Assyrian Genocide

Map of the Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac genocide.
• Towns were genocide occurred.
• Towns that received refugees.
• Other major cities.

  Regions of Assyrian/Syriac/Chaldean concentrations.

This article is part of the series on the History of the Assyrian people Early history Old Assyrian period (20th - 15th c. BC) Aramaeans (14th - 9th c. BC) Neo-Assyrian Empire (911 - 612 BC) Achaemenid Assyria (539 - 330 BC) Classical Antiquity Seleucid Empire (312 - 63 BC) Osroene (132 BC - 244 AD) Syrian Wars (66 BC - 217 AD) Roman Syria (64 BC - 637 AD) Adiabene (15 - 116 AD) Roman Assyria (116 - 118) Christianization (1st to 3rd c.) Nestorian Schism (5th c.) Asuristan (226 - 651) Byzantine–Sassanid Wars (502 - 628) Middle Ages Muslim conquest of Syria (630s) Abassid rule (750-1256) Emirs of Mosul (905-1383) Principality of Antioch (1098-1268) Turco-Mongol rule (1256-1370) Modern History Ottoman Empire (1534-1917) Schism of 1552 (16th c.) Rise of nationalism (19th c.) Assyrian Genocide (1914-1920) Independence movement (since 1919) Simele massacre (1933) Post-Saddam Iraq (since 2003) See also History of Syria History of Iraq Assyrian diaspora

The Assyrian Genocide (also known as Sayfo or Seyfo, Syriac: ܩܛܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ or ܣܝܦܐ) refers to the mass slaughter of the Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac population of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.^[1] The Assyrian population of northern Mesopotamia (the Tur Abdin, Hakkari, Van, Siirt regions of present-day southeastern Turkey and the Urmia region of northwestern Iran) was forcibly relocated and massacred by Ottoman (Turkish) and Kurdish forces between 1914 and 1920.^[1] Estimates on the overall death toll have varied. Contemporary reports placed the figure at 270,000. More recent estimates have revised that figure to as between 500,000 and 750,000.^[1][2]

The Assyrian genocide took place in the same context as the Armenian and Pontic Greek genocides.^[3] In these events, close to three million Christians of Syriac, Armenian or Greek Orthodox denomination were murdered by the Young Turks regime.^[4]

Since the "Assyrian genocide" took place within the context of the much more widespread Armenian genocide, historical scholarship treating it as a separate event is scarce.^[1] In 2007, the International Association of Genocide Scholars reached a consensus that "the Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities of the Empire between 1914 and 1923 constituted a genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontian and Anatolian Greeks."^[5] The President of Genocide Watch endorsed the "repudiation by the world's leading genocide scholars of the Turkish government's ninety-year denial of the Ottoman Empire's genocides against its Christian populations, including Assyrians, Greeks, and Armenians."^[5]

Terminology

The Assyrian genocide is sometimes also referred to as Sayfo or Seyfo in English language sources, based on the Aramaic designation Saypā (ܣܝܦܐ), "saif" (sword)), pronounced as Seyfo, and as Sayfo in the Western dialect (the term abbreviates shato d'sayfo "year of the sword"). The Aramaic name Qeṭlā ḏ-‘Amā Āṯûrāyā (ܩܛܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ), which literally means "killing of the Assyrian people", is used by some groups to describe these events. The word Qṭolcamo (ܩܛܠܥܡܐ) which means Genocide is also used in Assyrian diaspora media. The term used in Turkish media is Süryani Soykırımı.

In countries where significant Assyrian diaspora communities exist, the designation "Assyrian" has become controversial, notably in Germany and Sweden, alternative terms such as Assyriska/syrianska/kaldeiska folkmordet "Assyrian/Syriac/Chaldean genocide" are employed.

Background

Map showing the Armenians (in colours) and Christian (in shadings) populations of the eastern Ottoman provinces in the year 1896. In the areas where the share of Christian population was higher than that of the Armenians, the non-Armenian Christian population largely consisted of Assyrians (except in regions inhabited by Ottoman Greeks). Assyrians lived mostly in the southern and southeastern parts of the region

The Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire numbered about one million at the turn of the twentieth century and was largely concentrated in what is now Iran, Iraq and Turkey.^[1] There were significantly large communities located in the regions near Lake Urmia in Persia, Lake Van (specifically the Hakkari region) and Mesopotamia, as well as the eastern Ottoman provinces of Diyarbakir, Erzerum and Bitlis. Like other Christians residing in the empire, they were treated as second-class citizens and denied public positions of power. Violence directed against them prior to the First World War was not new. Many Assyrians were subjected to Kurdish brigandage and even outright massacre and forced conversion to Islam, as was the case of the Assyrian community of Diyarbekir during the 1895-96 Hamidian Massacres.^[1]

Outbreak of war

The Ottoman Empire declared war against the Allies on October 29, 1914. For geographic reasons, it was important for the British to gain the support of the Assyrians. This was done by promising the persecuted Assyrians their own homeland.

Because of large oil fields, Britain wanted to insure that the Mosul region would be part of the newly-colonized Iraq instead of the future state of Turkey. The Assyrians promised loyalty to the British in return for an independent state in the future. After the invasion of Mosul by the Young Turks, the Assyrian army, led by General Agha Petros, fought intensively and successfully against the Ottoman army and their Kurdish allies, and pushed them out of Mosul and the whole area, leading to Britain's control of the region. The battles are described in detail by surviving letters of Petros and British officials.

Massacres

Because of the mass killings, Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII was chosen as a Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East at only 11 years old.

Diyarbekir

The earliest programs of extermination took place in the southern province of Diyarbekir, under the leadership of Reshid Bey.^[1][6]

Van

Jevdet Pasha the governor of Van, is reported to have held a meeting in February 1915 at which he said, "We have cleansed the Armenians and Syriac [Christian]s from Azerbaijan, and we will do the same in Van."^[7]

In late 1915, Jevdet Bey, Military Governor of Van Province, upon entering Siirt (or Seert) with 8,000 soldiers whom he himself called "The Butchers' Battalion" (Turkish: Kasap Taburu),^[1] ordered the massacre of almost 20,000 Assyrian civilians in at least 30 villages. The following is a list^[8] documenting the villages that were attacked by Cevdet's soldiers and the estimated number of Assyrian deaths:

Sairt – 2,000[9]	Sadagh – 2,000	Mar-Gourya – 1,000	Guedianes – 500	Hadide – 1,000
Redwan – 500	Dehok – 500	Ketmes – 1,000	Der-Chemch – 200
Tentas – 500	Tellimchar – 1,500	Telnevor – 500	Benkof – 200
Altaktanie – 500	Goredj – 500	Galwaye – 500	Der-Mazen – 300
Artoun – 1,000	Ain-Dare – 200	Berke – 500	Bekend – 500	Archkanes – 500
Charnakh – 200	Der-Mar-Yacoub – 500	Der-Rabban – 300
Harevena – 200	Piros – 1,000

The village of Sa'irt/Seert, was populated by Assyrians and Armenians. Seert was the seat of a Chaldean Archbishop, the orientalist Addai Scher who was murdered by the Kurds. The eyewitness Hyacinthe Simon wrote that 4,000 Christians died in Seert.^[10][11]

Assyrian military retaliation in Turkey

On March 3, 1918, the Ottoman army led by Kurdish soldiers assassinated one of the most important Assyrian leaders at the time. This resulted in the retaliation of the Assyrians. Malik Yosip Khoshaba of the Bit Tiyari tribe led a successful attack against the Ottomans. Assyrian forces in the region also attacked the Kurdish fortress of Simku, the leader who had assassinated Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin, they successfully stormed it, defeating the Kurds, however Simku escaped and fled.

Assyrians were involved in a number of clashes in Turkey with Ottoman forces, including Kurds and Circassians loyal to the empire. When armed and in sufficient numbers they were able to defend themselves successfully. However, they were often cut off in small pockets, vastly outnumbered and surrounded, and unarmed villagers made easy targets for Ottoman and Kurdish forces.

Assyrian military retaliation in Iran

The Assyrians in Persia armed themselves under the command of General Agha Petros, who had been approached by the Allies to help fight the Ottomans.

The Assyrians proved to be excellent soldiers, and Agha Petros' volunteer army had quite a few successes over the Ottoman forces and their Kurdish allies, notably at Suldouze where 1500 Assyrian horsemen overcame the far larger Ottoman force of over 8000, commanded by Kheiri Bey [5]. Agha Petros also defeated the Ottoman Turks in a major engagement at Sauj Bulak and drove them back to Rowanduz.

A number of smaller encounters with Ottoman and Kurdish forces also proved successful.

Assyrian forces in Persia were greatly affected by the withdrawal of Russia from the war and the collapse of Armenian armed resistance in the region. They were left cut off, with no supplies, vastly outnumbered and surrounded.^{[citation needed]}

Khoi, Iran

In early 1918, many Assyrians started to flee present-day Turkey. Mar Shimun Benyamin had arranged for some 3,500 Assyrians to reside in the district of Khoi. Not long after settling in, Kurdish troops of the Ottoman Army massacred the population almost entirely. One of the few that survived was Reverend John Eshoo. After escaping, he stated:

You have undoubtedly heard of the Assyrian massacre of Khoi, but I am certain you do not know the details.

These Assyrians were assembled into one caravansary, and shot to death by guns and revolvers. Blood literally flowed in little streams, and the entire open space within the caravansary became a pool of crimson liquid. The place was too small to hold all the living victims waiting for execution. They were brought in groups, and each new group was compelled to stand over the heap of the still bleeding bodies and shot to death. The fearful place became literally a human slaughter house, receiving its speechless victims, in groups of ten and twenty at a time, for execution.

At the same time, the Assyrians, who were residing in the suburb of the city, were brought together and driven into the spacious courtyard of a house [...] The Assyrian refugees were kept under guard for eight days, without anything to eat. At last they were removed from their place of confinement and taken to a spot prepared for their brutal killing. These helpless Assyrians marched like lambs to their slaughter, and they opened not their mouth, save by sayings "Lord, into thy hands we commit our spirits. [...]

The executioners began by cutting first the fingers of their victims, join by joint, till the two hands were entirely amputated. Then they were stretched on the ground, after the manner of the animals that are slain in the Fast, but these with their faces turned upward, and their heads resting upon the stones or blocks of wood Then their throats were half cut, so as to prolong their torture of dying, and while struggling in the agony of death, the victims were kicked and clubbed by heavy poles the murderers carried Many of them, while still laboring under the pain of death, were thrown into ditches and buried before their souls had expired.

The young men and the able-bodied men were separated from among the very young and the old. They were taken some distance from the city and used as targets by the shooters. They all fell, a few not mortally wounded. One of the leaders went to the heaps of the fallen and shouted aloud, swearing by the names of Islam's prophets that those who had not received mortal wounds should rise and depart, as they would not be harmed any more. A few, thus deceived, stood up, but only to fall this time killed by another volley from the guns of the murderers.

Some of the younger and good looking women, together with a few little girls of attractive appearance, pleaded to be killed. Against their will were forced into Islam's harems. Others were subjected to such fiendish insults that I cannot possibly describe. Death, however, came to their rescue and saved them from the vile passions of the demons. The death toll of Assyrians totaled 2,770 men, women and children.^[12]

Iranian villages

Ottoman forces learned of the withdrawal of Russian forces from Persia in late 1914. In response, the 36th and 37th divisions of the Ottoman army were sent westward and entered the northwestern part of Persia. Before the end of 1914, Turkish and Kurdish troops had successfully entered the villages in and around Urmia. On February 21, 1915 the Turkish army in Urmia seized 61 leading Assyrians from the French missions as hostages, demanding large ransoms. The mission had enough money to convince the Ottomans to let 20 of the men go. However, on February 22 the remaining 41 were executed, having their heads cut off at the stairs of the Charbachsh Gate. The dead included bishop Mar Denkha.

These villages were completely unarmed. The only protection they had was when the Russian army finally took control of the area, years after the presence of the Ottoman army had been removed. On February 25, 1915, Ottoman troops stormed their way into the villages of Gulpashan and Salamas. Almost the entire village of Golpashan, of a population of 2,500, were massacred.^[1] In Salamas about 750 Armenian and Assyrian refugees were protected by Iranian civilians in the village. The commander of the Ottoman division stormed the houses despite the fact that Iranians lived in them, and roped all the men together in large groups and forced them to march in the fields between Khusrawa and Haftevan. The men were shot or killed in other ways. The protection of Christians by local Persian/Iranian civilians is also confirmed in the 1915 British report: "Many Moslems tried to save their Christian neighbours and offered them shelter in their houses, but the Turkish authorities were implacable."^[13] During the winter of 1915, 4,000 Assyrians died from disease, hunger, and exposure, and about 1000 were killed in the villages of Urmia.

Baquba camps

By mid-1918, the British army had convinced the Ottomans to let them have access to about 30,000 Assyrians from various parts of Persia. The British decided to deport all 30,000 from Persia to Baquba, Iraq. The transferring took just 25 days, but at least 7,000 of them had died during the trip.^[14] Some died of exposure, hunger or disease, other civilians fell prey to attacks from armed bands of Kurds and Arabs. At Baquba, Assyrians were forced to defend themselves from further Arab raids.

A memorandum from American Presbyterian Missionaries at Urmia During the Great War 16 to British Minister Sir Percy Cox had this to say:

Capt. Gracey doubtless talked rather big in the hopes of putting heart into the Syrians and holding up this front against the Turks. [Consequently,] We have met all the orders issued by the late Dr. Shedd which have been presented to us and a very large number of Assyrian refugees are being maintained at Baquba, chiefly at H.M.G.'s expense.

In 1920, the British decided to close down the Baquba camps. The majority of Assyrians of the camp decided to go back to the Hakkari mountains, while the rest were dispersed throughout Iraq, where there was already an ancient Assyrian community established over 5000 years. In 1933 a massacre of thousands of unarmed Assyrians took place at Simele and other areas in Iraq at the hands of the Iraqi Army and Kurdish irregulars. In 1961 many Assyrian villages were razed in Iraq, and further widespread destruction was wrought during the Al Anfal Campaign by Saddam Hussein in 1988. To this day Assyrians in Iraq make up an important Iraqi minority group.

Death toll

Bodies of Christians who perished during the Assyrian Genocide

Scholars have summarized events as follows: specific massacres included 25,000 Assyrians in Midyat, 21,000 in Jezira-ibn-Omar, 7,000 in Nisibis, 7,000 in Urfa, 7,000 in the Qudshanis region, 6,000 in Mardin, 5,000 in Diyarbekir, 4,000 in Adana, 4,000 in Brahimie, and 3,500 in Harput.^{[1][2][15][16]} In its December 4, 1922, memorandum, the Assyro-Chaldean National Council stated that the total death toll was unknown. It estimated that about 275,000 "Assyro-Chaldeans" died between 1914 and 1918.^[17] The population of the Assyrians of the Ottoman Empire was about one million before the genocide, and 100,000 to 250,000 after.^[18]

Massacres in the late Ottoman Empire

The Assyrians were not going to be an easy group to deport, as they had always been armed and were as ferocious as their Kurdish neighbors.^[19]

Christian population in Diyarbakır Province before and after World War I[20]
	Sect	Before World War I	Disappeared	After World War I
Armenians	Gregorians (Apostolic)	60,000	58,000	2,000
	Armenian Catholics	12,500	11,500	1,000
Assyrians	Chaldean Catholics	11,120	10,010	1,110
	Syrian Catholic	5,600	3,450	2,150
	Syrian Jacobite	84,725	60,725	24,000
	Total	173,945	143,685	30,260

Christian population in Mardin province before and after World War I[20]
	Sect	Before World War I	Disappeared	After World War I
Armenians	Catholics	10,500	10,200	300
Assyrians	Chaldean Catholics	7,870	6,800	1,070
	Syrian Catholic	3,850	700	3,150
	Syrian Jacobite	51,725	29,725	22,000
	Total	73,945	49,875	24,070

Documented accounts of the genocide

The Washington Post and other leading newspapers in Western countries reported on the Assyrian Genocide as it unfolded.

An article from The New York Times, March 27, 1915.

Assyrians in what is now Turkey primarily lived in the provinces of Hakkari, Şırnak, and Mardin. These areas also had a sizable Kurdish population.

The following newspaper articles documented the Assyrian genocide as it occurred:

• "Assyrians Burned in Church", Lowell Sun (Massachusetts), 1915
• "Assyrians Massacred in Urmia", San Antonio Light (Texas), 1915
• "Assyrians Massacred in Urmiah", Salt Lake Tribune (Utah), 1915
• "Chaldean Victims of the Turks", The Times (United Kingdom), 22 November 1919, p 11
• "Christian Massacres in Urmiah", The Argus (Australia), 1915
• "Extermination of the Armenian Race", The Manchester Guardian (United Kingdom), 1915
• "Many Assyrian Perish", Winnipeg Free Press (Canada), 1915
• "Massacred by Kurds; Christians Unable to Flee from Urmia Put to Death", Washington Post, 14 March 1915, p10
• "Massacres of Nestorians in Urmia", The New York Times (New York), 1915
• "Massacres Kept Up", The Washington Post (USA), 26 March 1915, 1.
• "Native Christians Massacred; Frightful Atrocities in Persia", Los Angeles Times, 2 April 1915, p I-1
• "Nestorian Christians Flee Urmia", The New York Times (New York), 1915
• "Syrian Tells of Atrocities", Los Angeles Times (California), Dec. 15, 1918, at I–1.
• "The Assyrian Massacres", Manchester Guardian (United Kingdom), Dec. 5, 1918, at 4
• "The Suffering Serbs and Armenians", The Manchester Guardian (United Kingdom), 1915, p5
• "Turkish Horrors in Persia", The New York Times (New York), 11 October 1915
• "Turks Kill Christians in Assyria", Muscatine Journal (Iowa), 1915
• "Turkish Troops Massacring Assyrians", Newark Advocate (New Jersey), 1915
• "Turkish Horrors in Persia", The New York Times (New York), 1915
• The Total of Armenian and Syrian Dead, Current History: A Monthly Magazine of the New York Times, November 1916, 337–38Assistant Professor of Law at Florida International University, wrote in the peer-reviewed journal Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal that:^[2]

Numerous articles in the American press documented the genocide of Assyrians by the Turks and their Kurdish allies. By 1918, The Los Angeles Times carried the story of a Syrian, or most likely an Assyrian, merchant from Urmia who stated that his city was completely wiped out, the inhabitants massacred, 200 surrounding villages ravaged, 200,000 of his people dead, and hundreds of thousands of more starving to death in exile from their agricultural lands. In an article entitled Native Christians Massacred, the Associated Press correspondent reported that in the vicinity of Urmia, Turkish regular troops and Kurds are persecuting and massacring Assyrian Christians. Close to 800 were confirmed dead in Urmia, and another 2,000 had perished from disease. Two hundred Assyrians had been burned to death inside a church, and the Russians had discovered more than 700 bodies of massacre victims in the village of Hafdewan outside Urmia, mostly naked and mutilated, some with gunshot wounds, others decapitated, and still others carved to pieces.

Other leading British and American newspapers corroborated these accounts of the Assyrian genocide. The New York Times reported on 11 October that 12,000 Persian Christians had died of massacre, hunger, or disease; thousands of girls as young as seven had been raped or forcibly converted to Islam; Christian villages had been destroyed, and three-fourths of these Christian villages were burned to the ground.^[21] The Times of London was perhaps the first widely respected publication to document the fact that 250,000 Assyrians and Chaldeans eventually died in the Ottoman genocide of Christians, a figure which many journalists and scholars have subsequently accepted....

As the Earl of Listowel, speaking in the House of Lords on 28 November 1933, stated, the Assyrians fought on our side during the war, and made enormous sacrifices, having ‘‘lost altogether by the end of the War about two-thirds of their total number.’'....

About half of the Assyrian nation died of murder, disease, or exposure as refugees during the war, according to the head of the Anglican Church, which had a mission to the Assyrians.

In April 1915, after a number of failed Kurdish attempts, Ottoman Troops invaded Gawar, a region of Hakkari, and massacred the entire population.^[22] Prior to this, in October 1914, 71 Assyrian men of Gawar were arrested and taken to the local government center in Bashkala and killed.^{[13][page needed]} Also in April, Kurdish troops surrounded the village of Tel Mozilt and imprisoned 475 men^{[citation needed]} (among them, Reverend Gabrial, the famous red-bearded priest). The following morning, the prisoners were taken out in rows of four and shot^{[citation needed]}. Arguments rose between the Kurds and the Ottoman officials on what to do with the women and orphans left behind^{[citation needed]}.

Eyewitness accounts and quotes

Statement of German Missionaries on Urmia.

There was absolutely no human power to protect these unhappy people from the savage onslaught of the invading hostile forces. It was an awful situation. At midnight the terrible exodus began; a concourse of 25,000 men, women, and children, Assyrians and Armenians, leaving cattle in the stables, all their household hoods and all the supply of food for winter, hurried, panic-stricken, on a long and painful journey to the Russian border, enduring the intense privations of a foot journey in the snow and mud, without any kind of preparation... It was a dreadful sight,... many of the old people and children died along the way.^[23]

The latest news is that four thousand Assyrians and one hundred Armenians have died of disease alone, at the mission, within the last five months. All villages in the surrounding district with two or three exceptions have been plundered and burnt; twenty thousand Christians have been slaughtered in Armenia and its environs. In Haftewan, a village of Salmas, 750 corpses without heads have been recovered from the wells and cisterns alone. Why? Because the commanding officer had put a price on every Christian head... In Dilman crowds of Christians were thrown into prison and driven to accept Islam.^[24]

Recognition

Genocide monument in Paris, France

On 11 March 2010, the Genocide of the Assyrians was officially recognized by the Parliament of Sweden, alongside that of the Armenians and Pontic Greeks.^[25][26][27]

The Assyrian genocide is recognised by the New South Wales (NSW) Local Government in Australia.^[28]

The Assyrian Genocide is officially recognised by the South Australia State Parliament.

The Assyrian Genocide has also been recognized by the last three governors of the state of New York.^[29][30]

This is in contrast to the Armenian Genocide, which has been recognized by many countries and international organizations. Assyrian historians attribute the limited recognition to the small number of Assyrian survivors, whose leader Mar Shimun XIX Benjamin was killed in 1918.^[2] For example, there are one million Armenians living in the United States alone, but even they were unable to persuade Congress to pass a United States resolution on Armenian genocide. In addition, the widespread massacres of all Ottoman Christians in Asia Minor is sometimes referred to by Armenian authors as an "Armenian Genocide". On April 24, 2001, Governor of the United States state of New York, George Pataki, proclaimed that "killings of civilians and food and water deprivation during forced marches across harsh, arid terrain proved successful for the perpetrators of genocide, who harbored a prejudice against ... Assyrian Christians."^[31] In December 2007, the International Association of Genocide Scholars, the world's leading genocide scholars organization, overwhelmingly passed a resolution officially recognizing the Assyrian genocide, along with the genocide against Ottoman Greeks.^[32] The vote in favor was 83%. The Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy (IAO), passed a resolution officially recognizing the Assyrian genocide on June 2011.^[33]

Monuments

Memorial wall and plaque at St. Mary's Parish in Tarzana, California.

The only governments that have allowed Assyrians to establish monuments commemorating the victims of the Assyrian genocide are France, Australia, Sweden, and the United States. Sweden's government has pledged to pay for all the expenses of a future monument, after strong lobbying from the large Assyrian community there, led by Konstantin Sabo. There are three monuments in the U.S., one in Chicago, one in Columbia and the newest in Los Angeles, California.^[34][35]

There have been recent reports indicating that Armenia is ready to create a monument dedicated to the Assyrian genocide, placed in the capital next to the Armenian genocide monument.^[36]

A monument to the victims of the Assyrian genocide has been built in Fairfield in Australia, a suburb of Sydney where one in ten of the population is of Assyrian descent. The statue is designed as a hand of a martyr draped in an Assyrian flag and 4.5 meters tall. It was designed by Lewis Batros. The memorial is placed in a reserve to be named the Garden of Nineveh. The memorial statue and the name for the reserve were proposed in August 2009 by the Assyrian Universal Alliance. After consultation with the community, Fairfield Council received more than 100 submissions for the memorial, including some from overseas, and two petitions. The proposal has been condemned by the Australian Turkish community. The Assyrian Genocide has been recognised by the NSW Local Government and South Australia state.^[37][38] On 30 August 2010, twenty-three days after it was unveiled, the Australian monument was vandalised.^[39][40]

There are also Assyrian genocide monuments in Paris, France and in Russia.^[38]

School institutions

In Canada, the Assyrian Genocide, along with the Armenian Genocide, are included in a course covering historical genocides. Turkish organizations, along with other non-Turkish Muslim organizations, have reacted to this and protested.

See also

Assyrians portal

• Armenian Genocide
• Armenian Genocide Denial
• Assyrian independence
• Greek Genocide
• List of Assyrian settlements
• Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian Genocide
• Simele massacre
• The Last Assyrians
• William Ambrose Shedd
• Yusuf Akbulut

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Khosoreva, Anahit. "The Assyrian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire and Adjacent Territories" in The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2007, pp. 267–274. ISBN 1-4128-0619-4.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
3. ^ Schaller, Dominik J. and Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008) "Late Ottoman Genocides: The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies." Journal of Genocide Research, 10:1, pp. 7–14.
4. ^ Lee Enokian,The Times (Northwest Indiana) and The Illinois Leader
5. ^ ^{a b} "Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian Greek Genocides." 16 December 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
6. ^ See David Gaunt, "Death's End, 1915: The General Massacres of Christians in Diarbekir" in Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 6. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2006, pp. 309-359.
7. ^ Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 201. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
8. ^ Genocides Against the Assyrian Nation. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
9. ^ Rev. Joseph Naayem, O.I. Shall This Nation Die?. New York: Chaldean Rescue, 1921.
10. ^ Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2006, p. 436.
11. ^ Ternon, Yves. Mardin 1915. Paris: Center for Armenian History, 2000. Accessed 2010-02-02.
12. ^ Joel Euel Werda. The Flickering Light of Asia: Or, the Assyrian Nation and Church, ch. 26.
13. ^ ^{a b} Bryce, James Lord. British Government Report on the Armenian Massacres of April–December 1915.
14. ^ Austin, H. H.(Brig.-Gen.). The Baquba Refugee Camp – An account of the work on behalf of the persecuted Assyrian Christians. London, 1920.
15. ^ Gaunt. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors, pp. 76-77, 164, 181-96, 226-30, 264-67.
16. ^ (German) Gorgis, Amill "Der Völkermord an den Syro-Aramäern," in Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen Reich 20. Ed. Tessa Hoffman. London and Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2004.
17. ^ (French) Yacoub, Joseph. La question assyro-chaldéenne, les Puissances européennes et la SDN (1908–1938), 4 vol., thèse Lyon, 1985, p. 156.
18. ^ Gaunt, Massacres, Resistance, Protectors, pp. 21-28, 300-3, 406, 435.
19. ^ Gaunt. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors, p. 311.
20. ^ ^{a b} De Courtois, Sébastien. The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans. Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, pp. 194-195.
21. ^ "Turkish Horrors in Persia". New York Times: p. 4. 1915-10-11. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9806E4DD1239E333A25752C1A9669D946496D6CF. Retrieved 2008-08-19. 
22. ^ "The Plight of Assyria." New York Times, 18 September 1916. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
23. ^ Yohannan, Abraham. The Death of a Nation: Or, The Ever Persecuted Nestorians Or Assyrian Christians. London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1916, pp. 119-120. ISBN 0-5240-6235-8.
24. ^ Yohannan. The Death of a Nation, pp. 126–127.
25. ^ "Motion 2008/09:U332 Genocide of Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs/Chaldeans and Pontiac Greeks in 1915". Stockholm: Riksdag. 11 March 2010. http://riksdagen.se/templates/R_PageExtended____21484.aspx. Retrieved 12 March 2010. 
26. ^ "Sweden to recognize Armenian genocide". The Local. 11 March 2010. http://www.thelocal.se/25468/20100311/. Retrieved 12 March 2010. 
27. ^ "Sweden Recognizes Assyrian, Greek and Armenian Genocide." Assyrian International News Agency. March 12, 2010.
28. ^ "Consultation Paper for Proposed Memorial Dedicated to the Victims of the Assyrian Genocide." Fairfield City Council.
29. ^ State of New York, Gov. David Paterson, Proclamation, 24 April 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
30. ^ Governor Pataki Commemorates Armenian Genocide, Proclamation, 5 May, 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
31. ^ "New York State Governor Proclamation". April 1 2001. http://www.armenian-genocide.org/keyword_search.assyrian/Affirmation.196/current_category.40/affirmation_detail.html. Retrieved 2006-06-16. 
32. ^ Jones, Adam (2007-12-15). "International Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides". AINA. http://www.aina.org/news/20071215131949.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-19. 
33. ^ http://www.seyfocenter.com/index.php?sid=2&aID=340
34. ^ "Assyrian Genocide Monument Unveiled in Australia". http://www.aina.org/releases/20100807163306.htm. 
35. ^ http://www.greek-genocide.org/monument_columbia.html Retrieved 31 August 2010
36. ^ Call for Architectural Sketches for Assyrian Genocide Monument in Yerevan, Armenia. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
37. ^ Fairfield City Champion, 16 December 2009.
38. ^ ^{a b} "Assyrian Genocide Monument Unveiled in Australia". http://www.aina.org/releases/20100807163306.htm. Retrieved 31 August 2010. 
39. ^ "Assyrian Genocide Monument in Australia Vandalized". http://www.aina.org/news/20100829191841.htm. Retrieved 31 August 2010. 
40. ^ "Assyrian memorial vandalised — Local News — News — General — Fairfield Champion". http://www.fairfieldchampion.com.au/news/local/news/general/assyrian-memorial-vandalised/1926968.aspx. Retrieved 31 August 2010. 

Further reading

• Sébastien de Courtois (2004). The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1593330774. http://books.google.se/books?id=whDcogCNZs4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#PPA195,M1. 

• David Gaunt. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2006.
• "Death's End, 1915: The General Massacres of Christians in Diarbekir" in Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 6. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2006.
• Anahit Khosoreva. "The Assyrian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire and Adjacent Territories" in The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2007.

• Rosie Malek-Yonan (2005). The Crimson Field. Pearlida Publishing. ISBN 0977187349. http://books.google.se/books?id=tMpAAAAACAAJ&dq=the+Crimson+Field&hl=en. 

• Salahi Ramadan Sonyel (2001). The Assyrians of Turkey: Victims of Major Power Policy. Turkish Historical Society Printing House. ISBN 9751612969. http://books.google.com/books?id=YAvgAAAACAAJ. 
• Ronald Sempill Stafford (2006). The Tragedy of the Assyrians. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1593334133. http://books.google.com/books?id=LSzuzsRh37gC&printsec=frontcover. 
• Yonan Shahbaz (2006). The Rage of Islam: An Account of the Massacres of Christians by the Turks in Persia. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1593334117. http://books.google.com/books?id=Be6ShoFaaQkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn=1593334117. 

• Hannibal Travis. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006.

• W. A. Wigram (2002). The Assyrians and Their Neighbours. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1931956111. http://books.google.com/books?id=LnpIkgiKUhYC&printsec=frontcover. 

External links

• Seyfo Center: Assyrian Genocide Research Center
• Assyrian Holocaust – religious persecution and ethnic genocide of Assyrians in the Middle East