Électricité de France

Infobox_Company
company_name = Électricité de France
company_
company_type = Public (Euronext|EDF)
foundation = Paris, France (1946)
founder = Marcel Paul
location_city = Paris
location_country = France
key_people = Pierre Gadonneix (Chairman of the board and CEO)
industry = Energy
products = Electricity generation and distribution
revenue = €59.64 billion (2007)cite web |url=http://www.edf.com/html/RA2007/uk/pdf/ra2007Fin_full_va.pdf |title=Annual Report 2007 |accessdate=2008-07-11 |publisher=Électricité de France|format=PDF]
operating_income = profit €9.991 billion (2007)
net_income = profit €5.618 billion (2007)
num_employees = 158,640 (2007)
homepage = [http://www.edf.com/ www.edf.com]
intl = yes

Électricité de France (EDF) is the main electricity generation and distribution company in France. It was founded on April 8, 1946 as a result of the nationalisation of a number of electricity producers, transporters and distributors by the Communist Minister of Industrial Production Marcel Paul. Until November 19, 2004 it was a government corporation, but it is now a limited-liability corporation under private law ("société anonyme"). The French government partially floated shares of the company on the Paris Stock Exchange in November 2005, [cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/11/21/business/edf.php|title=EDF shares fail to light up market|last=Bennhold|first=Katrin|date=21 November 2005|work=International Herald Tribune|accessdate=2008-07-11] although it retains almost 85% ownership as of the end of 2007. [cite web|url=http://investisseurs.edf.com/the-edf-group/edf-investors/stock-information/shareholding-policy-117065.html|title=Shareholding policy|date=31 December 2007|publisher=Électricité de France|accessdate=2008-07-11]

EDF held a monopoly in the distribution, but not the production, of electricity in France until 1999, when the first European Commission directive to harmonize regulation of electricity markets was implemented.

EDF is one of the world's largest producers of electricity. In 2003, it produced 22% of the European Union's electricity, primarily from nuclear power:
*nuclear: 74.5%
*hydro-electric: 16.2%
*thermal: 9.2%
*wind power and other renewable sources: 0.1%

Its 58 active nuclear reactors (in 2004) are spread out over 20 sites (nuclear power plants). They comprise 34 reactors of 900 MWe, 20 reactors of 1.3 GWe, and 4 reactors of 1450 MWe, all PWRs.

On 24th September 2008 EdF announced that its wholly owned subsidiary, Lake Acquisitions, had made a recommended offer for the shares of British Energy Group PLC, which generates about 20 percent of British electricity, mainly from 8 nuclear stations.

Major Reform (1996-2007)

tatus of EDF

EDF was an EPIC (public establishment with industrial and commercial character), and as such, it was subject to the "principle of speciality", that is it had the right to sell electricity; the purpose of this principle of speciality was to prevent EDF competing in an unfair way on their own markets.

EDF's modification of status, announced in March, 2004 by the French government, became effective, after the vote of the "Loi relative au service public de l'électricité et du gaz et aux entreprises électriques et gazières" (law relating to the public service of electricity and gas and in the electrical and gas firms) on August 9, 2004 by publication in the "Journal officiel" of November 19, 2004.

The transformation into a Société anonyme (public company) was implemented for several reasons:
*for one thing, EDF's status of 'EPIC' gave it an advantage over its rivals during the process of the opening of the electricity market, because benefiting from the limitless guarantee of the State, it could borrow at a lesser expense;
*in addition, the statute of SA will enable EDF to reinforce its own capital stocks thanks to the entry of investors to the capital, and to develop products other than electricity, without being subjected to the "principle of speciality".
*the status of Société anonyme, of which one would think that the capital will remain predominantly public (law adds that the State must keep 70% of stock and rights to vote), at least until further notice, is not incompatible with the public financial year.

Issues of reform

The status of EPIC created a competitive advantage which became unbearable for the electricity producers in other European countries, especially since the multitude of acquisitions which EDF had accomplished in the UK, Italy and Germany. Thus, they requested that the same 'rules of the game' apply for all.

For their part, EDF needed a juridical structure allowing it to reinforce its equity capitals and to receive investors. Its requirements in equity capitals were estimated in May 2004, between 10 and 15 billion euro.

ocial welfare system

The specific regime of social welfare system and that of supplementary illness, cover 300,000 electricians and gas workers. A ratified agreement, in November 2004, by only two labour unions, reached a deadlock and the three others opposed BOB.

Finances

For a long time, EDF suffered from very low profits for a group benefiting from such monopoly, especially since in the weakness of its results on the domestic market, were added the poor performances of its foreign subsidiaries. Nevertheless, its balance sheet is very fragile, because of its international development, of its tariff policy in France and rapid deterioration of its profitability.

From 2001 till 2003, EDF was forced to reduce its equity capital due to untoward deviations of conversion in South America and write-down of its assets in Germany, Italy and in Brazil for a total of €6.4 billion total. However, according to the report of the Roulet Commission, international development, although costly, must be followed, because if EDF spent €15 billion euro on acquisitions, its rivals would spend €70 billion. The commission recommends a European strategy, an international presence, albeit focussed, and a larger drive to supply gas.

The most significant problem (in May, 2004) was the rocking of the balance sheet between equity capitals of €19 billion and a €24.5 billion debt (November, 2004), for which it is necessary to add:
*about €30 billion to meet its commitments to retirement of its workers in the electrical and gas industries (retirement at 55 years, favourable pension rates, etc), which will be met over time by the new tax payable tariff by consumers.
*€6.4 billion for financial commitments in Italy and in Germany, a sum which could come to more than €10 billion, from 2005.
*and a huge sum to continue establishing reserves to finance the future dismantling of 58 nuclear power stations. A theoretical reserve currently valued at €28 billion was made, but it is far from being sufficient and it is used in fact to a greater extent for international development.

And, as of November, 2004, complete commitment will overtop the €35 billion euro, which seems to mean that it is not able to cope with its pension commitments or the dismantling of its nuclear power stations.

2002 was considered a bad year, with a small €481 million net profit. 2003 saw a small increase with a €857 million net profit. In the first quarter of 2004, the net profit rose to about €1.5 billion (up 50% in comparison with the 1st quarter of 2003).

The tariff policy ordered by the company contract of 1997-2000 had imposed a reduction of 14% of tariffs. Today, EDF's tariffs in France are among lowest in the world, which leaves room for maneuver to increase tariffs.

Energy policy

The choice of nuclear technology, as always, was considered peculiar for EDF. Its engineers made France the first country use electricity of nuclear origin as the dominant method of production (78% of French production by 2007).

Nuclear technology produces clean electricity, but with some risks, even if they are controlled better and better. In May, 2004, the then-French Interior Minister (now President) Nicolas Sarkozy reasserted, in front of the French Parliament, the primacy of a nuclear power, much to the relief of labour unions of EDF. On this opportunity, the minister had imitated the famous slogan "We do not have oil, but we have ideas" by declaring: "We do not have oil, we do not have gas, we do not have coal, but we had ideas".

Opinions on reform

Local authorities

In general, the local elected representatives were against the modification of the status of the government-owned firm and expressed it aloud. They fear, particularly those of rural districts, and perhaps justifiably, that after the disappearance of post offices and schools, that of the EDF/GDF, and have held talks, in summary:
*Electricity is a vital requirement, which should not be managed according to a market principle.
*EDF and Gaz de France stemmed from the Conseil National de la Résistance and complied with their mission of public service and town and country planning.
*Numerous examples exist, following the example of California, where the private firms of production and distribution of electricity are not the best resolution.
*Those to the left of the political spectrum think that the logic of markets can only drive away rises of expenses and selling prices.

They also wonder about the assertion of the principle of the tariff adjustment (a unique tariff on the whole territory and equality of users), because as soon as the sale of electricity becomes readily available, it is subjected to the rule of competition and taken into account the true expenses on every segment of customers. The countryside, sparsely populated, risk being the biggest losers.

They also wonder about the true purpose of the government in this affair, and about the strategical will of partners deprived in the capital of EDF, whilst heavy threats (question of retirement, dismantling of nuclear power stations) tax the true balance sheets of the firm.

The position of the former president of EDF

According to François Roussely the former president of EDF, it is not possible to reconcile low prices and competition in electricity. At any rate where countries privatized electricity, it was rapidly followed by an increase in prices and a certain insecurity about energy, notably owing to speculation on electricity (e.g. Enron).

Distribution network

The electricity network is composed of:
*a high and very high voltage distribution system (100,000 km of lines). This part of the system is managed by RTE (transport system of electricity) who acts as an independent administrator of infrastructure, although it stays in the lap of EDF.
*a low and medium voltage distribution system (1,200,000 km of lines), maintained by EDF-Gaz de France Distribution, a common subsidiary of EDF and Gaz de France (French Gas).

Before 1956, the electricity companies of France did not use a standardised voltage. Between 1956 and 1991, the voltage was standardized, and today the voltage is 230 V on all French territory.

Migration from 220 volts cost the equivalent of €70 per subscriber in the beginning, and €1,000 per subscriber in 1991. Eventually, the old usage of 220 volts in France standardized itself to 230 volts, in accordance with European standard.

Plug-in hybrids and V2G

EDF is offering recharging points and trying the new Toyota Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle in France [ [http://www.edf.fr/105819i/Accueil-com/presse/communiques-et-dossiers-de-presse/Noeud-Communiques-et-Dossier-de-presse/EDF-et-Toyota-annoncent-un-partenariat-technologique-en-Europe-relatif-aux-vehicules-hybrides-rechargeables.html EDF et Toyota annoncent un partenariat technologique en Europe relatif aux véhicules hybrides rechargeables ] ]

EDF's rivals

Electrabel and Endesa

Apart from the producers and foreign distributors, in France, there are some important companies, which, although their market share is weak with regard to that of EDF, are a significant competition. These are:
*SNET (Société nationale d'électricité et de thermique): This company is the successor of depleting coal companies and primarily produce thermal electricity (2,5 TWh). Its capital (81%) belonged predominantly to Collieries of France and with EDF. A portion of the capital (30%) was sold to Endesa, the main Spanish electricity producer, another portion of 35% was sold in 2004. As of 2008 Endesa holds 65% of the equity of the generating company Snet. [http://www.endesa.es/Portal/en/our_business/electricity/europe/france/default.htm source]
*CNR (Compagnie nationale du Rhône): the capital of which is predominantly public, the company exploits 19 hydroelectric plants installed on the banks of the Rhône. Its production of 19 TWh makes it the second largest French producer with 4% of the market. CNR signed a partnership agreement with Electrabel (a Belgian subsidiary of Suez).
*SHEM (Société hydro-électrique du Midi): a subsidiary of SNCF, of which it produces about 1/3 of the electricity used by SNCF. This company will probably be sold as part of a policy of refocusing of SNCF in due time. A partnership agreement was signed with Electrabel.

Locally controlled or between local councils

Among the other rivals of EDF, one can count a number of municipally governed companies, known under the generic term 'entreprises locales de distribution' ('local businesses of distribution'), who are electricity producers exploiting EDF's network.

The nationalisation of electricity and gas on April 8, 1946, which profoundly changed the French electrical and gas organization, had however acknowledged the right of villages to keep their role in the public distribution of electricity and gas.

In 1946, certain firms, villages or groups of villages, did not accept the proposal of nationalisation and created autonomous state controls (who held the monopoly of distribution, until 2004, in their area). To note, contrary to the initial idea, local controllers of electricity, have had, since 1946, the choice to continue to produce electricity. In fact, their production was rather marginal, except in Rhône-Alpes; having often preferred buying the majority of the electrical power from EDF. With the recent opening of the electricity market, local controllers are considering developing, augmenting and diversifying their own production, (e.g. Ouest Énergie, the subsidiary company of SIEDS) and/or to diversify their sources of supply.

To date, the number of local businesses of distribution is approximately 170 and holds 5% of the distribution of French electrical power in 2,500 villages. Created by local authorities, they serve about 3 million people and represent 7,000 jobs. Around thirty of them - 9 during creation in 1962 - are federated in a national entity known as ANROC [http://www.anroc.com/pb_entrepriselocale2.asp?AnrIdx=1] .

Several departments are not therefore served entirely or partly by EDF, for instance:
*Deux-Sèvres, supplied by SIEDS: Labour union between local councils of Electricity of Deux-Sèvres;
*Vienne, supplied by SIEEDV: Labour union between local councils of Electricity and Works of the Department of Vienne;
*Charente-Maritime, supplied by SDEER: Labour union of Electricity and Rural Works of the Department of Charente-Maritime;
*Gironde, supplied by Gironde Electricity. However, the company was sold to EDF at the beginning of 2000 because it could not financially maintain the damage of the severe weather of December 1999, on its network;
*Alsace;
*Rhône-Alpes.

The EDF Group

EDF is present in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia.

Main partners

* In Europe EDF owns parts or all of the following companies:
** Austria: 100% Vero, 20% Groupe Estag
** Belgium: 100% Semobis
** France: 100% C2, 100% C3, 100% EDF, 100% Immob. Wagram Étoile, 100% Richemont, 100% Sapar, 100% Sofilo, 99.86% Gérance Générale Foncière, 80% Sté Investments in Austria, 74.86% Électricité de Strasbourg, 67% Dalkia Investments, 51% TIRU, 50% Cerga, 50% Edenkia, 50% Dalkia International, 50% Immob. PB6, 50% SIIF Énergies, 34% Dalkia Hdg,
** Germany: 45.81% of EnBW in 2002 (35.38% in 2001), 100% EDF Ostalbkreis, 100% EDF Weinsberg, 50% RKI.
** Hungary: 95,56% BE Zrt, 100% Démász
** Italy: 15% Italenergiabis (holding company of control of Edison S.p.A.) but only 2% of rights to vote by decision of the Italian government, see Negotiations between EDF and ENEL, 100% EDF Energia Italia which sells directly 2.2 TWh to Italy, 100% Fenice, 40% Finei, 30% ISE
** The Netherlands: 100% Finelex, 50% Cinergy Holding
** Poland: 76.63% Rybnik, 66.08% Eck, 49.19% ECW, 35.42% Kogeneracja, 24.61% Zielona Gora
** Slovakia: 49% SSE
** Spain: 100% EDF Iberica (EDF Península Ibérica, S.A) [ [http://www.edf-energia.com EDF en Espagne ] ]
** Sweden: 100% Skandrenkraft, 36.32% Groupe Graninge
** Switzerland: 50% Chatelot, 50% Emosson, 14.25% Groupe ATEL, 26.26% Motor Columbus
** United Kingdom: 100% EDF Energy - created after the acquisition of SEEBOARD by London Electricity Group in July 2002, 100% EDF Trading, 100% EDF UK. EDF owns the British electricity company EDF Energy - a merger of London Energy, SWEB Energy and Seeboard Energy - which distributes 22% of Britain's electricity. Its call centres are based in London, Sunderland, Hove and Exeter.
* In Africa:
** Côte d'Ivoire: 50% Azito O&M, 32.85% Azito Energie

* In the Americas:
** Argentina: 25% Edenor, 45% Sodemsa, 22.95% Edemsa
** Brazil: 100% Lidil, 10% Light Energy (Light Overseas Investment - 35.29% in 2001), 90% Norte Fluminense
** USA: 50% EnXco, 9.5% Constellation Energy

* In Asia:
** China: 85% Synergie, 60% Figlec] , 19.6% Shandong Zhonghua Power Cy
** Vietnam: 56.25% Mecco

Negotiations between EDF and ENEL

In Italy, EDF holds 15% of Italenergiabis (the holding company of control of Edison), but has only 2% of decision rights by proclamation of the Italian government.

Negotiations had taken place in 2004 for the entrance of ENEL on the French market, with freedom to acquire quantities of electricity from EDF, and on the other hand the implementation of buying Edison. Negotiations at this point did not succeed, which forced EDF to buy back, at the beginning of 2005, 3% of its actual partners (Fiat, Carlo Tassara, and from banks) for €606 million, but without recovering decision-making rights.

But negotiations carry on and in February and April 2005, EDF bought back the participation of other majority shareholders, in total, and considering the takeover bid which it will also have to throw on the minority shareholders, EDF will have to disburse more than €14 billion. EDF will then be in a grotesque situation, because detaining 100% of capital, its rights to vote will always be blocked to 2%, as long as France does not open its energy market to foreign competition.

The former president of EDF, François Roussely, had bargained for ENEL a right of 4 MWe so that the Italian firm can gain knowledge of the French market, before buying a participation in the transport system of electricity. But the new president, Pierre Gadonneix, cut short any negotiations. Also, ENEL which was interested in buying 35% of SNET, put up for sale by Collieries of France, was doubled by Gaz de France.

Negotiations take place and since the end of January, the matter is at the level of the Italian and French ministries. These negotiations concern:
*the role of ENEL on the French market;
*the opening of energy markets between France and Italy;
*a French-Italian-Spanish platform of electricity networks
*a resolution for the participation of EDFin Ediso, via Italenergia Bis;
*the abandonment of the acquisition of Gaz de France of SNET, as, according to a spokesman, "ENEL, which plays a larger part in the energy markets of the world, has no intention of becoming a minority shareholder of EDF" (but it has ambition to become a competitor with EDF on French soil).

The directorate

*President: Pierre Gadonneix

tatistics (2003 estimate)

*Customers: 41.6 million customers in the world (35.6 million in Europe, of which 31 million are based in France).
*2003 Turnover: €44.92 billion (23% from France) - €41.82 billion in 2002.
*Profit: €5.15 billion in 2002 - €6.83 billion in 2003.
*Net profit: €481 million in 2002 - €857 million in 2003.
*Profits before expenses: €11 billion in 2003 and a predicted €13 billion in 2004.
*Net Debt: €24 billions in 2003 - €26.9 billion in 2002 and €25.8 billion in 2001.
*Cashflow/debt ratio: 36% in 2002 - 33% in 2001.
*The quantity of produced electrical power is about 470 TWh. Installed potency is 122.6 GWe (118 GWe in Europe, 101 GWe in France).
*Employees: 167,300 persons (2003), among whom 110,000 are based in France (172,000 in 2002 and 162,000 in 2001).

EDF's logo

On July 8 2005, EDF adopted a new logo. The previous logo had not been modified much since the company's founding, the last and only edit being made in 1987. According to EDF, the former logo featured the tricolours of the French flag and considered it "poorly adapted to unifying group subsidiaries." The new logo is suggestive of a turbine and "embodies the Group's commercial and industrial dynamism." [http://www.edf.fr/download.php4?coe_i_id=54856]

ee also

* List of French companies
* Energy in France
* Gaz de France
* Net metering
* Plug-in hybrid
* Superphénix
* Toyota
* V2G

ources and references

* [http://www.cnr.tm.fr/ Compagnie Nationale du Rhône] (second electricity provider in France)
* [http://www.electrabel.fr/ Electrabel] (Suez)
* [http://www.ouestenergie.fr/ Ouest Énergie] (former SIEDS, Syndicat Intercommunal d'Energie des Deux-Sèvres)
* [http://www.france.attac.org/a1839 Announcement of the privitisation of EDF]
* [http://www.fondation-copernic.org/Flash%202003%20n%B01.htm The cost of privitisation of EDF]
* [http://www.globenet.org/aitec/reg/ Résistances Electriques et Gazières]
* [http://sudenergietransgaz.free.fr/ SUD Energy]
* [http://www.cre.fr/ Commission de Régulation de l'Energie]
* [http://www.ceer-eu.org/ Council of European Energy Regulators]
* [http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/energie/sommaire.htm Direction Générale des Energies et des Matières Premières]
* [http://www.powernext.fr/ Powernext]
* [http://www.rte-france.com/index_ns.jsp Réseau de transport d'électricité]
* [http://www.economist.com/agenda/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5077283 EDF’s highly charged sale] , The Economist

External links

* [http://www.edf.com/index.php4?coe_i_id=20403 Official website]