Pig slaughter

Schematic representation of the main pork cuts.

Pig slaughter is the work of slaughtering domestic pigs which is both a common economic activity as well as a traditional feast in some European countries.

Agriculture

Two halves of pigs

Pig slaughter is a necessary activity to obtain pig meat - pork. It regularly happens as part of traditional and intensive pig farming.

Pigs are slaughtered at different ages. Generally they can be divided into piglets, which are 1.5 to 3 months old; the fattening pigs, intended for pork and bacon, which are 4 months to one year old; and finally the older pigs, such as sows (female pigs) and boars (uncastrated male pigs). The meat obtained from piglets is subdivided into more meaty or more fatty, determined by the thickness of bacon. Male hogs are usually castrated a month before slaughter. Their meat quality is determined on the mass of halves and the thickness of bacon on the back.

Transport of pigs to slaughter and all the other procedures and circumstances leading up to the actual act of stunning and killing the pig are in modern times carefully arranged in order to avoid excessive suffering of animals, which both has a humane rationale as well as helping provide for a higher quality of meat.^[1][2]

Before slaughter, pigs are first rendered unconscious using one of the following means: stunning using electric current applied with electrodes, or stunning using captive bolt pistol, or inhalation of CO2. They are then hoisted on a rail, after which they are exsanguinated, usually via the carotid artery and the jugular vein. After the blood is gone, the carcass is drenched in hot water in a device called a pig scalder which helps in the removal of hair, which is subsequently completed by using scissor-like devices and then if necessary with a torch.

The pig is then eviscerated, the head is usually removed, and the body is cut into two halves. The remaining halves are washed to remove any remaining blood, bacteria or remains of bone, and then cooled down in order to help with the process of cutting and deboning.

In the European Union, the Regulation (EC) of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 852/2004, 853/2004 and 854/2004 cover various aspects of hygiene of foodstuffs that includes pig slaughter.^[3][4][5]

European tradition

The process of making a sausage in a traditional Hungarian household

Pig slaughter is a tradition known in numerous European countries: Croatia (see below), Serbia (see below), Hungary (disznóvágás), the Czech Republic (zabijačka), Slovakia (zabíjačka), Greece, Italy (maialata), Moldova, Romania (tăiatul porcului, Ignat), Slovenia (koline), Portugal (matança), Spain (matanza), Ukraine and others.

The family hog pens have also existed in the United States on small family farms up to and including the early 1900s, but in modern times it's practically obsolete.

Traditional autumn activity

The slaughter traditionally takes place in the autumn and early winter, and the timing has several practical considerations.^[6] It can start as soon as it gets cold, as the cold is required as a natural method of preserving the relatively large quantities of meat during the butchering.^[7] Yet, because people often do the work in the open, it is preferable that the temperatures aren't too much below freezing during this time, hence the slaughter rarely extends into winter. Also, slaughter activities typically need to produce results before the Christmas season, to provide for the festive cuisine.

In the past, this was also the only time of the year when people could afford to eat larger amounts of meat.^[7] In modern times, almost any family in Europe that is so inclined can afford to slaughter, yet there is also an abundance of pre-processed meat in the shops, so the traditional method of slaughtering is becoming more and more of a folk custom rather than a necessity.

The slaughter requires numerous preparations, including troughs,^[7] large quantities of boiling water, large wooden barrels for storing meat, pots, sharp knives,^[7] and in modern times also artificial intestines (hoses for various sausages).

Historically, butchering was a trade passed from father to son.^[7] Today the initial slaughter is normally performed by a professional butcher.^[6] After that, the meat is butchered by laymen, and the process is accompanied by various local rituals.^[7]

Act of slaughter and the butchering of carcass

Stirring of blood in order to prevent its coagulation. Collected blood will be further used. (Moravia, Czech republic)

Traditionally, the pig is slaughtered with a knife and then put in a wooden or a metal trough and showered with boiling water to remove the hair. The pig is then removed from the trough and any remaining hair is removed with a knife or a razor,^[7] and then it is again washed with boiling water.

Today, the animal is rendered unconscious by electrical or carbon dioxide stunning and then immediately bled by cutting the throat.^[6] For quality reasons, mechanical means of stunning such as a captive bolt pistol are not recommended.^[6][8]

Then, the pig's intestines are removed. These days, the pig can also be obtained as a half (Croatian: polovica or polutka), without intestines or blood.

In modern times, because of the danger of Trichinosis, people are required to have critical parts of the fresh meat tested by a veterinarian before any further contact with potentially infected meat.^[9]

Very sharp knives and a cleaver are required for butchering. The carcass is cut into hams, shoulders, bacon sides, pork bellys, ham hocks, loins, pork chops, and other cuts of lesser importance.

Processing of animal parts

After it's cut into pieces, the meat from the animal is then processed further into edible products.

The buttocks are salted and pressed in order to eventually produce ham. The ribcage meat is salted and smoked in order to get bacon.^[6] Salt is rubbed thoroughly into each piece of meat and all surfaces are covered. Some formulas also include lots of black pepper. The bulk of the meat is cut and ground to produce various sausages, which are traditionally wrapped into the intestines of various sizes.^[6]

The bulk of the fat is cut into small pieces. Some of it is stewed to produce cracklings. Lard is made by rendering - heating fragments of fat in a large iron pot over a fire until it is reduced to simmering grease which congeals when cooled.^[6] Lard is then stored in lard tins with tin covers. The typical tins in the US are five gallons.

The intestines are stripped by drawing them through a clenched fist. They are then washed, cut into short pieces, and fried to make chitlins.

The various "leftovers" are put into various forms of headcheese jelly, etc. Most parts of the pig are used in this traditional process, even parts of the skin that would normally be thrown away are preserved to be cooked with beans.

The smoke house is essential for the preservation and long term storage of hams, shoulders, bacon sides, and pork bellies. The meat is hung on racks and hooks in the smokehouse; and later smoked. Fragrant hardwood, such as hickory, beech, or cherry is allowed to smolder slowly in a pit below the hanging meat. This gives added flavor and color to the meat as well as serving to dry cure the pork.

Country-specific statistics and customs

Illustration of medieval pig stunning, from The Medieval Cookbook

Canada

In 2000 Canada slaughtered fewer pigs than the United States with an average of 800 per hour compared to the United States at 1,200. The Canadian pork processing industry suffers a cost disadvantage and many pigs are sent to the United States for slaughtering and processing. In 1998, 16.7 million pigs were slaughtered in Canada with 15% of this number slaughtered in the United States. Smithfield of the United States bought a Canadian plant and now competes with the Canadian industry. Canadian pigs average 235-240 lbs live weight, much lower than the United States average of 255-260. The lower weight incurs higher production costs, forcing pigs to be sent across the border for slaughtering. However the slaughtering industry is expanding in western Canada and could rival the United States in low cost sometime in the future.^[10]

Croatia and Serbia

The traditional pig slaughter in Croatia as well as the neighboring Serbia is a widespread practice that involves pig slaughtering, processing, and butchery of pig meat, and is observed by rural families, usually in late autumn. The tradition is variously called kolinje, prašćina, svinjokolj, svinjokolja or svinjokolje or posjek. The names literally mean "pig-slaughtering" (svinja=pig, n., klanje=slaughter, n.). It is a custom specific to the parts of the countries in the Pannonian plain.^[7]

After WWII, in Yugoslavia, a state holiday fell on November 29, with that and next day being non-working, so most slaughters were held on that occasion.

The entire duration of the slaughter can be as long as three days. Because people were traditionally stocking up on supplies before winter, it became customary to slaughter more than one pig, which increased the amount of time necessary for the meat to be processed. Some families visit their relatives (often grandparents) and friends at that time of the year, in order to help. Also, little mechanization is used, with meat being cut manually. Any grinding is done with relatively small manually operated, mechanical grinding machines.

The traditionally produced ham (šunka), bacon (slanina), the sausages (kobasica) such as blood sausage (krvavica) and kulen are well-known as delicacies.^[7] Some of them, notably kulen, are classified under the laws of protected designation of origin. The non-meat products such as cracklings (čvarci) or švargl and hladetina are also respected as parts of traditional cuisine.

To complement the activities, rakija or wine is drunk by participants during the butchering.^[7]

The pig liver is customarily roasted the same day of the slaughter.

Men and women were traditionally assigned different jobs during the slaughter. It was commonly the men who were doing the actual slaughter, the larger part of butchering, and the grinding of meat. Because the society is traditionally patriarchal, the women were in charge of a relatively menial tasks, such as waiting and cooking for the whole crew throughout the event, keeping the environment clean (washing and scrubbing), as well as the emptying the pigs' bowels in order to make them suitable for holding sausage meat.^[7]

The standard of hygiene long recommended by veterinarians has included various requirements for the people, tools and space used in the process. All people involved in the slaughter and butchering must be healthy, dressed with a hat, apron and boots, and clean hands. The tools (knives, axes, saws etc.) are sharpened, cleaned and disinfected before use, and they should be kept in a clean place throughout the process, preferably in a clean toolbox around the butcher's belt. The location of the killing needs to be a clean concrete surface with a sewer canal, meaning that the space can be easily cleaned. The trough used should have a zinced surface which is easy to clean and disinfect; the wooden troughs absorb water and microorganisms which makes them unsuitable.

The Croatian Ministry of Agriculture has published rules on sanitation requirements for animal slaughter since 1992, animal waste disposal rules since 2003, while regulations from 2005 also cover animal welfare in relation to slaughter.^[2] These rules track the relevant European Union regulation.^[2]

Croatian animal rights supporters regard the traditional slaughtering process as cruel and one which causes unnecessary suffering. The most vocal Croatian animal rights NGO "Prijatelji životinja" advocates banning the entire practice.^[11]

In the process of Croatia's entry into the EU, there were widespread fears that new legislation would make svinjokolja as such illegal, forcing all pig slaughter to be conducted in controlled, inspected facilities.^[12] The fears were unwarranted because new regulation focused on stopping distribution of unhealthy meat products on the open market, rather than the traditional process where meat is consumed within the same household.^[13]

Czech Republic

Jitrnice, traditional part of the Czech national cuisine.

In some countries traditional pig slaughter is a special event.^[14] In the past pig slaughter in the Czech Republic usually took place during the winter months, when low temperatures made it easier to store fresh meat and meat products. Preparations for the event extended over a number of days and involved a variety of ceremonies.^[14] The event itself was accompanied by the making of traditional dishes such as jitrnice, tlačenka and škvarky. After the slaughter, the young men of the village would visit neighbours and relatives bringing gifts of meat and fresh soup. The pig slaughter ended with what was called a karmina, a special celebration held in the household where the slaughter had taken place. Invited guests, sometimes dressed in masks, would join in the feasting and drinking.^[14] In the past, the traditional pig slaughters usually ended on Ash Wednesday.^[14]

Traditional pig slaughters (Zabíjačka) still (2011) take place in public at Mardi Gras celebrations in many Czech towns and villages.^[15][16] However the domestic pig slaughter is a disappearing tradition. During the communist era it was cheaper and people preferred to raise and slaughter pigs at home. Many Czech and Moravian villagers worked in JZD (collective farms) and it was easier for them to obtain the foodstuffs needed to fatten a pig.^[15] Since then pig raising and slaughtering has become less common in Czech villages and towns. It is also subject to regulation by the European Union. In 2009, the Czech politician and Member of the European Parliament Jan Březina commented that: "The discovery that in Romania the animals are not paralyzed before slaughter provoked a hysterical reaction on the part of the European institutions. The older member states have begun calling for more stringent European regulation. The result is a textbook example of pointless EU legislation destroying yet another aspect of national tradition."^[17]

The traditional domestic pig slaughter was a favourite theme of the renowned Czech painter Josef Lada.^[14] In the play Prase (The Pig, 1987), Václav Havel tries to buy a pig for a zabíjačka by local villagers, with difficulty because as a dissident he is considered politically suspect.^[18][19] In 1968, Jiří Šebánek, a founder of the Jára Cimrman Theatre, wrote the play The Pig Slaughter at Home. Toilet Horror.^[20]

Slovakia

In Slovakia, the pig slaughter (zabíjačka, zakáľačka, bravčovina, svinský kar, karmina) was an essential part of the winter traditions from early medieval times.^[21] The pig slaughter was considered an important event in village society and an opportunity for families to get together. According to Katarína Nádaská of the Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology at Comenius University in Bratislava, the traditional period for pig slaughters usually started on 21 December, the feast day of St. Thomas. There was a special magical importance attached to the date and farmers believed that the meat of a pig slaughtered on St. Thomas Day would last longer.^[21] A second traditional pig slaughtering period began around Mardi Gras.

In the past there were a number of traditional customs associated with the pig slaughter. After the slaughter, the girls of the household would collect the bones and scatter them around the yard for love magic purposes. They believed that when a dog snatched the first bone, the girl who had thrown the bone would be the first one to marry.^[21]

Sacrifice

Like doves, bulls, goats, and other animals, pigs have been sacrificed around the world. In the Durga Puja festival in Orissa, India, pigs are sacrificed to Kandhen Budhi once every three years,^[22] and in Bali, Indonesia holy men sacrifice pigs during the Melasti festival.^[23] In Hittite Anatolia, pigs were sacrificed to insure the well being of the community,.^[24] Many Greek religious festivals involved sacrificing pigs to different gods in different ways.^[25]

See also

• Animal slaughter
• Humane Slaughter Act
• Traditional diet
• Cutting It Short, a Czech film that includes depictions of traditional pig slaughter (zabijačka)

External links

• Slovak Pig Slaughter and Sausage Making - article in English with detailed pictures of a Slovak family slaughtering a pig in 68 steps
• Moldavian Pig Slaughter - article in English with detailed pictures of a Moldavian family slaughtering a pig

References

1. ^ Humane Slaughter of Pigs, by the Humane Slaughter Association, United Kingdom
2. ^ ^{a b c} Zdolec, Nevijo (July 2006). "Objekti za klanje životinja [Facilities for slaughtering animals]" (in Croatian) (PDF). MESO: The first Croatian meat journal (Zagreb, Croatia: Zadružna štampa, d.d.) VIII (4): 190–193. ISSN 1332-0025. http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=34876&lang=en. Retrieved 2011-05-26. 
3. ^ http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/food_safety/veterinary_checks_and_food_hygiene/f84001_en.htm
4. ^ http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/food_safety/veterinary_checks_and_food_hygiene/f84002_en.htm
5. ^ http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/food_safety/veterinary_checks_and_food_hygiene/f84003_en.htm
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Karolyi, Danijel; Salajpal, Krešimir; Luković, Zoran (July 2010). "Black Slavonian pig" (in Croatian) (PDF). MESO: The first Croatian meat journal (Zagreb, Croatia: Zadružna štampa, d.d.) XII (4): pp. 222 - 230. ISSN 1332-0025. http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=92871. Retrieved 2011-05-25. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Kadić Goran, Franjo Babić. "Život kroz godinu" (in Croatian). www.gradiste.com. http://www.gradiste.com/TRADICIJA/zivot_kroz_godinu.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-25. 
8. ^ Humane Slaughter of Pigs, by the Humane Slaughter Association, England
9. ^ Mašić, Mario (April 2004). "Trichinellosis in the Imotska Krajina region" (in Croatian) (PDF). MESO: The first Croatian meat journal (Zagreb, Croatia: Zadružna štampa, d.d.) VI (2): pp. 55 - 60. ISSN 1332-0025. http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=34002&lang=en. Retrieved 2011-05-25. 
10. ^ The agro-food processing sector in China: Developments and policy challenges. 2000. OECD Publishing. p.151,153.
11. ^ "Kolinje" (in Croatian). Prijatelji životinja. http://www.prijatelji-zivotinja.hr/kolinje/. Retrieved 2011-05-26. 
12. ^ "Nema zabrane, ali je svinjokolja sve manje [No ban, but there's still less pig slaughter]" (in Croatian). Glas Slavonije. 2009-11-24. http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/vijest.asp?rub=4&ID_VIJESTI=117133. Retrieved 2011-05-26. 
13. ^ "Zabrana "Kolinja"" (in Croatian). Europski dom Zagreb. 2011-01-17. http://www.europe.hr/o-europskoj-uniji/zabrana-kolinja/. Retrieved 2011-05-26. 
14. ^ ^{a b c d e} Turek, Milan (2009-01-31). "Zabíjačkové karminy a rafinézní erotiky" (in Czech). Pozitivní noviny. http://www.pozitivni-noviny.cz/cz/clanek-2009010112. Retrieved 26 May 2011. 
15. ^ ^{a b} Vaňková, Zuzana (2010-01-30). "Zabijačky: česká tradice, která zaniká" (in Czech). deník.cz. http://www.denik.cz/z_domova/zabijacky-tradice-ktera-zanika20100129.html. Retrieved 23 May 2011. 
16. ^ Lazarová, Daniela (2004-02-28). "Magazine". Czech Radio. http://www.radio.cz/en/section/magazine/magazine-6. Retrieved 23 May 2011. 
17. ^ Lapčík, Michael (2009-06-26). "Brusel koriguje zabíjačky, musí je dělat odborník" (in Czech). deník.cz. http://www.denik.cz/ze_sveta/brusel-koriguje-zabijacky-delat-odbornik20090626.html. Retrieved 24 May 2011.  („Zjištění, že se v Rumunsku zvířata před porážkou neomračují, vyvolalo na půdě evropských institucí hysterickou reakci. Staré členské státy začaly volat po celoevropské přísnější úpravě. Výsledkem je učebnicový příklad nesmyslné evropské legislativy ukrajující další kousek z národních tradic.“)
18. ^ Willoughby, Ian (2010-03-20). "Brno theatre stages previously unknown Havel play". Czech Radio. http://www.radio.cz/en/section/news/news-2010-03-20. Retrieved 23 May 2011. 
19. ^ "Brněnská Husa na provázku uvede Havlovo Prase, Pražáci ho uvidí v Arše" (in Czech). Mladá fronta DNES. 2010-03-24. http://kultura.idnes.cz/brnenska-husa-na-provazku-uvede-havlovo-prase-prazaci-ho-uvidi-v-arse-12l-/divadlo.aspx?c=A100323_171823_divadlo_tt. Retrieved 23 May 2011. 
20. ^ Kroc, Vladimír (2007-10-20). "3. díl Hospoda na mýtince a Domácí zabijačka" (in Czech). Czech Radio. http://www.rozhlas.cz/kultura/cimrman/_zprava/394101. Retrieved 26 May 2011. 
21. ^ ^{a b c} "Zabíjačka bola v minulosti spoločenská udalosť" (in Slovak). Generalkonsulat Slowakische Republik in Zürich. 2011-01-07. http://www.slowakei-info.ch/sl/kultur/themen/kn-110110-2.html. Retrieved 26 May 2011. 
22. ^ http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/20-24.pdf
23. ^ http://www.bali.world-guides.com/bali_events.html
24. ^ http://emory.academia.edu/BillieJeanCollins/Papers/99622/Pigs_at_the_Gate_Hittite_Pig_Sacrifice_in_Its_Eastern_Mediterranean_Context
25. ^ http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ogirholidays/greek_calendars