Areva

Areva SA

Type	Public (Euronext: CEI)
Industry	Mining, Energy
Founded	2001
Headquarters	Tour Areva Courbevoie, Paris, France
Key people	Luc Oursel - Chief Executive Officer
Products	Uranium, Electricity
Revenue	€9.104 billion
Employees	47,851
Website	http://www.areva.com

AREVA (Euronext: CEI) is a French public multinational industrial conglomerate headquartered in the Tour Areva in Courbevoie, Paris.^[1] AREVA is mainly known for nuclear power; it also has interests in other energy projects. It was created on 3 September 2001, by the merger of Framatome (now AREVA NP), Cogema (now AREVA NC) and Technicatome (now AREVA TA). Its main shareholder is the French public-sector company, the CEA, which owns 78.9%. The CEA's brief is similar to that of the US Department of Energy. But the German company Siemens also retains 34% of the shares of AREVA's subsidiary, AREVA NP, in charge of building the EPR, an advanced Generation III+ PWR nuclear reactor.^[2]

The parent company is incorporated under French law as a société anonyme (SA: public corporation) and is also recognized as a public limited company in Britain and a corporation in American jurisdictions. The French State (including the shares owned by the CEA) owns more than 90%. The corporate name AREVA is inspired by the Trappist Santa Maria de la Real monastery in Arevalo in Spain. Luc Oursel is the Chairman of the Executive Board (equivalent to President and CEO).

According to the company official website, AREVA realized €13.16 billion in sales revenue in 2008 and €417 million in operating income.^[3] However, AREVA had 6.2 billion euros of net debt at the end of 2009.^[4] In June 2010, Standard & Poor's downgraded AREVA’s debt rating to BBB+ due to weakened profitability following a further € 400 million provision for the Olkiluoto-3 over-running European Pressurized Reactor build.^[5] In July 2010, the French government authorised a 15% capital increase at AREVA, in which Électricité de France (EDF) could raise its stake from 2.4% to 7%.^[6]

Energy company

Areva headquarters, rue Lafayette in Paris

AREVA is a world-leading company in nuclear energy.^[7] It is the only company with a presence in each industrial activity linked to nuclear energy: mining, chemistry, enrichment, combustibles, services, engineering, nuclear propulsion and reactors, treatment, recycling, stabilization, and dismantling. AREVA also claims to offer technological solutions for CO₂-free energy; and produces earth leakage circuit breaker technologies.^{[citation needed]}

Four main subsidiaries form the core of AREVA:

• AREVA NP (formerly Framatome ANP) — Nuclear Power: develops and builds nuclear reactors; Siemens had a 34% stake in AREVA NP until April 2011.

^[8]

• AREVA NC (formerly Cogema) — Nuclear Cycle: covers the whole nuclear fuel cycle, from mining to waste disposal. Owns Eurodif
• AREVA TA (formerly Technicatome) : develops and builds research reactors and reactors for the naval propulsion
• AREVA T&D — Transmission and Distribution: power transmission and distribution. It was bought from Alstom on 9 January 2004.^[9] Currently, AREVA T&D Division has been sold to ALSTOM and Schneider Electric.

The major partners of AREVA include: Euriware, STMicroelectronics, Eramet, and SAFRAN.

AREVA is part of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) alliance, along with the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Washington Group International and BWX. GNEP is a plan initiated in 2006 to form an international partnership to reprocess spent nuclear fuel in a way that renders the plutonium in it usable for nuclear fuel but not for nuclear weapons.

Administration

The actions of the Chairman of the Executive Board, Anne Lauvergeon, are subject to considerable oversight by both the board of directors and the supervisory board. In 2006, Spencer Abraham, the former U.S. Secretary of Energy, was named non-executive chairman of AREVA Inc., the U.S. subsidiary of AREVA.^[10]

Jean-Pierre Raffarin's government announced the privatization of AREVA in 2003, but it was postponed several times, the French government opting finally for the privatization of GDF and EDF. At the end of October 2005, Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin announced that he had suspended the privatization process.

History

AREVA has its roots in Framatome^{[citation needed]}, which was founded in 1958 by several companies of the French industrial giant The Schneider Group along with Empain, Merlin Gérin, and the American Westinghouse, in order to license Westinghouse's pressurized water reactor (PWR) technology and develop a bid for Chooz 1 in Belgium. Called Franco-Américaine de Constructions Atomiques (Framatome), the original company consisted of four engineers, one each from each of the parent companies. The original mission of the company was to act as a nuclear engineering firm and to develop a nuclear power plant that was to be identical to Westinghouse's existing product specifications. The first European plant of Westinghouse design was by then already under construction in Italy.

Meanwhile, the Électricité de France (EDF), the French government-owned electric utility, in opposition to the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), maintained an interest in PWR technology. The Chooz contract offered the EDF, which joined with the Belgian electric utilities to call for the Chooz bids, the opportunity to explore PWR without offending French national pride in its homegrown GCR technology.^{[citation needed]} By the beginning of 1960, only two bids remained in contention; midway through 1960 Framatome received informal permission to begin design work on the Chooz reactor. A formal contract was signed in September, 1961 for Framatome to deliver a turnkey system, that is, not only the reactor, but an entire, ready-to-use system of piping, cabling, supports, and other auxiliary systems, propelling Framatome from a nuclear engineering firm to an industrial contractor.

By 1981, France was pressing for even more control of Framatome.^{[citation needed]} In January, Westinghouse agreed to sell its remaining 15 percent share to Creusot-Loire, which now owned 66 percent, and to cede complete marketing independence to Framatome. In February, the Belgian Baron Empain sold his 35 percent interest in Creusot-Loire to Paribas, a French government-linked banking group.

The May 1981 Socialist electoral victory in France intensified calls for greater government control of Framatome.^{[citation needed]} A January 1982 company reorganization simultaneously strengthened French public and private control of the company by allowing Creusot-Loire to increase its share of the company while increasing CEA say in the running of the firm.

In March 2010, AREVA announced on the design of a new reactor type capable of breaking down actinides created as a product of nuclear fission.^[11]

Nuclear reactor designs

EPR generic layout

Olkiluoto-3 under construction in 2009

EPR

Further information: European Pressurized Reactor

AREVA has been constructing Finland's fifth reactor in Olkiluoto since 2005. The reactor, which is one of the first of the new, third generation reactors (EPR - European Pressurized Reactor), was planned to begin producing electricity in 2009, but the project has been delayed because of technical difficulties and quality problems. In August, 2007 the production start was postponed to 2010–2011.^[12] During the political debate in 1992, the official price estimate was 2500M euros.^[13] In 2004, a contracted fixed price was established as 3200M euros. In its 2006 Annual Report, AREVA recorded a writedown of 507M euros associated with the delay. A Jan 2008 financial press estimate pegged the overrun so far at 1.5 billion euros. In June 2010, cost overruns were estimated at 2.7 billion euros.^[4]

The second EPR in France is currently under construction at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant.^[14] As of May 2009, this plant is also behind schedule and over-budget.^[15]

On 13 August 2007 the French newspaper Le Parisien alleged that the Franco-Libyan civil nuclear power agreement signed by President Nicolas Sarkozy did not concern desalinization of sea water, as claimed by the French government, but instead focused in particular on selling the EPR to Libya, a contract potentially worth $3 billion.^[2] Le Parisien cited Philippe Delaune, deputy to the deputy director of international affairs for the CEA atomic agency, which is the main share-holder in AREVA.^[2] Following allegations that the deal had been related to the release of the Bulgarian nurses, the French Socialist Party, through the spokesperson Jean-Louis Bianco, declared that this deal was "geopolitically irresponsible".^[2] The German government also denounced the agreement.^[2]

In November 2007, AREVA agreed to a €8 billion deal with the China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group to supply them with two EPRs in Taishan, Guangdong, China. Under the terms of the agreement, AREVA will also help operate the plant, including the reprocessing of spent fuel.^[16]

Atmea I

The Atmea I is a new evolutionary reactor design targeted towards both developed and developing economies. It will be developed through a joint venture with Mitsubishi called Atmea. Current plans are targeting power output of about 1,100 MWe, but the design could be scalable to produce different levels of power output to fit different size grids. Current plans call for the design to be ready for licensing applications by the end of 2009.^[17]

Kerena

AREVA has announced that its 1,250 MWe Generation III+ boiling water reactor (BWR) design, provisionally known as SWR-1000, will henceforth be called Kerena. The Kerena design was developed from that of the Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant by AREVA, with extensive German input and using operating experience from Generation II BWRs to simplify systems engineering.^[18]

Renewable energy

AREVA created the global AREVA Renewables group in 2006 as an expansion of its clean energy portfolio with renewable energy. This group represents four business lines: concentrated solar power, offshore wind power, biomass power, and hydrogen power storage and distribution. AREVA Renewables is based at the Paris, France, headquarters with business units in the United States, Brazil, and Germany.

Concentrated Solar Power

In Feb 2010, AREVA formed AREVA Solar with its acquisition of US-based Ausra,^[19] a provider of concentrated solar power solutions using Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector (CLFR) technology. Headquartered in Mountain View, California, AREVA Solar operates a 5MWe solar power plant in Bakersfield, California, at its Kimberlina Solar Thermal Energy Plant development facility. AREVA Solar markets its solar boiler technology in three formats: as a standalone solar power plant generating 50MW+ of electricity, as a solar booster (20-50MW) adding solar steam power to an existing fossil-fuel power plant for carbon mitigation, and as an industrial steam provider for food, oil, desalination and other processes. AREVA Solar’s boilers attain 750-degree F superheated steam and are the first and only solar boiler to receive S-Stamp certification by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

Offshore Wind Power

In 2007 AREVA purchased 51% of offshore wind turbine manufacturer Multibrid.^[20] In June 2010, AREVA purchased the remaining 49% and formed AREVA Wind. At its Bremerhaven, Germany, manufacturing facility, AREVA Wind produces 5MW wind turbines specifically designed and sealed for offshore environments. The company designs, manufactures, assembles and commissions its wind turbines, blades and masts, with existing placements being in the North Sea. To reduce weight and size, the company uses a hybrid drive system in the turbine. The turbine generates a maximum of 5MW of electricity in a maximum 39 feet/sec (12 meter/sec) wind. From the ocean’s surface to the top tip of the blade rotation, an AREVA Wind turbine assembly stands taller (616 feet / 188 meters) than the Washington Monument (555 feet / 169 meters).

AREVA Wind designs, assembles, installs and commissions 5-Megawatt wind turbines for offshore wind farms, a growing international industry. Each turbine can produce enough electricity to power 4,000 to 5,000 homes. Areva also designs and manufactures rotor blades through its subsidiary Areva Blades. Areva Wind is headquartered in Bremerhaven, Germany^[21] and Areva Blades is located in Stade, Germany.^[22]

Biomass Power

AREVA is the global leader in the production and operation of biomass power plants with 97 plants worldwide generating 2,900 MW of electricity. Biomass power plant locations include Brazil, Chile, Germany, India and Thailand. The bulk of the company’s operations are through its Brazilian subsidiary, AREVA Koblitz, which builds biomass power plants based on bagasse (organic waste from sugar cane) and low power hydroelectric plants. In the United States, AREVA formed a partnership with Duke Energy in September 2008, named ADAGE, to build and operate 55MW biomass power plants based on clean wood waste collected during sustainable forestry operations. The first biomass power plant is progressing through permitting in Mason County, Washington.

Hydrogen Power Storage and Distribution

AREVA is developing a hydrogen production technology using water electrolysis powered by a clean energy source, such as solar power, to store power in a fuel cell for distribution as electricity when needed. This storage and distribution technology is designed to mitigate the uncertainty of an intermittent energy source, like solar and wind renewable energy. AREVA supports ongoing research in this field through partnerships with the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (National Research Agency), the Horizon Hydrogen Power (H2E) program, and ELHYPSE, proprietary research performed with academic partners CEA and Risoe.

Worldwide presence

Worldwide, the AREVA group has an industrial presence in 40 countries and its commercial network reaches more than 100 countries. It employs 58,000 people and has consolidated sales revenue of €10.863 billion.^[23] It is a member of the World Nuclear Association. In 2006, Fortune Magazine reported that AREVA was the "Most Admired Global Energy Company."^[24]

AREVA has partnered with engineering contractors to aid in the reconstruction of Iraq by manufacturing equipment to construct electrical substations.^[25]

In June 2007, AREVA announced plans to acquire the African uranium mining company UraMin for a final price of about 2.5 billion USD. This move further beefs up AREVA's nuclear business, and AREVA plans to increase production to 9 million kilograms of yellowcake by 2012.^[26]

AREVA has also signed a memorandum of understanding with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the establishment of a joint venture for their next reactor design.^[27]

Niger (mines)

The open pit uranium mine at Arlit, Niger.

AREVA owns two mines in Arlit, Niger, where it employs 1,600 people; Niger is the world's fifth largest uranium producer.^[28] Nigerien uranium accounts for 30% of French consumption and 32% of Niger's exports, but less than 5% of Niger's GDP.^[29] The increase in the cost of uranium on world markets in 2006 (more than 46%)^[29] will enable Niger to triple its revenues sourced from AREVA.^[29] On 25 July 2007, the CEO of AREVA-Niger, Dominique Pin, was expelled from Niger (although he was in Paris at the time) on charges of supporting the Tuareg Rebellion.^[29] According to Le Canard enchaîné, this move from Seyni Oumarou's government was motivated by negotiations concerning the uranium trade agreement, which was finally renewed on 1 August 2007.^[29] Furthermore, Laouel Kader Mahamadou, who had resigned from his functions as secretary general of the Nigerien government to take a consulting job with AREVA-Niger, was asked by the Nigerien DGSE to remain in Niger instead of flying to France for an integration workshop until a "clarification of the situation" could be obtained.^[30]

The population of Niger was exposed to a serious famine in 2005. AREVA donated 130,000 euros in June 2005 to the food crisis coordination group of Niger, and 120,000 euros in July in the form of two planes loaded with food and organized by Bernard Kouchner's Réussir NGO. According to Le Canard Enchaîné, this aid amounted to 0.06% of AREVA's annual profits of 428 million euros.^[31]

In November 2009 Greenpeace released a report indicating that two villages near AREVA's mining operations in Niger have dangerously high levels of radiation.^[32][33]

Canada

AREVA Resources Canada is a uranium mining, milling, and exploration company based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. AREVA Resources Canada has offices and operations in Saskatoon, La Ronge, McClean Lake, Cluff Lake, and in Baker Lake, Nunavut.

McClean Lake Located over 700 kilometres northeast of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, McClean Lake is AREVA Resources' flagship operation. Open pit mining began in 1995 and suspended with the completion of Sue orebodies in 2008. The JEB mill was recently expanded and upgraded to process ore from other projects, such as Cigar Lake. The McClean Lake operation meets ISO 14001 standards for environmental management, and OHSAS 18001 for occupational health and safety management.

Cluff Lake In 2002, the Cluff Lake mine reached the end of its uranium production. The Cluff Lake mine produced 62 million pounds of yellowcake over a 22 year period. Since mining ceased, AREVA Resources has implemented a decommissioning program to rehabilitate the site. Most of the decommissioning was completed in 2006 after two years of work to fill the open pits, demolish the mill, cover the tailings management area, and reslope and cover waste rock piles. Over 800,000 trees have been planted in this effort. The Cluff Lake operation meets ISO 14001 standards for environmental management; this is the first decommissioning effort to ever receive this certification.

South Korea

Further information: Nuclear power in South Korea

In 2007, AREVA signed a ten year deal with the South Korean public company KHNP to enrich uranium in its forthcoming Georges Besse II enrichment plant. The deal is worth over 1 billion euros.^[34]

United States

Further information: Nuclear power in the United States

In the USA, AREVA is present in 40 locations across 20 states and employs 5,000 people. AREVA supplies network products to two-thirds of all US utilities. Moreover, AREVA was ranked the No 1 US supplier in nuclear energy products and services, in Energy Management Systems and in Energy Market Systems. AREVA NC Inc.'s headquarters are located in Bethesda, MD, while AREVA NP Inc.'s North American Headquarters are located in Lynchburg, VA.

In February 2002, the U.S. Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham announced the Nuclear Power 2010 Program, which included plans for two EPRs. On 15 September 2005 AREVA and Constellation Energy of Baltimore announced a new joint venture called UniStar Nuclear that will market the commercial EPR in the US.

In line with AREVA's "strategic business plan of expanding the US commercial nuclear infrastructure", in 2007 AREVA announced plans to construct a centrifuge enrichment plant in the United States.^[35] The proposed 3 million separative work unit (SWU) enrichment plant could begin operation in 2013 and reach full capacity by 2017.^[35] AREVA has confirmed the potential site for this plant will be 30 kilometres west of Idaho Falls, near the US Department of Energy's (DoE's) Idaho National Laboratory.^[36] The project is likely to cost in the region of $2 billion and will provide uranium enrichment services to US nuclear plant operators using advanced proven centrifuge technology developed by URENCO and the Enrichment Technology Company Ltd (ETC), an AREVA/URENCO joint venture.^[36]

China

In China AREVA won an 8 billion euro ($11.9 billion) agreement to build nuclear reactors, a record for the French company. The long-expected announcement came at the start of formal talks in Beijing between French President Nicolas Sarkozy and his Chinese counterpart, Hu Jintao.^[37] ``France wants to build a complete partnership for the future with China, Sarkozy said today in Beijing during a joint briefing with Chinese President Hu Jintao. ``China's spectacular development is a chance for the world.^[38]

French, American and Russian suppliers have been vying for contracts in China, which plans to build as many as 32 nuclear plants by 2020 to meet surging power demands while cutting emissions and reducing reliance on imported oil. U.S. and French politicians have been lobbying Beijing hard on behalf of their companies. "When you look at China's energy problems, nuclear energy is not the whole answer, but it is part of the answer," AREVA CEO Anne Lauvergeon told a news conference.

The deal allows AREVA to "consolidate its presence in one of the most dynamic markets in the world with enormous potential," Lauvergeon said.

State-run AREVA said the contract with state-run China Guangdong Nuclear Power Corp. was a record for the French company. The third-generation pressurized water reactors, designed by AREVA's Framatome subsidiary, would boost CGNPC's output by 3,400 megawatts, AREVA said earlier.

The contract also calls on AREVA to provide uranium to fuel the reactors through 2026. The reactors are to be built by 2013-2014 in the city of Taishan in Guangdong province, an export manufacturing powerhouse with heavy demand for power and high levels of industrial pollution.^[37]

CPR-1000

The China Guangdong Nuclear Power Company has enhanced the French 900 MWe three cooling loop design imported in the 1990s into the 1,000 MWe CPR-1000 design, which is being quickly deployed with fifteen units under construction as at June 2010.^[39]

Some intellectual property rights are retained by AREVA, which limits CPR-1000 export potential for China. AREVA is reported to be considering whether it should market the cheaper, less sophisticated, CPR-1000 alongside the EPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power.^[40][41]

Poland

AREVA T&D owns following entities in Poland:

• Protection relays & automation systems factory in Świebodzice.
• Distribution transformers factory in Mikołów.
• Systems unit in Katowice, preparing, managing and building substation as a "turn key" projects.
• Sales organization located in Katowice.

AREVA T&D employs 380 people in Poland.^{[citation needed]}

Other activities

AREVA is also involved in military technology, such as designing the nuclear reactor for the French Barracuda class submarine.

One of AREVA's subsidiaries, Euriware (founded in 1991) specializes in computer engineering, and employs 2,100 persons on 14 different sites. AREVA also owns 11% of STMicroelectronics, 26,25% of Eramet, and 8,45% of Safran. In May 2005 it sold all of its stakes in Assystem, as well as FCI in October 2005 (sold to the private equity firm Bain Capital).

CERCA, a subsidiary of AREVA, is also involved in TRIGA International, established in 1996 with the US firm General Atomics.

AREVA is also a corporate member of the Bruegel think tank.

2007 fine

In January 2007 AREVA was fined €53 million by the European Commission for rigging EU electricity markets through a cartel involving 11 companies, including ABB, Alstom, Fuji, Hitachi Japan, AE Power Systems, Mitsubishi Electric Corp, Schneider, Siemens, Toshiba and VA Tech ELIN.^[42] According to the Commission, "between 1988 and 2004, the companies rigged bids for procurement contracts, fixed prices, allocated projects to each other, shared markets and exchanged commercially important and confidential information."^[42] Siemens was given a fine of €396 million, more than half of the total, for its alleged leadership role in the cartel.

AREVA is not accused of any cartel involvement other than through the acquisition of an Alstom unit in January 2004. "This subsidiary was acquired by the Areva group towards the end of the infringement, in January 2004. The parent entities of the Areva group share a joint liability with that subsidiary for the period after its acquisition."^[43] "A few months before the cartel ended Alstom sold the unit involved to Areva, which knew nothing of the cartel. It [Areva] and Alstom have joint liability for 53.6 million, which they must decide how to split."^[44]

EU Competition Commissioner Neelie Kroes declared that "The commission has put an end to a cartel which has cheated public utility companies and consumers for more than 16 years".^[45]

Advertisements

AREVA has gained some fame after airing 3,000 cel-shaded animation television ad spots created by French design group H5, who also created the similar music video for Röyksopp's "Remind Me". The ads explained how the generation and distribution of nuclear power works. The ads featured the song "Funkytown" by Lipps Inc..

In the French economic paper "challenges" Anne Lauvergeon, chairman, declared the 10th July 2008: "Uranium is a main part of our success. '(...)'. So in China, we sold two nuclear parts, plus 35% of our uranium production. This is our integrated business model."^[46]

Eagle Rock Enrichment Facility

AREVA Inc., based in Bethesda, Maryland, announced on 2008-05-06 that it will seek all necessary approval to build a uranium enrichment facility in Bonneville County, Idaho, about twenty miles west of Idaho Falls and near the Idaho National Laboratory.^[47]

On 2008-08-04, the AREVA group announced its proposed gas centrifuge enrichment facility will be named the Eagle Rock Enrichment Facility (EREF).^[48]

Entering India

On 18 December 2008 AREVA signed an agreement with the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) for the supply of 300 tonnes of uranium to India for power generation, thus becoming the first-ever foreign supplier of Uranium to the country after the NSG waiver.^[49]

On 4 February 2009, AREVA signed a MOU to supply two to six nuclear reactors to the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited. The deal is thought to be worth around 12.3 billion dollars (600 billion rupees), an all-time record for the company surpassing the 8-billion Euro (11.1 billion dollars) deal signed with China a few years earlier.^[50] They are also likely to supply fuel for the project which is intended for the western Indian state of Maharashtra^[51] and carry out the construction of a 110/11KV Substation for Infopark at Cherthala in Kerala.

See also

	Paris portal
	Companies portal
	Energy portal
	Nuclear technology portal

• Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant
• European Atomic Energy Community
• Groupe INTRA
• Kazatomprom
• Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station
• Nuclear Power 2010 Program
• World Nuclear Industry Status Report

Sites

• Tri-Cities, Washington

References

1. ^ "Legal Notice." Areva. Retrieved on 21 June 2010.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Marc Lomazzi, Le Parisien, 13 August 2007 "Nucléaire: les dessous de l'accord entre la France et la Libye" (French).
3. ^ AREVA Website, Key figures
4. ^ ^{a b} Francois de Beaupuy. Areva’s Overruns at Finnish Nuclear Plant Approach Initial Cost Bloomberg Businessweek, June 24, 2010.
5. ^ Dorothy Kosich (29 June 2010). "S&P downgrades French nuclear-uranium giant AREVA on weakened profitability". Mineweb. http://www.mineweb.co.za/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page72103?oid=107035&sn=Detail&pid=102055. Retrieved 6 July 2010. 
6. ^ Scheherazade Daneshkh (28 July 2010). "Areva and EDF told to ‘get along’". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/15a18100-9a88-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html. Retrieved 30 July 2010. 
7. ^ Yoshifumi Takemoto and Alan Katz, Bloomberg.com, 13 March 2008 "Samurai-Sword Maker's Reactor Monopoly May Cool Nuclear Revival".
8. ^ http://www.nucpros.com/content/siemens-sells-its-34-percent-stake-nuclear-jv-frances-areva
9. ^ AREVA signs the agreement for the acquisition of ALSTOM's Transmission and Distribution activities, AREVA press release, 9 January 2004
10. ^ "L’ancien secrétaire à l’Énergie de l’administration Bush, Spencer Abraham, est nommé directeur de la filiale états-unienne d’AREVA". Voltaire Network. 9 March 2006. http://www.voltairenet.org/article136261.html.  (French) Spanish translation)
11. ^ Robin Pagnamenta, The Times, March 22, 2010, Areva develops new nuclear reactors that 'destroy' atomic waste, The Australian
12. ^ La Chine aurait annulée sa commande d'EPR, Le Nouvel Observateur, 22 August 2007 (French).
13. ^ Videsprojekti.lv
14. ^ World-nuclear-news.org
15. ^ In Finland, Nuclear Renaissance Runs Into Trouble
16. ^ John Tagliabue, New York Times, 27 November 2007 "China Deal Gives Lift to Revival of Fission".
17. ^ ATMEA-SAS.com, Retrieved on 25/06/09
18. ^ "Areva names its BWR". World Nuclear News. 20 March 2009. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Areva_names_its_BWR-1803097.html. Retrieved 20 March 2009. 
19. ^ "AREVA To Acquire Ausra". InfoGrok. http://www.infogrok.com/index.php/energy/areva-to-acquire-ausra.html. Retrieved 25 January 2009. 
20. ^ "Wind power: AREVA acquires a 51% stake in Multibrid". AREVA. http://www.areva.com/servlet/cp_17_09_2007-c-PressRelease-cid-1189642901924-en.html. Retrieved 25 January 2009. 
21. ^ http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-412/areva-wind-design-assembly-manufacture-of-offshore-wind-turbines.html
22. ^ http://www.areva.com/EN/operations-412/areva-wind-design-assembly-manufacture-of-offshore-wind-turbines.html
23. ^ AREVA's press release
24. ^ CNNMoney
25. ^ Farabi and Jamila, Iraq Substations
26. ^ Nuclear Engineering International
27. ^ AREVA and MHI Sign Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of a Joint Venture for Their New Reactor
28. ^ World-nuclear.org
29. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Atomes pas très crochus au Niger" in Le Canard enchaîné, 22 August 2007, p. 4 (French).
30. ^ Conflit armé dans le nord. Des morts et des réfugiés, Le Républicain-Niger, 23 August 2007 (French)
31. ^ "Peu enrichi à l'uranium ("Not much enriched by uranium")". Le Canard Enchaîné. 3 August 2005. http://www.canardenchaine.com/accueil.html.  (French)
32. ^ RFI.fi
33. ^ Left in the Dust - uranium mining in Niger // GreenpeaceVideo. YouTube.
34. ^ Reuters, 19 June 2007 "S. Korea signs uranium enrichment deal with France" (English)
35. ^ ^{a b} "Areva's American enrichment plan". World Nuclear News. 29 June 2007. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/explorationNuclearFuel/Areva_s_American_enrichment_plan_290607.shtml. 
36. ^ ^{a b} "Areva selects enrichment site". World Nuclear News. 8 May 2008. http://89.151.116.69/NN-Areva_selects_US_enrichment_site_070508.html. 
37. ^ ^{a b} Mercurynews.com
38. ^ Bloomberg.com: Worldwide
39. ^ "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. 2 July 2010. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html. Retrieved 18 July 2010. 
40. ^ Peggy Hollinger (15 January 2010). "Areva considers producing cheaper reactors". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/00767364-0175-11df-8c54-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved 19 January 2010. 
41. ^ Peggy Hollinger (19 October 2010). "Energy: Cooling ambitions". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fd5ee326-dbb9-11df-a1df-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved 29 October 2010. 
42. ^ ^{a b} EU cracks down on electricity-gear cartel, EurActiv, 25 January 2007 (English).
43. ^ Competition: Commission fines members of gas insulated switchgear cartel over 750 million euros IP/07/80 Brussels, 24th January 2007, Press Releases - EUROPA
44. ^ Lawsky, David (25 January 2007). "EU shocks electric cartel with 750 million euro fine". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/sphereNews/idUSL2477822220070125?sp=true&view=sphere. 
45. ^ Vote call by Siemens shareholders, BBC, 25 January 2007 (English)
46. ^ Challenges.fr
47. ^ AREVA - Press : press releases
48. ^ Areva.com
49. ^ PTInews.com PTI, 19 December 2008 (English)
50. ^ "Areva wins India nuclear deal worth at least $10 bln". Reuters. 4 February 2009. http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idINIndia-37842220090204?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0. 
51. ^ RFI.fi

External links

• AREVA Website
• US AREVA North America Blog
• AREVA T&D (Transmission & Distribution) Website
• AREVA T&D Poland (Transmission & Distribution) Website
• AREVA Energy Experts (The AREVA TV Animation)
• Report on AREVA dropping their bid for Westinghouse in August, 2005
• Official site of the Olkiluoto reactor project in Finland
• The Multinational Monitor, July 1983,Vol. 4, Number 7, International Monetary Fund
• Framatome SA Company History
• Areva safety claim triggers reaction -- Financial Times