- Canada–New Zealand relations
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Canadian–New Zealand relations 
Canada
New ZealandCanada–New Zealand relations refers to international relations between New Zealand and Canada. New Zealand and Canada have a longstanding relationship that has been fostered by both countries' shared history and culture, by their membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and links between residents of both countries. The two countries have a common Head of State in Queen Elizabeth II (legally, the Queen is equally and separately the Head of State of both nations, as Queen of Canada and Queen of New Zealand). New Zealand and Canada also have links through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and mutual treaty agreements. New Zealand-Canada relations are therefore important to both countries.[1]
The two countries share a like-minded view of the world on a variety of issues. New Zealand is a committed international player that seeks to promote its interests overseas and contribute to a stable, peaceful and prosperous world. As a founding member of the United Nations, New Zealand is dedicated to the principles of multilateralism and the rule of international law. It is a strong advocate of trade liberalisation and participates actively in international negotiations on many issues including environmental protection, disarmament, good governance and human rights. These issues are equally important to Canada which takes a similar stance on many of them and have helped to further the relationship between the countries. Canada has said that New Zealand is a valuable international partner despite the thousands of miles separating the two countries.[1]
Contents
Political similarities
As part of the Commonwealth both countries share the Westminster system as well as other Constitutional similarities. Both countries have significant political and demographic similarities. In both countries the majority is descended from British settlers,but both have significant populations of indigenous and non-British people: the Māori in New Zealand and the Québécois and First Nations in Canada. Both countries have complex relations with larger neighbours: Australia for New Zealand and the United States for Canada. New Zealand is referred to as 'Australia's Canada' in Jon Stewart's America: The Book. [1]
Party politics in New Zealand are fought between the centre-left Labour Party, the centre-right National Party and several smaller parties. In Canada the main players are the Conservatives, Liberals, the leftist New Democratic Party and the separatist Bloc Québécois. The economic policies of New Zealand were restructured by Roger Douglas and partially inspired government cutbacks advocated by Canadian leaders such as Ralph Klein, Mike Harris and Paul Martin.[citation needed] The current governments of the two countries are in alignment as Stephen Harper's Conservatives are fiscally pro free-market and John Key's National-Led Government are right-wing as well.
Military alliances
Main articles: Military history of New Zealand and Military history of CanadaNew Zealand and Canada have fought together in the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War. Both countries refused to participate in the Iraq War even though other major Anglosphere countries such as the United States, United Kingdom and Australia took part. As of 2008 the New Zealand and Canadian forces are still active in Afghanistan.
Cooperation between military forces
New Zealand and Canada enjoy a close and genial defence relationship. Historically their two armed forces have worked alongside each other in a number of international security operations. Recent defence operations include strategic actions in Timor Leste, Bosnia and Afghanistan, training exercises and staff exchanges.
These positive and longstanding defence links with Canada and New Zealand are enhanced by the regular purchase of new military equipment from either country; e.g. New Zealand's purchase of 105 Light Armoured vehicles (LAV IIIs) from Canada.[2]
Wars fought together
Alliance during World War II
Main articles: Military history of Canada during the Second World War and Military history of New Zealand during World War II
United Nations propaganda poster showing both the New Zealander and former Canadian flag as allied forces in World War II.
As part of their ongoing participation in the British Commonwealth both countries were expected to aid Britain when she declared war on Germany. However, since the Statute of Westminster they had both won the power to declare war independently of Britain. Politically, New Zealand had been a vocal opponent of European fascism and the appeasement of those dictatorships. At the beginning of the war Canada was (for the most part) reluctant to return to war. Nonetheless, both countries entered the war as Allies: New Zealand declared war on Nazi Germany at 9.30 pm September 3, 1939 (NZT); Canada on September 10, 1939. However, the two countries' armies only occasionally fought together. Canada's main effort encompassed major campaigns in Italy[3] and Northern Europe[4] whereas the New Zealanders mainly fought in Greece, Crete and Italy.
Post-World War II
During the Cold War both countries were firmly in the Western bloc but did not agree on every use of military force. For example both fought in the Korean War but New Zealand was a combatant in Vietnam while Canada was part of an international observer mission and did not fight. Both countries have been frequent contributors to the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping, peacemaking and police operations. Both countries contributed symbolic assistance to coalition forces in the Gulf War where Canada participated in some bombing missions.
Korean War 1950–1953
Main article: New Zealand in the Korean WarFurther information: British Commonwealth Forces KoreaNew Zealand and Canada were among those states that responded to the United Nations call for help. New Zealand joined 15 other nations including Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States in the anti-communist war. The Korean War was also significant as it fastened New Zealand's military and diplomatic co-operation in supporting Canada and the United States in conflict.
The British Commonwealth Forces Korea was a joint effort between allied Commonwealth forces: namely Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.[5]
Canada sent 26,791 troops to fight in Korea. There were 1,558 Canadian casualties including 516 dead. Korea has often been described as "The Forgotten War" because for most Canadians it is overshadowed by the Canadian contributions to the two world wars. Canada is a signatory to the original 1953 armistice but did not keep a garrison in South Korea after 1955.
New Zealand contributed six frigates, several smaller craft and a 1,044 strong volunteer force (known as K-FORCE) to the Korean War. The ships were under the command of a British flag officer and formed part of the US Navy screening force during the Battle of Inchon performing shore raids and inland bombardment. New Zealand troops remained in Korea in significant numbers for four years after the 1951 armistice, although the last New Zealand soldiers did not leave until 1957, and a single liaison officer remained until 1971. A total of 3,794 New Zealand soldiers served in K-FORCE and 1,300 in their naval deployment. 33 were killed in action, 79 wounded and one soldier was taken prisoner. That prisoner was held in North Korea for eighteen months and repatriated after the armistices.
Afghanistan (2001–2005)
Main article: Operation Enduring FreedomFurther information: NZ SASNew Zealand and Canada's heaviest joint military involvement in the Middle East in recent decades has been in Afghanistan following the United States-led invasion of that country after the September 11 attacks. Fifty Special Air Service of New Zealand (NZ SAS) units were dispatched and in March 2002 they took part in Operation Anaconda alongside Canadian forces against about 500 to 1,000 al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains southeast of Zorma, Afghanistan. New Zealand has also supplied two transport aircraft and a 122-strong tri-service Provincial Reconstruction Team which has been located in Bamyan Province since 2003. Both New Zealand (NZ SAS) and Canadian (Joint Task Force 2) special forces have won the American Presidential Unit Citation for operations in Afghanistan.
Main article: Operation Anaconda"Operation Anaconda" was an operation composed of elements of the United States 10th Mountain Division, 101st Airborne Division, the US special forces groups (TF 11, TF Bowie and TF Dagger), British Royal Marines, Canada's 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, the Afghan National Army, the German KSK and elements of both the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and the New Zealand Special Air Service.
This was one of the first major NZ-Canada joint operations of the War in Afghanistan and proved to be a very successful partnership between the two nations' military forces.[citation needed]
Trade and investment
Toronto, the most populous city in Canada.
Auckland, the most populous city in New Zealand.New Zealand and Canada have established a very prosperous business investment program that connects New Zealand and Canadian businesses. The Canadian and New Zealand Consulates offer advice to New Zealand businesses interested in forming partnerships with Canada, investing in Canada or setting up a business in Canada. In the same way they help to connect Canadian business people who wish to sell their goods and services to New Zealand with potential local partners and assist Canadian companies looking to invest in New Zealand.[6]
There is mass trade between Canada and New Zealand that has proven reliable to both countries making it an important and stable base for a long-lasting relationship. New Zealand exports over $530 million worth of goods and services to Canada while Canada imports over $450 million worth from New Zealand.
Canada's main exports to New Zealand included aircraft, electrical equipment, machinery and fertilizers for 2006. Canada's leading imports from New Zealand include meat, dairy products, agricultural machinery and wine. New Zealand offers many opportunities for Canadian companies particularly in energy, extractive industries, telecommunications and food products.[7]
Canada was New Zealand's 12th largest export destination and 14th largest trading partner in the year ended December 2006 with exports of NZ$553 million. There are significant Canadian investments in New Zealand, particularly CanWest, McCains and communications company Stratos Global Corporation. New Zealand companies in Canada include Tait Electronics, Michael Hill Jeweller, Peace Software and Glidepath.
Auckland Airport CPPIB buyout
There had some debate in the New Zealand Government about the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CCPIB) pension trying to buy a 40% stake in Auckland Airport, a strategic asset for the New Zealand government, with the Labour Party trying to block the sale by passing new laws which prevent foreign acquisitions of New Zealand "strategic assets". It was announced on April 11, 2008, that the CPPIB had given up on its bid on Auckland Airport after many attempts by the New Zealand government to restrict foreign investment in New Zealand's infrastructure. The CPPIB said it was "disappointed in the outcome of its Overseas Investment Act application"[8][9]
Air services
There is a Canada/New Zealand Air Transport Agreement which was signed in 1985. In November 2007 Air New Zealand began a direct service between Auckland and Vancouver which operates three times a week. Both Air New Zealand and Air Canada are members of the Star Alliance with both airlines currently operating via Hawaii and having code sharing arrangements on this route.
Film and television
The 1987 Agreement on "Film and Video Relations" between the two countries has been successful with film and television co-operation growing. Particular interest has been shown in indigenous film linkages and co-productions. There is a recent but ongoing pattern of producers’ missions between Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Whale Rider won then People's Choice Award at the Toronto Film Festival in 2002 and nine out of the ten top grossing centres in North America for New Zealand's Lord of the Rings were in Canada.
One of New Zealand's leading television channels TV3 was, until 2007, owned by Canadian Media Conglomerate CanWest.
Anna Helene Paquin is an Academy Award-winning and Emmy- and Golden Globe-nominated Canadian-New Zealander actress.
New Zealand, Canada and the UKUSA Community
UKUSA Community 
New Zealand & Canada are both exclusive members of a collection of five countries who participate in the highly secretive ECHELON program. New Zealand has two (known) listening posts run by the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) as part of the ECHELON spy network. New Zealand has benefited from its role in the ECHELON communications interception network which also includes the United States, Australia, Britain and Canada and are known as the UKUSA Community. The partnership gives "a direct line into the inner circles of power in London and Washington".[10] New Zealand's role in the program is based at a listening post on the South Island of New Zealand at Waihopai Valley just south-west of Blenheim. Its primary role is the interception of a large volume of satellite phone calls, telexes, faxes, e-mail and computer data communications.[11] It gathers this data from New Zealand's Asia/Pacific neighbours and forwards it on to the major partners in the UKUSA Agreement.[12][13]
The Waihopai station is a sister operation to a similar facility run at Tangimoana.[14]
This gives New Zealand a distinct partnership with Canada not just on economic policies but domestic security agreements and operations as well and is a familiar platform for further deals involving both countries.[citation needed]
UKUSA military exercises
The UKUSA community allows member countries to cooperate in multilateral military exercises which have more recently focussed on terrorism after 9/11. On March 10, 2008 (NZT) New Zealand, Canada, Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom took part in a multinational war game that simulated a terrorist attack on "strategic networks" such as power grids, financial centres and telecommunications focussing mainly on cyber-terrorism. The exercise was named Cyber Storm 2 and was co-ordinated by the United States Department of Homeland Security and the New Zealand Government Communications Security Bureau.[15] It will be used to identify policies & issues that affect cyber response & recovery by government agencies.[16]
The exercise focusses on information technology, energy and finance and involved:
- 8 government departments and 3 government agencies
- The states of: Michigan, Montana, New York, Washington
- 9 major IT firms
- 6 electric utility firms (generation, transmission & grid operations)
- 2 major air carriers
After the exercise the NZ 'CCIP' (Centre for Critical Infrastructure Protection) said in a statement: "The New Zealand component of the exercise was successful in testing information sharing and response coordination across both public and private sectors and national and international cooperation,"
A report on the overall results will be published ahead of Cyber Storm III which is scheduled for 2010.[17]
Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group
The Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group' is a new initiative by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and headed by the United States as a "formal partnership between these nations dedicated to tackling larger global crime issues, particularly organized crime". The co–operation consists of "five countries from three continents banding together to fight cyber crime in a synergistic way by sharing intelligence, swapping tools and best practices, and strengthening and even synchronizing their respective laws." This means that there will be increased information sharing between the New Zealand Police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) on matters relating to serious fraud or cyber crime.[18]
- Particpants in Cybererstorm II, the SAICCG and ECHELON
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Cyberstorm II|International Participant organizationsUS State ParticipantsUS Private Sector ParticipantsUS Federal Participants -
Map showing the Strategic Alliance Cyber Crime Working Group member countries and lead agencies
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The Waihopai Valley Facility – Base of the New Zealand branch of the ECHELON Program.
Bilateral diplomacy
Because both countries are Commonwealth realms they share Queen Elizabeth II has their mutual sovereign and consequently relations between the two countries are not between one head of state and another but are between one government and another. Often this amounts to the same thing but it may mean that individual officials may discuss matters directly with each other without deference to a foreign ministry. Political and trade delegations between Commonwealth realms are usually frequent and informal but both countries also respect the principles of monarchical pomp and circumstance when Governors-General are involved.
Canadian representation in New Zealand
Canada in represented by the High Commission in Wellington and the Canadian Government Trade office in Auckland. The personnel in these offices provide a variety of services and support to Canadians and New Zealanders.[19]
New Zealand representation in Canada
Main article: List of High Commissioners from New Zealand to CanadaNew Zealand's current High Commissioner to Canada is Mrs Kate Lackey from Wellington.
New Zealand's current High Commission is located in Ottawa, Ontario with 2 other Consulates-General in Vancouver and Toronto.
New Zealand tours by Canadian delegates and ministers
Dates Minister/Delegate Cities visited Reason September 2006 Canadian Minister of National Defence, Gordon O'Connor July/August 2005 Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons, Peter Milliken Wellington Led a multi-party parliamentary delegation to New Zealand Mid-January 2005 Canadian Minister of National Revenue, John McCallum March 2004 Minister of State (Research, Science and Technology), Joseph Fontana APEC Science Ministers’ Meeting. August 2003 Minister of State for Asia Pacific, David Kilgour Pacific Islands Forum Post Forum Dialogue 2002 Minister of State for Asia Pacific, David Kilgour Wellington Official visit Canadian tours by New Zealand delegates and ministers
Dates Minister/Delegate Cities visited Reason Early November 2007 Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand), Phil Goff Vancouver Led a trade mission to Canada on board the inaugural Air New Zealand Auckland -Vancouver flight September 2007 Minister of Revenue, Peter Dunne Ottawa Met with three Canadian Ministers April 2007 Chris Carter, Minister for Housing and Ethnic Affairs and Parekura Horomia, Minister of Māori Affairs June 2006 Minister for Social Development (New Zealand), David Benson-Pope Toronto, Vancouver June 2005 Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand), Phil Goff Ottawa Official Visit April 2005 Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives, Margaret Wilson Ottawa, Toronto High level visits to Canada to lead a parliamentary delegation to Ottawa and Toronto February 2005 Member of the Labour Party, Ruth Dyson Ottawa Official Visit January 2004 Member of the New Zealand's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, Jonathan Hunt Montebello, Quebec Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference January 2003 Minister for Trade Negotiations, Jim Sutton Ottawa Official visit 2002 Minister of Immigration and of Commerce Lianne Dalziel Ottawa Official visit September 2002 Minister for Trade Negotiations Ottawa Official visit June 2002 Minister for Science Research and Technology, Pete Hodgson Official visit May 2002 Minister of Social Services and Employment, Steve Maharey Official visit Tourism
In the year 2007, 46,680 Canadian tourists visited New Zealand making Canada the eighth highest source of tourists.[2]
Both Canada and New Zealand offer "Working Holiday Programs". These program allow young students to holiday in New Zealand or Canada and to take temporary employment as needed to cover the expenses of their visit. The program aims to increase travel by young people between Canada and New Zealand and to strengthen the links between the two countries.
Participants receive the same treatment as New Zealand nationals in all matters concerning the application of laws, regulations and practices regarding health and working conditions. This is a 12-month program – one of the longest offered by either government.
See also
- Foreign relations of New Zealand
- Foreign relations of Canada
- New Zealand–United States relations
- UKUSA Community
- AUSCANNZUKUS
References
- ^ a b New Zealand :: About New Zealand
- ^ a b Canada – Country Information Paper – NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- ^ Canadian War Museum "The Italian Campaign". Retrieved on: August 5, 2007.
- ^ Canadian War Museum "Liberating Northwest Europe". Retrieved on: August 5, 2007.
- ^ The Commonwealth Division – NZ in the Korean War | NZHistory
- ^ New Zealand :: Trade and Investment
- ^ Canada-New Zealand Commercial Data
- ^ "National accuses Govt of 'populist' airport move". The New Zealand Herald. March 5, 2008. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/feature/story.cfm?c_id=1501782&objectid=10496302. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ CPP Investment Board – Statement from CPP Investment Board following Government’s decision on Overseas Investment Act application
- ^ "Row erupts over NZ's place in US spy network". The New Zealand Herald. January 31, 2006. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=209&objectid=10366146. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ Information Assurance (IA) | Our Work | GCSB
- ^ "AUSCANZUKUS Information Portal". auscannzukus.org.. Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20080218074428/http://auscannzukus.org/intro.asp. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- ^ Echelon: Exposing the Global Surveillance System
- ^ Organisation | About Us | GCSB
- ^ TV3 > News > Science/Technology News > Story > NZ taking part in cyber terrorist exorcise
- ^ http://cryptome.org/cyberstorm.pdf
- ^ Griffin, Peter (March 22, 2008). "Geeks get personal in standards stoush". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10499563. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ FBI – Cyber Working Group – Press Room – Headline Archives 03-18-08
- ^ New Zealand :: Representation in New Zealand
External links
- New Zealand High Commission in Canada Official Site
- New Zealand Government Official Site
- High Commission in New Zealand – Official Site
- Canadian Government – Official Site
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