Opteron

Opteron

Produced	From April 2003 to present
Common manufacturer(s)	AMD
Max. CPU clock rate	1.4 GHz to 3.2 GHz
HyperTransport speeds	800 MHz to 3200 MHz
Min. feature size	130 nm to 45 nm
Instruction set	x86-64
Cores	1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 & 16
Socket(s)	Socket 939, 940 AM2, AM2+ AM3 Socket F Socket C32 Socket G34

Opteron is AMD's x86 server and workstation processor line, and was the first processor which supported the AMD64 instruction set architecture (known generically as x86-64). It was released on April 22, 2003 with the SledgeHammer core (K8) and was intended to compete in the server and workstation markets, particularly in the same segment as the Intel Xeon processor. Processors based on the AMD K10 microarchitecture (codenamed Barcelona) were announced on September 10, 2007 featuring a new quad-core configuration. The most-recently released Opteron CPUs are the 8- and 12-core Socket G34 Opterons, code-named "Magny-Cours.".

Technical description

AMD Opteron.

Two key capabilities

Opteron combines two important capabilities in a single processor:

1. native execution of legacy x86 32-bit applications without speed penalties
2. native execution of x86-64 64-bit applications

The first capability is notable because at the time of Opteron's introduction, the only other 64-bit architecture marketed with 32-bit x86 compatibility (Intel's Itanium) ran x86 legacy-applications only with significant speed degradation. The second capability, by itself, is less noteworthy, as major RISC architectures such as (SPARC, Alpha, PA-RISC, PowerPC, MIPS) have been 64-bit for many years. In combining these two capabilities, however, the Opteron earned recognition for its ability to run the vast installed base of x86 applications economically, while simultaneously offering an upgrade-path to 64-bit computing.

The Opteron processor possesses an integrated memory controller supporting DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM or DDR3 SDRAM (depending on processor generation). This both reduces the latency penalty for accessing the main RAM and eliminates the need for a separate northbridge chip.

Multi-processor features

In multi-processor systems (more than one Opteron on a single motherboard), the CPUs communicate using the Direct Connect Architecture over high-speed HyperTransport links. Each CPU can access the main memory of another processor, transparent to the programmer. The Opteron approach to multi-processing is not the same as standard symmetric multiprocessing; instead of having one bank of memory for all CPUs, each CPU has its own memory. Thus the Opteron is a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architecture. The Opteron CPU directly supports up to an 8-way configuration, which can be found in mid-level servers. Enterprise-level servers use additional (and expensive) routing chips to support more than 8 CPUs per box.

In a variety of computing benchmarks, the Opteron architecture has demonstrated better multi-processor scaling than the Intel Xeon.^[1] This is primarily because adding an additional Opteron processor increases memory bandwidth, while that is not always the case for Xeon systems, and the fact that the Opterons use a switched fabric, rather than a shared bus. In particular, the Opteron's integrated memory controller allows the CPU to access local RAM very quickly. In contrast, multiprocessor Xeon system CPUs share only two common buses for both processor-processor and processor-memory communication. As the number of CPUs increases in a typical Xeon system, contention for the shared bus causes computing efficiency to drop. Intel is migrating to a memory architecture similar to the Opteron's for the Intel Core i7 family of processors and their Xeon derivatives.

Multi-core Opterons

Quad-Core Opteron processor

AMD Opteron with six cores

In April 2005, AMD introduced its first multi-core Opterons. At the time, AMD's use of the term multi-core in practice meant dual-core; each physical Opteron chip contained two processor cores. This effectively doubled the computing performance available to each motherboard processor socket. One socket can now deliver the performance of two processors, two sockets can deliver the performance of four processors, and so on. Because motherboard costs increase dramatically as the number of CPU sockets increase, multicore CPUs enable a multiprocessing system to be built at lower cost.

AMD's model number scheme has changed somewhat in light of its new multicore lineup. At the time of its introduction, AMD's fastest multicore Opteron was the model 875, with two cores running at 2.2 GHz each. AMD's fastest single-core Opteron at this time was the model 252, with one core running at 2.6 GHz. For multithreaded applications, or many single threaded applications, the model 875 would be much faster than the model 252.

Second-generation Opterons are offered in three series: the 1000 Series (single socket only), the 2000 Series (dual socket-capable), and the 8000 Series (quad or octo socket-capable). The 1000 Series uses the AM2 socket. The 2000 Series and 8000 Series use Socket F.[1]

AMD launched its Third-Generation Quad-core^[2] Opteron chips on September 10, 2007^[3] with hardware vendors to follow suit with servers in the following month. Based on a core design codenamed Barcelona, new power and thermal management techniques are planned for the chips. Existing dual core DDR2 based platforms will be upgradeable to quad core chips.^[4] The fourth generation was launched in June 2009 with the Istanbul hexa-cores.

AMD released its latest generation of Opteron CPUs in March 2010 with the Magny-Cours Opteron 6100 series CPUs for Socket G34. These are 8- and 12-core multi-chip module CPUs consisting of two four or six-core dies with a high-speed, on-package HyperTransport 3.1 link connecting the two dies. These CPUs update the multi-socket Opteron platform to use DDR3 memory and increased the maximum HyperTransport link speed from 2.40 GHz (4.80 GT/sec) for the Istanbul CPUs to 3.20 GHz (6.40 GT/sec.)

AMD has also changed the naming scheme for its current and upcoming Opteron models. Opteron 4000 series CPUs on Socket C32 (released July 2010) are dual-socket capable and are targeted at uniprocessor and dual-processor uses. The Opteron 6000 series CPUs on Socket G34 are quad-socket capable and are targeted at high-end dual-processor and quad-processor applications.

Socket 939

AMD has also released Socket 939 Opterons, reducing the cost of motherboards for low-end servers and workstations. Except for the fact they have 1 MB L2 Cache (versus 512 KB for the Athlon64) the Socket 939 Opterons are identical to the San Diego and Toledo core Athlon 64s, but are run at lower clockspeeds than the cores are capable of, making them more stable. They are also the only dual core Socket 939 processors still easily available now that the Athlon 64 X2s for that platform have been discontinued, though even these processors are becoming more and more difficult to find. [2]

Socket AM2

Socket AM2 Opterons are available for servers that only have a single-chip setup. Codenamed Santa Ana, rev. F dual core AM2 Opterons feature 2×1 MB L2 cache, unlike the majority of their Athlon 64 X2 cousins which feature 2x512 KB L2 cache. These CPUs are given model numbers ranging from 1210 to 1224.

Socket AM2+

AMD introduced three quad-core Opterons on Socket AM2+ for single-CPU servers in 2007. These CPUs are produced on a 65 nm manufacturing process and are similar to the Agena Phenom X4 CPUs. The Socket AM2+ quad-core Opterons are code-named "Budapest." The Socket AM2+ Opterons carry model numbers of 1352 (2.10 GHz), 1354 (2.20 GHz), and 1356 (2.30 GHz.)

Socket AM3

AMD introduced three quad-core Opterons on Socket AM3 for single-CPU servers in 2009. These CPUs are produced on a 45 nm manufacturing process and are similar to the Deneb-based Phenom II X4 CPUs. The Socket AM3 quad-core Opterons are code-named "Suzuka." These CPUs carry model numbers of 1381 (2.50 GHz), 1385 (2.70 GHz), and 1389 (2.90 GHz.)

Socket F

Socket F (LGA 1207 contacts) is AMD’s second generation of Opteron socket. This socket supports processors such as the Santa Rosa, Barcelona, Shanghai, and Istanbul codenamed processors. The “Lidded land grid array” socket adds support for DDR2 SDRAM and improved HyperTransport version 3 connectivity. Physically the socket and processor package are nearly identical, although not generally compatible with socket 1207 FX

Socket G34

Socket G34 (LGA 1944 contacts) is one of the third generation of Opteron sockets, along with Socket C32. This socket supports Magny-Cours Opteron 6100 series processors at the present and will support future CPUs, including the upcoming, Bulldozer-based Interlagos Opteron 6200 series processors. This socket supports four channels of DDR3 SDRAM (two per CPU die). Unlike previous multi-CPU Opteron sockets, Socket G34 CPUs will function with unbuffered ECC or non-ECC RAM in addition to the traditional registered ECC RAM.

Socket C32

Socket C32 (LGA 1207 contacts) is the other member of the third generation of Opteron sockets. This socket is physically similar to Socket F but is not compatible with Socket F CPUs. Socket C32 uses DDR3 SDRAM and is keyed differently to prevent the insertion of Socket F CPUs that can use only DDR2 SDRAM. Like Socket G34, Socket C32 CPUs will be able to use unbuffered ECC or non-ECC RAM in addition to registered ECC SDRAM.

Micro-architecture update

The Opteron line saw an update with the implementation of the AMD K10 microarchitecture. New processors, launched in the third quarter of 2007 (codename Barcelona), incorporate a variety of improvements, particularly in memory prefetching, speculative loads, SIMD execution and branch prediction, yielding an appreciable performance improvement over K8-based Opterons, within the same power envelope.^[5]

In the meantime, AMD has also utilized a new scheme to characterize the power consumption of new processors under "average" daily usage, named Average CPU Power (ACP).

Models

For Socket 940 and Socket 939 Opterons, each chip has a three-digit model number, in the form Opteron XYY. For Socket F and Socket AM2 Opterons, each chip has a four-digit model number, in the form Opteron XZYY. For all first, second, and third-generation Opterons, the first digit (the X) specifies the number of CPUs on the target machine:

• 1 - Designed for uniprocessor systems
• 2 - Designed for dual-processor systems
• 8 - Designed for systems with 4 or 8 processors

For Socket F and Socket AM2 Opterons, the second digit (the Z) represents the processor generation. Presently, only 2 (dual-core, DDR2), 3 (quad-core, DDR2) and 4 (six-core, DDR2) are used.

Socket C32 and G34 Opterons use a new four-digit numbering scheme. The first digit refers to the number of CPUs in the target machine:

• 4 - Designed for uniprocessor and dual-processor systems.
• 6 - Designed for dual-processor and four-processor systems.

Like the previous second and third generation Opterons, the second number refers to the processor generation. "1" refers to AMD K10-based units (Magny-Cours and Lisbon) and "2" will refer to the upcoming Bulldozer-based Interlagos and Valencia-based units.

For all Opterons, the last two digits in the model number (the YY) indicate the clock frequency of a CPU, a higher number indicating a higher clock frequency. This speed indication is comparable to processors of the same generation if they have the same amount of cores, single-cores and dual-cores have different indications despite sometimes having the same clock frequency.

The suffix HE or EE indicates a high-efficiency/energy-efficiency model having a lower TDP than a standard Opteron. The suffix SE indicates a top-of-the-line model having a higher TDP than a standard Opteron.

Starting from 65 nm fabrication process, the opteron codenames will be based on Formula 1 hosting cities. AMD have a long term sponsorship with F1's most successful team Ferrari

AMD Opteron processor family
Logo	Server
	Code-named	Core	Date released	Remarks
	SledgeHammer Venus Troy Athens	130 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm	Jun 2003 Aug 2005 Jan 2006 Jan 2006	Solo-core
	Denmark Italy Egypt Santa Ana Santa Rosa	90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm 90 nm	Mar 2006 May 2006 Jun 2006 Aug 2006 Aug 2006	Dual-core
	Barcelona Budapest Shanghai	65 nm 65 nm 45 nm	Sep 2007 Apr 2008 Nov 2008	Quad-core
	Istanbul	45 nm	Jun 2009	Six-core
	Magny-Cours	45 nm	Mar 2010	Eight-core
	Magny-Cours	45 nm	Mar 2010	Twelve-core
List of AMD Opteron microprocessors

Opteron (130 nm SOI)

Single-core – SledgeHammer (1yy, 2yy, 8yy)

• CPU-Steppings: B3, C0, CG
• L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
• L2-Cache: 1024 KB, fullspeed
• MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64
• Socket 940, 800 MHz HyperTransport
• Registered DDR SDRAM required, ECC possible
• VCore: 1.50 V - 1.55 V
• Max Power (TDP): 89 W
• First Release: April 22, 2003 [3]
• Clockrate: 1.4–2.4 GHz (x40 - x50)

Opteron (90 nm SOI, DDR)

Single-core – Venus (1yy), Troy (2yy), Athens (8yy)

• CPU-Steppings: E4
• L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
• L2-Cache: 1024 KB, fullspeed
• MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64
• Socket 940, 800 MHz HyperTransport
• Socket 939/Socket 940, 1000 MHz HyperTransport
• Registered DDR SDRAM required for socket 940, ECC possible
• VCore: 1.35 V - 1.4 V
• Max power (TDP): 95 W
• NX Bit
• 64-bit segment limit checks for VMware-style binary-translation virtualization.
• Optimized Power Management (OPM)
• First Release: February 14, 2005
• Clockrate: 1.6 - 3.0 GHz (x42 - x56)

Dual-core – Denmark (1yy), Italy (2yy), Egypt (8yy)

• CPU-Steppings: E1, E6
• First Release: Spring 2005
• Clockrate: 1.6–2.8 GHz (x60, x65, x70, x75, x80, x85, x90)
• ...
• Socket 939/Socket 940, 1000 MHz HyperTransport
• ...
• NX bit

Opteron (90 nm SOI, DDR2)

Dual-core – Santa Ana (12yy), Santa Rosa (22yy, 82yy)

• CPU-Steppings: F2, F3
• L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)
• L2-Cache: 2*1024 KB, fullspeed
• MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64
• Socket F, 1000 MHz HyperTransport - Opteron 2yy, 8yy
• Socket AM2, 1000 MHz HyperTransport - Opteron 1yy
• VCore: 1.35 V
• Max Power (TDP): 95 W
• NX Bit
• AMD-V Virtualization
• Optimized Power Management (OPM)
• First Release: ?????? 2006
• Clockrate: 1.8–3.2 GHz (xx10, xx12, xx14, xx16, xx18, xx20, xx22, xx24)

Opteron (65 nm SOI)

Quad-core – Barcelona (23xx, 83xx) 2360/8360 and below, Budapest (13yy) 1356 and below

• CPU-Steppings: BA, B3
• L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions) per core
• L2-Cache: 512 KB, fullspeed per core
• L3-Cache: 2048 KB, shared
• MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, SSE4a
• Socket F, Socket AM2+, HyperTransport 3.0 (1.6 GHz-2 GHz)
• Registered DDR2 SDRAM required, ECC possible
• VCore: 1.2 V
• Max Power (TDP): ?
• NX Bit
• 2nd generation AMD-V Virtualization with Rapid Virtualization Indexing (RVI)
• Split power plane dynamic power management
• First Release: September 10, 2007
• Clockrate: 1.7–2.5 GHz

Opteron (45 nm SOI)

Quad-core – Shanghai (23xx, 83xx) 2370/8370 and above, Suzuka (13yy) 1381 and above

• CPU-Steppings: C2
• L3-Cache: 6 MB, shared
• Clockrate: 2.3–2.9 GHz
• HyperTransport 1.0, 3.0
• 20% reduction in idle power consumption [4]
• support for DDR2 800 MHz memory (Socket F)[5]
• support for DDR3 1333 MHz memory (Socket AM3)

Hexa-core – Istanbul (24xx, 84xx)

Released June 1, 2009.

• CPU-Steppings: D0
• L3-Cache: 6 MB, shared
• Clockrate: 2.2–2.8 GHz
• HyperTransport 3.0
• HT–Assist
• support for DDR2 800 MHz memory [6]

Octa-core – Magny-Cours MCM (6124-6140)

Released March 29, 2010.

• CPU-Steppings: D1
• L3-Cache: 2x6 MB, shared
• Clockrate: 2.0–2.6 GHz
• Four HyperTransport 3.1 at 3.2 GHz (6.40 GT/sec)
• HT–Assist
• support for DDR3 1333 MHz memory
• Socket G34

Dodeca-core – Magny-Cours MCM (6164-6180SE)

Released March 29, 2010

• CPU-Steppings: D1
• L3-Cache: 2x6 MB, shared
• Clockrate: 1.7–2.5 GHz
• Four HyperTransport 3.1 links at 3.2 GHz (6.40 GT/sec)
• HT–Assist
• support for DDR3 1333 MHz memory
• Socket G34

Quad-core – Lisbon (4122, 4130)

Released June 23, 2010

• CPU-Steppings: D0
• L3-Cache: 6 MB
• Clockrate: 2.2 GHz (4122), 2.6 GHz (4130)
• Two HyperTransport links at 3.2 GHz (6.40 GT/sec)
• HT-Assist
• Support for DDR3-1333 memory
• Socket C32

Hex-core – Lisbon (4162-4184)

Released June 23, 2010

• CPU-Steppings: D1
• L3-Cache: 6 MB
• Clockrate: 1.7-2.8 GHz
• Two HyperTransport links at 3.2 GHz (6.40 GT/sec)
• HT-Assist
• Support for DDR3-1333 memory
• Socket C32

Supercomputers

Supercomputers based on Opteron mentioned in the top 20 fastest supercomputers in the world as of June 20, 2011^[6]:

• #3: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA. Jaguar - Cray XT5-HE. AMD64 Opteron Six Core 2600 MHz (10.4 GFlops/unit). Cray Inc. 224,162 total cores. Rpeak: 2331.00 TFlops.
• #6: Cielo - Cray XE6 8-core 2.4 GHz. Cray Inc. 142,272 total cores. Rpeak: 1365.81 TFlops
• #8: Hopper - Cray XE6 12-core 2.1 GHz. Cray Inc. 153,408 total cores. Rpeak 1288.63 TFlops
• #10: The IBM Roadrunner at Los Alamos National Laboratory uses 6,912 Opteron Dual Core processors. 432 are used to help the operators run the system, while the other 6,480 interconnected processors are each attached to two of 12,960 IBM PowerXCell 8i processors. As a supercomputer, the Roadrunner is considered an Opteron cluster with Cell accelerators, as each node consists of a Cell attached to an Opteron core and the Opterons to each other. Rpeak: 1375.78 TFlop.
• #19: Raptor - Cray XE6 8-core 2.4 GHz Cray Inc. 42,712 total cores. Rpeak 410.04 Tflops
• #11: National Institute for Computational Sciences, University of Tennessee, USA. Kraken XT5. AMD64 Opteron Six Core 2600 MHz (10.4 GFlops/unit). Cray Inc. RPeak:1028.85 TFlops.
• #17: Texas Advanced Computing Center, University of Texas, USA. Ranger - AMD64 Opteron Quad Core 2300 MHz (9.2 GFlops/unit). Sun Microsystems. 62,976 total cores. Rpeak: 579.38 TFlops.
• #27: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory / National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, USA, Franklin - Cray XT4 Quad Core 2300 MHz (9.2 GFlops/unit). Cray Inc. 38,642 total cores. Rpeak: 355.51 TFlops.
• #35: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA. Jaguar - Cray XT4 Quad Core 2.1 GHz. Cray Inc. 30,976 total cores. Rpeak: 260.20 TFlops.
• #36 Sandia National Laboratory, USA. Red Storm - Cray XT3/XT4. Cray Inc. 38,208 total cores. Rpeak: 284.00 TFlops.
• #40 Shanghai Supercomputer Center, China. Magic Cube - Dawning 5000A, Quad Core Opteron 1.9 GHz, Infiniband, Windows HPC. 30,720 total cores. Rpeak: 233.47 TFlops.
• #94 University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. HECToR - Cray XT4. AMD64 Opteron 2.3 GHz. Cray Inc. 22,656 total cores. Rpeak: 113.05 TFlops.

Issues

Opteron without Optimized Power Management

AMD has released some Opteron processors without Optimized Power Management (OPM) support, which use DDR memory. The following table describes those processors lacking OPM.

Max P-State Frequency	Min P-State Frequency	Model	Package-Socket	Core #	TDP (W)	Manufacturing Process	Part Number(OPN)
1400 MHz	N/A	140	Socket 940	1	82.1	130 nm	OSA140CEP5AT
1400 MHz	N/A	240	Socket 940	1	82.1	130 nm	OSA240CEP5AU
1400 MHz	N/A	840	Socket 940	1	82.1	130 nm	OSA840CEP5AV
1600 MHz	N/A	142	Socket 940	1	82.1	130 nm	OSA142CEP5AT
1600 MHz	N/A	242	Socket 940	1	82.1	130 nm	OSA242CEP5AU
1600 MHz	N/A	842	Socket 940	1	82.1	130 nm	OSA842CEP5AV
1600 MHz	N/A	242	Socket 940	1	85.3	90 nm	OSA242FAA5BL
1600 MHz	N/A	842	Socket 940	1	85.3	90 nm	OSA842FAA5BM
1600 MHz	N/A	260	Socket 940	2	55.0	90 nm	OSK260FAA6CB
1600 MHz	N/A	860	Socket 940	2	55.0	90 nm	OSK860FAA6CC

Opteron recall

AMD has recalled some E4 stepping-revision single-core Opteron processors, including x52 (2.6 GHz) and x54 (2.8 GHz) models which use DDR memory. The following table describes affected processors, as they are listed in AMD Opteron x52 and x54 Production Notice.^[7]

Max P-State Frequency	Uni-Processor	Dual Processor	Multi-Processor	Package-Socket
2600 MHz	152	252	852	Socket 940
2800 MHz	N/A	254	854	Socket 940
2600 MHz	152	N/A	N/A	Socket 939
2800 MHz	154	N/A	N/A	Socket 939

The affected processors may produce inconsistent results in the presence of three specific conditions occurring simultaneously:

• The execution of floating point-intensive code sequences
• Elevated processor temperatures
• Elevated ambient temperatures

A software verification tool for identifying the AMD Opteron processors listed in the above table that may be affected under these specific conditions is available only to AMD OEM partners.^{[citation needed]} AMD will replace those processors at no charge.^{[citation needed]}

Recognition

In the February 2010 issue of Custom PC (a UK based computing magazine focused on PC hardware), the AMD Opteron 144 (released in Summer 2005) appeared in the "Hardware Hall of Fame". It was described as "The best overclocker's CPU ever made" due to its low cost and ability to run at speeds way beyond its stock speed (according to Custom PC, it could run at "close to 3 GHz on air").

Future

In Q2 2010, the remaining lineup of Socket F CPUs and the Socket AM3 Opterons will be replaced with processors codenamed Lisbon on Socket C32 for uniprocessor and dual-processor configurations. Lisbon processors will be available in quad-core and six-core configurations. Later, the server line of processors will incorporate the newly announced Bulldozer core with three or four modules (6 or 8 threads) on the 32 nm process, each supporting FMA aimed at better HPC and cryptographic computations. Bulldozer-based products are expected to be released in 2011.^[8]

See also

• List of AMD Opteron microprocessors

References

1. ^ "SPECint2006 Rate Results for multiprocessor systems". http://www.spec.org/cgi-bin/osgresults. Retrieved December 27, 2008. 
2. ^ "AMD Quad-Core Product Images". http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/Additional/DieImageGallert.swf. Retrieved September 2, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
3. ^ [AMD Introduces the World’s Most Advanced x86 Processor, Designed for the Demanding Datacenter AMD to Ship Industry’s First Native x86 Quad-Core Processors In September]
4. ^ "Quad-Core Upgradeability". http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_8796_14286,00.html. Retrieved March 6, 2007.  6-core Opteron Processors codenamed 'Istanbul' were launched early on July 1, 2009. They are a drop-in upgrade for existing Socket F servers.
5. ^ Merritt, Rick. "AMD tips quad-core performance". EETimes.com. http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197700269. Retrieved March 16, 2007. 
6. ^ "TOP500 List - June 2011". TOP500. http://top500.org/list/2011/06/100. Retrieved 2011-09-21. 
7. ^ "AMD Opteron Processor Models x52 and x54 Production Notice" (Press release). Advanced Micro Devices. 2006-04. http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/40820_PUB_AMD_Opteron_Processor_Production_Notice_rev_3_08.pdf. Retrieved November 30, 2006. 
8. ^ http://www.tgdaily.com/hardware-features/37323-amd-announces-6-core-and-12-core-opteron-processors

External links

• Official Opteron homepage
• AMD Technical Docs
• AMD K8 Opteron technical specifications
• AMD K8 Dual Core Opteron technical specifications
• Interactive AMD Opteron rating and product ID guide
• Understanding the Detailed Architecture of AMD's 64 bit Core
• 28th Top 500 List (Nov 2006)
• Sun Microsystems Opteron Page (Dec 2006)
• AMD: dual-core Opteron to 3 GHz