Global Nuclear Energy Partnership

The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) began as a U.S. proposal, announced by United States Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman on February 6, 2006, to form an international partnership to promote the use of nuclear power and close the nuclear fuel cycle in a way that reduces nuclear waste and the risk of nuclear proliferation. [ [http://www.doe.gov/news/3161.htm Department of Energy Announces New Nuclear Initiative] ] This proposal would divide the world into “fuel supplier nations,” which supply enriched uranium fuel and take back spent fuel, and “user nations,” which operate nuclear power plants. [ [http://www.doe.gov/media/GNEP/06-GA50035g_2-col.pdf GNEP Element: Establish Reliable Fuel Services] ]

GNEP has since evolved into an international partnership with 21 partner countries, 17 observer countries and three international observer countries. [ [http://www.gneppartnership.org Global Nuclear Energy Partnership] ] GNEP operates by consensus among its partners based on an agreed GNEP Statement of Principles. [ [http://www.gneppartnership.org/docs/GNEP_SOP.pdf GNEP Statement of Principles] ]

GNEP has proven controversial in the United States and internationally. The U.S. Congress has provided far less funding for GNEP than President Bush requested. U.S. arms control organizations have criticized the proposal to resume reprocessing as costly and increasing proliferation risks. Some countries and analysts have criticized the GNEP proposal for discriminating between countries as nuclear fuel cycle “haves” and “have-nots.”

GNEP in the United States

The GNEP proposal began as part of the Advanced Energy Initiative announced by President Bush in his 2006 State of the Union address. [ [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060131-6.html State of the Union: The Advanced Energy Initiative] ]

In announcing the GNEP Proposal, the U.S. Department of Energy said:quote|The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership has four main goals. First, reduce America’s dependence on foreign sources of fossil fuels and encourage economic growth. Second, recycle nuclear fuel using new proliferation-resistant technologies to recover more energy and reduce waste. Third, encourage prosperity growth and clean development around the world. And fourth, utilize the latest technologies to reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation worldwide.

Through GNEP, the United States will work with other nations possessing advanced nuclear technologies to develop new proliferation-resistant recycling technologies in order to produce more energy, reduce waste and minimize proliferation concerns. Additionally, [the] partner nations will develop a fuel services program to provide nuclear fuel to developing nations allowing them to enjoy the benefits of abundant sources of clean, safe nuclear energy in a cost effective manner in exchange for their commitment to forgo enrichment and reprocessing activities, also alleviating proliferation concerns.

As a research and development program, GNEP is an outgrowth of the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative [ [http://www.ne.doe.gov/AFCI/neAFCI.html Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative.] ] [ [http://www.gnep.energy.gov What is the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership?] ]

GNEP International Partnerships

The United States has established a number of cooperative arrangements to pursue technical cooperation on this proposal. On February 16, 2006 the United States, France and Japan signed an "arrangement" to research and develop sodium-cooled fast reactors in support of the GNEP. [citation|url=http://www.energy.gov/news/3218.htm|title=Generation IV International Forum Signs Agreement to Collaborate on Sodium Cooled Fast Reactors|date=February 17, 2006|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy|accessdate=2008-04-23] The United States has established “action plans” for collaboration with Russia, Japan and China. [ [http://www.gnep.energy.gov/afciparticipants/intlcollaboration.html International Collaboration] ]

On September 16, 2007, 16 countries officially became GNEP Partners by signing the GNEP Statement of Principles. [citation|url=http://www.gnep.energy.gov/pdfs/GNEP_SOP.pdf|title=GNEP Statement of Principles|date=September 16, 2007|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy|accessdate=2008-04-23] These countries were:
*Australia
*Bulgaria
*China
*France
*Ghana
*Hungary
*Japan
*Jordan
*Kazakhstan
*Lithuania
*Poland
*Romania
*Russia
*Slovenia
*Ukraine
*United States

Since then, five additional countries have joined:
*Canada
*Italy
*Republic of Korea
*Senegal
*United Kingdom [citation|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/nuclearPolicies/Membership_of_GNEP_has_tripled_170907.shtml|title=Membership of GNEP has tripled|date=17 September 2007|publisher=World Nuclear News|accessdate=2008-04-19] [citation|url=http://www.energy.gov/print/5497.htm|title=Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Triples in Size to 16 Members|date=September 16, 2007|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy|accessdate=2008-04-23]

Seventeen countries have been invited to join GNEP as partners but have not been willing to sign the Statement of Principles and have participated as observers. These include South Africa, although South African Minerals and Energy Minister Buyelwa Sonjica stated that "Exporting uranium only to get it back refined, instead of enriching it in South Africa, would be 'in conflict with our national policy.'" [citation|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iVN6X3NLfzljt66R_ThfRyFl6R2Q|title=SAfrica out of GNEP to keep right to enrich uranium: minister|date=September 18, 2007|publisher=AFP|accessdate=2007-10-25] 25 additional countries have been invited to join GNEP at the October 1, 2008 GNEP Ministerial in Paris, France. [ [http://www.gneppartnership.org Welcome to the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership] ]

Criticism

In 2007 a large number of U.S. nuclear arms control organizations sent a joint letter to Congress requesting that GNEP funding be terminated on the grounds that it undermined U.S. nuclear proliferation policy, would cost over $100 billion, and did not solve the nuclear waste problem. [citation|url=http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_security/Community-letter-GNEP-Congress_Final.pdf|title=Letter to Senators Byron L. Dorgan and Pete V. Domenici (Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, Senate Appropriations Committee)|date=October 31, 2007|accessdate=2008-04-19]

In 2008 Congress allocated less than half of the requested funds, supporting GNEP research but not technology demonstration projects. The Congressional Budget Office assessing that reprocessing spent nuclear fuel would cost considerably more than disposal in a long-term repository.citation|url=http://www.wmdinsights.com/I23/I23_G2_GlobalNuclearEnergy.htm|title=Global Nuclear Energy Partnership: Progress, Problems, and Prospects|author=Richard Weitz|publisher=WMD Insights|date=March 2008|accessdate=2008-04-01]

Some states do not approve of the GNEP philosophy that partitions the world between a few fuel-cycle states and a larger number of receiver states, reflecting the distinctions in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty‎.citation|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/xiisummit/|title=Durban Final Document|author=Heads of State, Non-Aligned Countries|date=2-3 September 1998|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement|page=para. 120|accessdate=2008-06-29] They are concerned that their nuclear fuel assurance could in the future be subject to external political pressure.citation|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_58a.html|title=The Bush Proposals: A Global Strategy for Combating the Spread of Nuclear Weapons Technology or a Sanctioned Nuclear Cartel?|author=Sean Lucas|date=November 2004|publisher=Center for Nonproliferation Studies|accessdate=2008-06-29] They also believe it creates an unfortunate incentive on states to develop enrichment or reprocessing technology now, to position themselves to become one of the future fuel-cycle states. [citation|url=http://www.ostina.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1677|title=Proposals to Strengthen the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime|author=Harold D. Bengelsdorf|date=December 2006|publisher=Office of Science & Technology|accessdate=2007-10-25]

Steve Kidd, Head of Strategy & Research at the World Nuclear Association, has explained:

An alternative view of GNEP may see it as somewhat discriminatory and potentially anti-competitive. By restricting parts of the fuel cycle to particular countries, albeit with fair rights of access to nuclear materials, there is a risk of maintaining or even reinforcing the existing NPT arrangements that have always upset certain nations, notably India and Pakistan. Similarly, by maintaining a market stranglehold on, for example, enrichment facilities in the existing countries, it can be argued that the market will be uncompetitive and lead to excessive profits being achieved by those who are so favoured. [ [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2036516 GNEP: the right way forward? - Nuclear Engineering International, 01 June 2006] ]

Another criticism is that GNEP seeks to deploy proliferation-prone reprocessing technology for commercial reasons, and to bypass the continued delays with the Yucca Mountain waste repository project, while erroneously claiming to enhance global nuclear security.citation|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=147&storyCode=2047064|title=Evolving international pacts for tomorrow|date=14 September 2007|publisher=Nuclear Engineering International|accessdate=2007-10-25]

See also

*Nuclear power
*Integral Fast Reactor
*United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan
*Franco-British Nuclear Forum

External links

* [http://www.gnep.energy.gov/ Department of Energy's Global Nuclear Energy Partnership page]
* [http://gneppartnership.org/ GNEP international partnership official web site]
* [http://www.energy.gov/news/3161.htm Departrment of Energy announcement]
* [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2034203 US launches Global Nuclear Energy Partnership] , Nuclear Engineering International, 8 February 2006
* [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2036516 GNEP: the right way forward?] , Nuclear Engineering International, 1 June 2006
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/25/AR2006012502229.html Nuclear Energy Plan Would Use Spent Fuel] , Peter Baker and Dafna Linzer, Washington Post, January 26, 2006
* [http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_04/LymanVonHippel.asp Reprocessing Revisited:The International Dimensions of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership] , Edwin Lyman and Frank N. von Hippel, Arms Control Today, April 2008
* [http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/reports/the-future-of-gnep The future of GNEP] , Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Aug 2008

References