ceremony was carried by Sister Marie, and Sister Tobiann (who nursed the Pope during his illness).[5][47]

A total of 87 international delegations attended the ceremony, including 22 world leaders.[45] Amid controversy, President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe also attended the ceremony despite a European Union-wide travel ban imposed on him. He was able to travel freely into the Vatican via Rome due to a treaty that allows individuals wanting to travel to the Vatican to pass through Italy.[48] His travel ban was waived by the EU.[49]

One million Catholics gathered for the mass at Saint Peter's Square,[50] where a giant portrait of the former Pope was set up.[47][51]

The city of Rome plastered 30,000 posters around the city. A no-fly zone was enforced over Saint Peter's Square.[51]

On May 2, 2011, following a two day viewing by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims, John Paul II's coffin was sealed within St Peters under the Altar of St. Sebastian.[52]

Criticism of beatification

Some Catholics question the validity of the beatification.[53][54] Calling into question both the validity of the purported miracle and also asking whether the purported miracle should be attributed to John Paul II rather than the prayers of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre to any other saint.[55] There has been criticism of the rapidity of the beatification in light of the sexual abuse scandals.[56]

Much of the abuse, or its alleged cover-up, occurred while John Paul II was Pope, from 1979-2005, and the Church has been criticised for not doing enough to punish those found responsible.[6]

John Paul II has been criticised (more than perhaps any other issue) for not recognising the full severity of the Catholic sex abuse cases until they erupted in America in 2002. He has also been criticised for not recognising the dual life of the late Father Marcial Maciel Degollado, and for allowing diocesan bishops to transfer pedophile priests from one parish to another instead of reporting their crimes to the authorities. John Paul further stands accused of hindering Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger who allegedly was attempting to prevent sex abuse.[57]

List of dignitaries at the Beatification

Title "the Great"

Since the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen throughout the world[8][61][62] have been referring to the late pontiff as "John Paul the Great"—only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed, and the first since the first millennium.[61][62][63][64] Scholars of Canon Law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage.[8][65][66] The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are: Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian Chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858-867.[62]

His successor, Pope Benedict XVI, referred to him as "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address[67] from the loggia of St Peter's Church, and he referred to Pope John Paul II as "the Great" in his published written homily for the Mass of Repose.[68]

Since giving his homily at the funeral of Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI has continued to refer to John Paul II as "the Great". At the 2005 World Youth Day in Germany, Pope Benedict XVI, speaking in Polish, John Paul's native language, said, "As the great Pope John Paul II would say: keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people." In May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI visited John Paul's native Poland. During that visit he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor".

In addition to the Vatican calling him "the great", numerous books and newspapers have also done so. Journalist Peggy Noonan readily titled her book John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father,[69] and Catholic writer Randall Meissen subtitles his book about the late pope's influence on Catholic culture, The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great.[70] Also, the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera called him "the Greatest" and the South African Catholic newspaper, The Southern Cross, has called him "John Paul II The Great".

Stages of canonization in the Catholic Church
  Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   Saint  

References

"Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: John Paul II". © 2005-2011 Vicariato di Roma - 00184 Roma. http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource.php?n=1458. Retrieved 2011-05-23. 

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  23. ^ [1] CBS news report on miracle
  24. ^ [2] AOL news report on miracle
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  33. ^ Catholic News Service, 2009-11-05
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  38. ^ Pope John Paul II Practiced Flagellation?? CBSNews.com, 2010-01-26, page found 2010-12-11.
  39. ^ See also Mortification in Roman Catholic teaching.
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  54. ^ [3] Catholic newspaper discusses reservations over beatification
  55. ^ [4] Catholics question beatification
  56. ^ Newsweek article criticising the beatification
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  59. ^ "Днес обявяват папа Йоан Павел II за блажен " Visit Info
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  66. ^ Noonan, Peggy (November 2005). John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father. New York: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 9780670037483. http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Search/QuickSearchProc/1,,John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father,00.html?id=John%20Paul%20the%20Great:%20Remembering%20a%20Spiritual%20Father. Retrieved January 31, 2009. 
  67. ^ "Text: Benedict XVI's first speech". © 2005 BBC. 2005-04-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4462443.stm. Retrieved 2009-01-09. "Dear brothers and sisters, after the great Pope John Paul II, the cardinals have elected me, a simple and humble worker in the Lord's vineyard. The fact that the Lord can work and act even with insufficient means consoles me, and above all I entrust myself to your prayers. In the joy of the resurrected Lord, we go on with his help. He is going to help us and Mary will be on our side. Thank you." 
  68. ^ "Eucharistic Concelebration for the Repose of the Soul of Pope John Paul II: Homily of Card. ‘Angelo Sodano’". © 2005,2009 The Holy See. April 3, 2005. http://www.vatican.va/gpII/documents/sodano-suffragio-jp-ii_20050403_en.html. Retrieved 2009-02-01. 
  69. ^ Noonan, Peggy. John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father. New York: Viking, 2005. Print.
  70. ^ Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great Living Miracles, the book focuses especially on the influence of John Paul II on Catholic culture from the perspective of priests, bishops, and seminarians.
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