Idaho National Laboratory

Coordinates: 43°32′00″N 112°56′41″W / 43.533429°N 112.94486°W / 43.533429; -112.94486

Idaho National Laboratory site location

Idaho National Laboratory

Motto	The energy of innovation
Established	1949
Research Type	Nuclear energy, national security, energy and environment
Budget	US$~1 billion (2010)
Director	John J. Grossenbacher
Staff	~4,100 (2010)
Location	Idaho Falls, Idaho and a large area to the west
Campus	2,307 km² (539,135 acres)
Operating Agency	Battelle Energy Alliance
Website	www.inl.gov

Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is an 890 square miles (2,300 km²) complex located in the high desert land of eastern Idaho, between the town of Arco to the west and the cities of Idaho Falls and Blackfoot to the east. It lies within Butte, Bingham, Bonneville and Jefferson counties. Most of INL is essentially a desert space with some scrub vegetation and a number of facilities scattered throughout the area. The average elevation of the complex is 5,000 feet (1,524 m) above sea level. A few publicly accessible roads go through the INL area, but most of the area except EBR-I is restricted to authorized personnel only - those with appropriate security clearances. The tiny town of Atomic City is directly to the south of INL's desert site.

The federal research facility was established in 1949 as the "National Reactor Testing Station" (NRTS).^[1] In 1975, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was divided into the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The Idaho site was for a short time named ERDA and then subsequently renamed to the "Idaho National Engineering Laboratory" (INEL) in 1977 with the creation of the Department of Energy (DOE) under President Carter. After two decades as INEL, the name was changed again to the "Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory" (INEEL) in 1997. Throughout its lifetime, there have been more than 50 one-of-a-kind nuclear reactors built at the facility for testing. All but three are shut down now.

On Feb. 1, 2005, Battelle Energy Alliance took over operation of the lab from Bechtel, merged with Argonne National Laboratory-West, and the facility name was changed to "Idaho National Laboratory" (INL). ^[2] At this time the site's clean-up activities were moved to a separate contract, the Idaho Cleanup Project, which is managed by CH2M-WG Idaho. Research activities were consolidated in the newly named Idaho National Laboratory. The lab currently employs more than 4,000 people and has a significant economic impact on Idaho Falls and the surrounding communities.

Current Research

Nuclear Energy Projects

Many projects and experiments have taken place at Idaho National Laboratory and continue to do so. The lab’s relationship with federal and state governments, other national labs, universities from across the country, and collaboration with foreign researchers make INL an integration hub as well as a research laboratory. INL works in partnership on many important nuclear energy research projects.

Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP)

Main article: Next Generation Nuclear Plant

INL leads the nation's efforts to develop the next generation of safe, clean and reliable nuclear power plants. One part of this program is the “Next Generation Nuclear Plant” or NGNP, which would be the demonstration of a new way to use nuclear energy for more than electricity. The heat generated from nuclear fission in the plant could provide process heat for hydrogen production and other industrial purposes, while also generating electricity. And the NGNP would use a high-temperature gas reactor,^[3] which would have redundant safety systems that rely on natural physical processes more than human or mechanical intervention.

INL is working with private industry partners to design, plan and eventually build the NGNP. INL was commissioned to lead this effort by the U.S. Department of Energy as a result of the Energy Policy Act of 2005.^[4]

Fuel Cycle Research & Development (FCRD)

One representation of a conventional nuclear fuel cycle. INL is researching ways to improve it.

The Fuel Cycle Research & Development program aims to help expand nuclear energy’s benefits by addressing some of the issues inherent to the current life cycle of nuclear reactor fuel in the United States. These efforts strive to make nuclear energy's expansion safe, secure, economic and sustainable.

Currently, the United States, like many other countries, employs an “open-ended" nuclear fuel cycle, whereby nuclear power plant fuel is used only once and then placed in a repository for indefinite storage. One of the primary FCRD goals is to research, develop and demonstrate ways to “close” the fuel cycle so fuel is reused or recycled rather than being shelved before all of its energy has been used. INL coordinates many of the FCRD's national research efforts, including:

• Continuing critical fuel cycle research and development (R&D) activities
• Pursuing development of policy and regulatory framework to support fuel cycle closure
• Developing deployable technologies
• Establishing advanced modeling and simulation program elements
• Implementing a science-based R&D program

^[5]

Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) program

Graph showing effect removing nuclear power plants would have on CO2 emissions

Today, many of the nation’s nuclear power plants are approaching the end of their 40-year operating licenses. Some have already applied for and received license extensions for an additional 20 years. The Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program supports national efforts to do the research and gather the information necessary to demonstrate whether it is safe and prudent to apply for extensions beyond 60 years of operating life.

The LWRS Program aims to safely and economically extend the service lives of the more than 100 electricity-generating nuclear power plants in the United States. The program brings together technical information, performs important research and organizes data to be used in license-extension applications.^[6]

Advanced Test Reactor National Scientific User Facility (ATR NSUF)

A schematic showing the great variety of test positions in INL's ATR.

INL’s Advanced Test Reactor is a unique research reactor located approximately 50 miles (80 km) from Idaho Falls, Idaho.

The Department of Energy named Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) a National Scientific User Facility in April 2007. This designation opened the facility to use by university-led scientific research groups and gives them free access to the ATR and other unique resources at INL and partner facilities.^[7] In addition to a rolling proposal solicitation with two closing dates each year, INL holds an annual "Users Week" and summer session to familiarize researchers with the user facility capabilities available to them.

Nuclear Energy University Programs (NEUP)

INL is the Department of Energy's lead lab for nuclear energy research and development (R&D), but an essential portion of America’s nuclear research is carried out in conjunction with universities across the country. Students and professors from these institutions play a vital role in current research and in training the next generation of nuclear research and industry professionals.

That's why DOE's Office of Nuclear Energy has designated 20 percent of its R&D budget to support university students and researchers. DOE's Nuclear Energy University Programs provides funding for university research grants, fellowships, scholarships and infrastructure upgrades.

For example, in May 2010, the program awarded $38 million for 42 university-led R&D projects at 23 U.S. universities in 17 states. In FY 2009, the program awarded about $44 million to 71 R&D projects and more than $6 million in infrastructure grants to 30 U.S. universities and colleges in 23 states.^[8] INL's Center for Advanced Energy Studies administers the program for DOE. CAES is a collaboration between INL and Idaho's three public research universities: Idaho State University, Boise State University and University of Idaho.

National and Homeland Security Projects

INL's National and Homeland Security division focuses on two main areas: protecting critical infrastructure such as electricity transmission lines, utilities and wireless communications networks, and preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Control Systems Cybersecurity

INL cybersecurity researcher operates a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System inside the lab’s Information Operations Research Center.

For nearly a decade, INL has been performing cutting-edge research, conducting vulnerability assessments and developing innovative technology to increase infrastructure resiliency. With a strong emphasis on industry collaboration and partnership, INL is enhancing electric grid reliability, control systems cybersecurity and physical security systems^[9]

INL's power and cyber engineers are widely recognized for their efforts to improve the security of current and next-generation industrial control systems and component devices. And cyber team members work to develop cutting-edge defensive strategies against exploits, malware and zero-day attacks by analyzing protocols, developing code and reverse engineering.

INL routinely conducts advanced cyber training and oversees simulated competitive exercises for national and international customers.^[10] And the lab supports cyber security and control systems programs for the departments of Homeland Security, Energy and Defense. INL staff members are frequently asked to provide guidance and leadership to standards organizations, regulatory agencies and national policy committees.

In January 2011, it was reported by the New York Times that the INL was allegedly responsible for some of the initial research behind the Stuxnet virus which allegedly crippled Iran's nuclear centrifuges. The INL, which teamed up with Siemens, conducted research on the P.C.S.-7 control system to identify its vulnerabilities. According to the Times, that information would later be used by the American and Israeli governments to create the Stuxnet virus.^[11]

The Times article was later disputed by other journalists—including Forbes blogger Jeffrey Carr—as being both sensational and lacking verifiable facts.^[12] In March 2011, Vanity Fair Magazine's cover story on Stuxnet carried INL's official response stating, "Idaho National Laboratory was not involved in the creation of the stuxnet worm. In fact, our focus is to protect and defend control systems and critical infrastructures from cyber threats like stuxnet and we are all well recognized for these efforts. We value the relationships that we have formed within the control systems industry and in no way would risk these partnerships by divulging confidential information."^[13]

Nuclear nonproliferation

Building on INL's nuclear mission and legacy in reactor design and operations, the lab's engineers are developing technology, shaping policy and leading initiatives to secure the nuclear fuel cycle and prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.^[14]

Under the direction of the National Nuclear Security Administration, INL and other national laboratory scientists are leading a global initiative to secure foreign stockpiles of fresh and spent highly enriched uranium and return it to secure storage for processing .^[15] Other engineers are working to convert U.S. research reactors and build new reactor fuels that replace highly enriched uranium with a safer, low-enriched uranium fuel.^[16] To protect against threats from the dispersal of nuclear and radiological devices, INL researchers also examine radiological materials to understand their origin and potential uses. Others have applied their knowledge to the development of detection technologies that scan and monitor containers for nuclear materials.

The laboratory's expansive desert location, nuclear facilities and wide range of source materials provide an ideal training location for military responders, law enforcement and other civilian first responders. INL routinely supports these organizations by leading classroom training, conducting field exercises and assisting in technology assessments. INL scientists are also leading discussions and performing research to ensure future nuclear facilities are intrinsically equipped with modern safeguards and security policies, practices and technologies.

Energy and Environment Projects

Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity

An INL researcher works on the battery pack of this adapted plug-in hybrid vehicle.

INL’s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity is at the forefront of advancing a potential transportation revolution that will make America more independent, safer and cleaner. INL scientists gather information from more than 250 plug-in-hybrid vehicles. These vehicles, operated by a wide swath of companies, local and state governments, advocacy groups, and others are located all across the United States, Canada and even Finland. Together, they’ve logged a combined 1.5 million miles worth of data that is analyzed by specialists at INL.

Dozens of other types of vehicles, like hydrogen-fueled and pure electric cars, are also tested at INL. This data will help evaluate the performance and other factors that will be critical to widespread adoption of plug-in or other alternative vehicles.^[17] See also, The EV Project.

Bioenergy

INL interns research microbes from hot, acidic pools in Yellowstone National Park that could help convert agricultural waste into biofuels.

INL researchers are partnering with farmers, agricultural equipment manufacturers and universities to optimize the logistics of an industrial-scale biofuel economy. Agricultural waste products — such as wheat straw; corncobs,^[18][19] stalks or leaves; or bioenergy crops such as switchgrass or miscanthus — could be used to create cellulosic biofuels. But challenges still exist for scaling up production, minimizing impact on food crop production, and being able to compete with the price of gasoline. INL researchers are working to determine the most economic and sustainable ways to get biofuel raw materials from fields to biorefineries.^[20]

Robotics

Pioneering research and development of robots that go where no human wants to go and do what could end in physical harm for a human — that is the goal of INL’s robotics program. The program researches, builds, tests and refines robots that, among other things, clean up dangerous wastes, measure radiation, scout drug-smuggling tunnels, aid search-and-rescue operations, and help protect the environment.

These robots roll, crawl, fly,^[21] and go under water, even in swarms^[22] that communicate with each other on the go to do their jobs.

Biological Systems

The Biological Systems department is housed in 15 laboratories with a total of 12,000 square feet (1,100 m²) at the INL Research Center in Idaho Falls. The department engages in a wide variety of biological studies, including studying bacteria and other microbes that live in extreme conditions such as the extremely high temperature pools of Yellowstone National Park.^[23]

These types of studies have implications far beyond satisfying scientific curiosity about organisms living in extreme environments. Among other potential applications, studying these types of organisms could boost the efficiency of biofuels production.^[24] Other studies related to uncommon microbes have potential in areas such as carbon dioxide sequestration^[23] and groundwater cleanup.^[25]

Hybrid Energy Systems

INL is pioneering the research and testing associated with a new idea in energy production — hybrid energy systems that combine multiple energy sources for optimum carbon management and energy production. For example, a nuclear reactor could provide electricity when certain renewable resources aren't available, while also providing a carbon-free source of heat and hydrogen that could be used, for example, to make liquid transportation fuels from coal.^[26]

Nuclear Waste Processing

The Integrated Waste Treatment Unit (IWTU)

Construction of a new liquid waste processing facility is nearly completed at INTEC on the INL Site. The Facility will process approximately 900,000 gallons of liquid nucear waste using a steam reforming process to produce a granular product suitable for disposal. The facility is the first of its kind an based on a scaled prototype. The project is a part of the Department of Energy's Idaho Cleanup Project aimed at removing waste and demolishing old nuclear facilities at the INL site.

^{[27] [28] [29]}

Cross-cutting Projects

The Instrumentation, Control and Intelligent Systems (ICIS) Distinctive Signature is building fundamental technological capabilities through a cross-cutting community of researchers, which support mission-related research and development in key capability areas: safeguards and control system security, sensor technologies, intelligent automation, human systems integration, and robotics and intelligent systems. These five key areas support the INL mission to “ensure the nation’s energy security with safe, competitive, and sustainable energy systems and unique national and homeland security.”^[30] Through its grand challenge in resilient control systems, ICIS research is providing a holistic approach to aspects of design that have often been bolt-on, including human systems, security and modeling of complex interdependencies.

Outreach Opportunities

Scholarships and Grants

Most of tomorrow's scientists and engineers will discover their passions in today's elementary, middle and high school classrooms. INL supports science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) education in classrooms across the state. Each year, the lab invests nearly $500,000 in Idaho teachers and students. Funding goes toward scholarship programs for high school graduates, technical college students and teachers who want to integrate more hands-on science activities into their lessons. INL also provides thousands of dollars worth of classroom grants to teachers seeking to upgrade their science equipment or lab infrastructure.^[31]

Internships

Interns and mentors at INL's summer intern career fair and poster session. Interns present the results of their research and projects and have the opportunity to network with professionals and other interns.

INL places a high priority on developing the next generation of scientists, engineers and researchers. The lab hires more than 200 interns each summer to work alongside laboratory employees. And INL is listed by Vault, the online job resource site,^[32] as one of the best places in the U.S. to get an internship^[33][34] Internships are offered to high school, undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate students in applicable fields including science, engineering, math, chemistry, business, communication and other fields.^[35][36]

Small Business Outreach

INL works extensively with small businesses in Idaho and across the nation. In addition to subcontracting more than $100 million worth of work from Idaho's small businesses,^[37] INL technologies are often licensed to new or existing companies for commercialization. In the past 10 years, INL has negotiated roughly 500 technology licenses. And INL technology has spawned more than 40 start-up companies since 1995.^[38]

Small businesses that contract with the lab can participate in a Department of Energy program designed to enhance their capabilities. INL has worked with a variety of small businesses in this mentoring capacity, including International Management Solutions and Portage Environmental.^[39][40]

Unique Facilities

Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) Complex

Main article: Advanced Test Reactor

INL’s Advanced Test Reactor is unique in many ways. First, as a research reactor, it is much smaller than the more common electricity-producing reactors most people are familiar with — the reactor vessel measures 12 feet (3.7 m) across and 36 feet (11 m) high, with the core a mere 4 feet (1.2 m) tall and 50 inches across, and it does not generate electricity.

Second, even among research reactors, the ATR stands out as special. It allows scientists to simultaneously test materials in multiple unique experimental environments. Research scientists can place experiments in one of the more than 70 test positions in the reactor. Each can generate unique experimental conditions.

Some have called the reactor a “virtual time machine,”^[41] for its ability to demonstrate the effects of several years of radiation on materials in a fraction of the time.^[42]

The ATR allows scientists to place a great variety of materials in an environment where the specimens can experience specified intensities of radiation, temperature and pressure. Specimens are then removed to examine how the time in the reactor affected the materials and how the materials could be improved. The U.S. Navy is the facility's primary user, but the ATR also produces medical isotopes that can help treat cancer patients and industrial isotopes that can be used for radiography to x-ray welds on items such as skyscrapers, bridges and ship holds.

Many ATR experiments focus on materials that could make the next generation of nuclear reactors even safer and longer lasting.^[43]

• 

  ATR building grounds in Idaho

• 

  The core of the ATR

Materials and Fuels Complex (MFC)

Hot Fuel Examination Facility

The Hot Fuel Examination Facility gives INL researchers and other scientists the ability to safely and effectively examine and test irradiated reactor fuel and other materials. Scientists refer to materials that have high levels of radiation as being “hot,” indicating that a researcher will need sufficient shielding to be able to safely handle them.

HFEF provides 15 state-of-the-art workstations known as hot cells. For windows, each cell has leaded glass panes layered 4 feet (1.2 m) thick and separated by thin layers of oil. Remote manipulators allow users to maneuver items inside the hot cell using robotic arms. And special filtered exhaust systems^[44] keep indoor and outdoor air safe. At these stations, scientists and technicians can better determine the performance of irradiated fuels and materials. Scientists can also characterize materials destined for long-term storage at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico.

Space and Security Power Systems Facility

A radioisotope thermoelectric generator unit

The New Horizons mission to Pluto, which launched in 2006, is powered by a device assembled at this INL facility. The Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) uses nonweapons-grade plutonium to produce heat and electricity for deep space missions such as this one.

Using the RTG on the New Horizons mission is a more practical power source for the satellite than solar panels because the satellite will travel to such a great distance that energy from the sun would provide insufficient power for the craft.^[45] Work on the project started in late 2004 and ended with the January 2006 successful rocket launch. The team implemented the fueling, testing and delivery of the RTG for the Pluto New Horizons mission and for the next Mars rover.^[46]

Fuel Conditioning Facility

INL's Fuel Conditioning Facility uses electrolysis to separate certain components from used nuclear fuel rods. Unlike traditional aqueous reprocessing techniques, which dissolve the fuel rods in acid, "pyroprocessing" melts the rods and uses electricity to separate components such as uranium and sodium out of the mix. INL is using this technique to remove the sodium metal from EBR-II fuel rods so they can be safely stored in a national repository.^[47]

Critical Infrastructure Test Range Complex (CITRC)

The Critical Infrastructure Test Range at INL's 890-square-mile (2,300 km²) Site allows researchers to conduct resiliency exercises and experiments from conceptual design to full-scale demonstration. INL also has access to a utility-scale power grid, substations, unique real-time modeling and simulation systems, and vendor-supplied Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems for demonstration and deployment exercises.^[48] In addition, INL owns and operates an unmatched communications network designed to research and test cellular, mobile and emerging Internet communication protocols and technology. INL's wireless engineers operate both fixed and mobile 3-G platforms that allow testing and demonstration within a range of experimental frequencies in a low-background environment.

Research & Education Campus in Idaho Falls

Center for Advanced Energy Studies (CAES)

The CAES building near Idaho Falls.

This unique partnership between INL and Idaho's three public research universities — Idaho State University, University of Idaho and Boise State University — boasts a wealth of research expertise. Its researchers, who have access to each partner institution’s equipment and infrastructure, have competed for and won millions of dollars in national funding for their projects. CAES possesses capabilities and infrastructure unique to the region and nation. The center’s laboratories are equipped with state-of-the-art research instruments and tools, including a Local Electrode Atom Probe (LEAP) and a Computer Assisted Virtual Environment (CAVE).

Matched Index of Refraction (MIR) facility

The Matched Index of Refraction facility is the largest such facility in the world. Using light mineral oil similar to baby oil, the facility allows researchers to use fused quartz models built to scale to study the flow of liquids inside and around objects with complicated geometries, such as the core of a nuclear reactor. The facility is basically a giant loop through which the mostly transparent oil is pumped at variable speeds. Special lasers perform “Doppler velocimetry,” that produces a 3-D image allowing inspection of an object’s flow properties. Observers can also watch the flow themselves through the polycarbonate viewing panes near the laser equipment.^[49] YouTube video

Geocentrifuge

Scientists wanting to know what might happen 10 years in the future with a contaminated fluid contained in a certain type of material may turn to the INL Geocentrifuge. INL’s geocentrifuge helps researchers, among other efforts, improve models of how liquids and contaminants move through engineered caps and barriers used in underground waste disposal facilities.^[50]

The INL centrifuge is one of fewer than 25 geocentrifuges larger than two meters (about 6 feet) in the United States.^[50] The centrifuge, located next to the INL Research Center in Idaho Falls, can be operated remotely by computer and is capable of applying 130 times the force of earth’s gravity on a sample.^[51]

Many of the experiments that use the geocentrifuge require it to run for hundreds of hours in order to correctly simulate several years’ worth of gravitational effects. The payload is monitored by an onboard computer and can be relayed to a remote monitoring station outside the centrifuge’s chamber where technicians can observe developments.^[51]

History

Much of what the world knows today about how nuclear reactors behave and misbehave was discovered at what is now Idaho National Laboratory. John Grossenbacher, current INL director, said,^[52] "The history of nuclear energy for peaceful application has principally been written in Idaho."
More than 50 reactors have been built at what is commonly called “the Site,” including the ones that gave the world its first usable amount of electricity produced from nuclear power and the power plant for the world’s first nuclear submarine. Although many are now decommissioned, these facilities represent the largest concentration of reactors in the world.^[53]

• 

  Experimental Breeder Reactor Number 1 in Idaho, the first reactor to provide electricity for public use.

• 

  Timeline of INL events.

• 

  timeline continued.

• 

  timeline continued.

Naval Proving Ground

Prototype of core for USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

What is now Idaho National Laboratory in southeastern Idaho began its life as a U.S. government artillery test range in the 1940s. Shortly after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the U.S. military needed a safe location for performing maintenance on the Navy’s most powerful turreted guns (16-inch diameter). The guns were brought in via rail to near Pocatello, Idaho, to be re-sleeved, rifled and tested.^[54]

In 1949, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission established the National Reactor Testing Station or NRTS at the site.

As the Navy began to focus on post-World War II threats, the types of projects worked on in the Idaho desert changed, too. Perhaps the most well-known was the building of the prototype reactor for the world’s first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, ordered by Adm. Hyman Rickover.

Said Admiral Rickover, “The nation that first develops nuclear engines will rule the oceans of the world; our enemies are working on such engines; we must be first.” ^[55]

Experimental Breeder Reactor-I (EBR-I)

Main article: EBR-I

The first four bulbs lit by electricity from nuclear power hung near the generator on the second floor of EBR-I

In the early afternoon of Dec. 20, 1951, scientist Walter Zinn and a small crew of assistants witnessed a row of four light bulbs light up in a nondescript brick building in the eastern Idaho desert. Electricity from a generator connected to Experimental Breeder Reactor-I (EBR-I) flowed through them. This was the first time that a usable amount of electrical power had ever been generated from nuclear fission.

Only days afterward, the reactor produced all the electricity needed for the entire EBR complex.^[56] One ton of natural uranium can produce more than 40 million kilowatt-hours of electricity — this is equivalent to burning 16,000 tons of coal or 80,000 barrels of oil.^[57]

More central to EBR-I’s purpose than just generating electricity, however, was its role in proving that a reactor could create more nuclear fuel as a byproduct than it consumed during operation. In 1953, tests verified that this was the case.^[58] The site of this event is memorialized as a Registered National Historic Landmark, open to the public every day Memorial Day through Labor Day.

Fatal accident

Main article: SL-1

The SL-1 reactor vessel being removed from the reactor building. It had jumped over 9 feet (2.7 m) during the accident.

On January 3, 1961, the only fatal nuclear reactor accident in the U.S. occurred at the NRTS. An experimental reactor called SL-1 (Stationary Low-Power Plant Number 1) was destroyed when a control rod was pulled too far out of the reactor, leading to core meltdown and a steam explosion. The reactor vessel jumped up 9 feet 1 inch (2.77 m).^[59] The concussion and blast killed all three military enlisted personnel working on the reactor. Due to the extensive radioactive isotope contamination, all three had to be buried in lead coffins. The events are the subject of two books, one published in 2003, Idaho Falls: The untold story of America's first nuclear accident,^[60] and another, Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History, published in 2009.^[59]

Incidents: container leaks "pltonium-related-materials"

On 8 November 2011 in the afternoon a container leaked "plutonium-related" materials, when it accidentally opened. All 17 workers at the incident were immediately taken to a hospital. Six of them proofed to be exposed to "low-level-radiation". All workers were kept under close observation afterwards. The Idaho National Laboratory insisted, that no radiation did leak outside the facility. Investigations were done, how and why the container could open itself. ^[61]

Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II)

Main article: EBR-II

From 1969 to 1994, EBR-II produced nearly half of the electricity needed for test site operations.^[62]

In 1964, Experimental Breeder Reactor II and the nearby Fuel Conditioning Facility proved the concept of fuel recycling and passive safety characteristics. So-called “passive” safety includes systems that rely on natural physics laws such as gravity rather than systems that require mechanical or human intervention.

In a landmark test on April 3, 1986, such systems in EBR-II demonstrated that nuclear power plants could be designed to be inherently safe from severe accidents ^[63]

Loss of Fluid Test (LOFT) facility

The world’s first Loss-of-Fluid-Test reactor started up at INL on March 12, 1976. The facility repeatedly simulated loss-of-coolant accidents that could potentially occur in commercial nuclear power plants. Many safety designs for reactors around the world are based on these tests. LOFT experiments helped accident recovery efforts after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.^[64][65]

Test Area North

In 1949, an area of the fringe of the NRTS property named "Test Area North", or TAN, was developed by the U.S. Air Force and the Atomic Energy Commission to support the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program's attempt to develop a nuclear-powered aircraft. The programs' Heat Transfer Reactor Experiments (HTRE) were conducted here in 1955 by contractor General Electric, and were a series of tests to develop a system of transferring reactor-heated air to a modified General Electric J47 jet engine. The planned aircraft, the Convair X-6, was to be test flown at TAN, and a large hangar with radiation shielding was built on the site. The program was cancelled, however, before the accompanying 15,000-foot (4,600 m) runway was built.^[66]

Naval Reactors Facility (NRF)

Main article: Naval Reactors Facility

In the early 1950s, the very first full-scale prototype nuclear plant for shipboard use, called S1W Prototype, was constructed to test the feasibility of using nuclear power aboard submarines. The prototype plant was the predecessor to a similar nuclear plant of S2W design which was installed in the first nuclear-powered ship, the submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571). Later, two more prototype plant facilities were built at this location called the Naval Reactors Facility (NRF for short). There is also an Expended Core Facility (ECF for short) also at NRF as well as administrative buildings/facilities. NRF's chemistry lab was located at the S1W prototype. By now, the prototype plants for shipboard use development have been shut down. Only the Expended Core Facility / Dry Storage Area is in use.

Materials Test Reactor (MTR)

When the nuclear industry was just getting started in the early 1950s, it was difficult to predict exactly how different kinds of metals and other materials would be affected by being used in a reactor for prolonged periods of time. MTR was a research reactor that operated until 1970 and provided important data, helping researchers make nuclear power reactors safer and longer lasting.^[67]

BORAX Experiments

Main article: BORAX

The BORAX III reactor.

The Boiling Water Reactors (BORAX) experiments were five reactors built between 1953 and 1964. They proved that the boiling water concept was a feasible design for an electricity-producing nuclear reactor. One of the BORAX reactors (III) was also the first in the world to power a city (Arco, Idaho) on July 17, 1955.^[68][69]Video from 1950s of Arco's lighting

Other sites

• The Idaho Chemical Processing Plant chemically processed material from used reactor cores to recover reusable nuclear material. It is now called the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center.

• The Materials Test Area tested materials' exposure to reactor conditions.

• The Materials Test Area is the Advanced Test Reactor Complex.^[70]

• Central Facilities Area where whole body counts for radioactivity are done for INL employess.

• Idaho National Laboratory’s Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (AVTA) about plug-in hybrids (PHEVs).

In the news

The New York Times reported in 2005 that a reactor at INL would be used to manufacture plutonium-238, most of it for classified national security purposes.^[71] This isotope is known for its intense alpha decay, which is useful in making extremely long-lived power sources such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG)s for deep space probes and heart pacemaker batteries. INL has 52 reactors, three of which are reportedly still operating (see list of nuclear reactors). The Idaho State Journal reported that the batteries would be used for a voyage to Jupiter's moons and the New Horizons trip to Pluto.^[72]

See also

• SAPHIRE Probabilistic Risk Assessment software
• The SL-1 was part of the Army Nuclear Power Program
• nuclear reactor
• list of nuclear reactors – the NRTS reactors are listed here
• List of Superfund sites in Idaho
• Advanced Test Reactor
• LOFT (LOCA) – Loss of Fluid Tests, conducted at INL
• Light water reactor sustainability - Research program based at INL with goal of extending power-plant life
• Stored Waste Examination Pilot Plant
• Multiphysics Methods Group

References

1. ^ INL History
2. ^ .:Post Register - Idaho Falls, ID:. article on INL
3. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1269&mode=2&featurestory=DA_528176
4. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/nuclear_energy/277/next_generation_of_reactors_home/1361
5. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/nuclear_energy/277/afci_home_page/1358
6. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=442&mode=2&
7. ^ http://atrnsuf.inl.gov/Home/tabid/118/Default.aspx
8. ^ http://nuclear.energy.gov/universityPrograms/neUniversity2a.html
9. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/national_and_homeland_security/273/critical_infrastructure_protection/1275
10. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/document/53858/cyber_security_4_pdf_%283%29
11. ^ Broad, William J.; Markoff, John; Sanger, David E. (January 15, 2011). "Stuxnet Worm Used Against Iran Was Tested in Israel". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html?_r=1&hp=&pagewanted=print. 
12. ^ Carr, Jeffrey. Forbes. http://blogs.forbes.com/jeffreycarr/2011/01/20/idaho-national-lab-homeland-security-or-homeland-conspiracy/?boxes=Homepagechannels. 
13. ^ http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/04/stuxnet-201104
14. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/national_and_homeland_security/273/nuclear_nonproliferation
15. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1269&mode=2&featurestory=DA_163364
16. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1269&mode=2&featurestory=DA_152722
17. ^ http://avt.inl.gov/ and http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/avta/
18. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1269&mode=2&featurestory=DA_539052
19. ^ http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=6894
20. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=421&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=24&mode=2&in_hi_userid=291&cached=true
21. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=455&PageID=6130&cached=true&mode=2&userID=3338
22. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=455&PageID=6128&cached=true&mode=2&userID=3338
23. ^ ^{a b} https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/idaho_national_laboratory_biological_systems/352/fact_sheets
24. ^ http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695222074,00.html
25. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1269&mode=2&featurestory=DA_546962
26. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1269&mode=2&featurestory=DA_134309
27. ^ www.thortt.com/docs/IWTU%20Project%20Datasheet.pdf
28. ^ www.srs.gov/general/srnl/techex_2010/pdfs/S09-01.pdf
29. ^ https://idahocleanupproject.com/
30. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/about_inl/259
31. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/k-12_programs/307 -and- https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1555&mode=2&featurestory=DA_549579
32. ^ http://www.vault.com/wps/portal/usa/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzQ0u_YHMPIwN_EwNDA09nJ3Mjz7BgAxNDE_1I_Shz3PLm-iH6EQYm8cFZFgXlVcUWJcG-lUWWrmW-ISnhAX4unuXFKSEBKWFBoU6OzhXxiVmu-gXZiY4AMhgkug!!/
33. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1555&mode=2&featurestory=DA_329017
34. ^ http://www.facebook.com/#!/IdahoNationalLaboratory?v=app_4949752878&ref=ts
35. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/internships/304/internships
36. ^ http://inlrecruiting.inel.gov/psp/hrdex89/EMPLOYEE/HRMS/c/HRS_HRAM.HRS_CE.GBL?FolderPath=PORTAL_ROOT_OBJECT.HC_HRS_CE_GBL2&IsFolder=false&IgnoreParamTempl=FolderPath%2cIsFolder
37. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/small_business_program/330/small_business_program
38. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/technology_transfer/269
39. ^ http://www.portageinc.com/capabilities/projects/inlddsupport.aspx
40. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/small_business_program/330/mentor%E2%80%93prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9_program/1528
41. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1555&mode=2&featurestory=DA_110120
42. ^ http://www.kidk.com/news/local/101526323.html
43. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1555&mode=2&featurestory=DA_330512
44. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/hfef/597/hot_fuels_examination_facility/7056
45. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/space___security_power_systems_facility/302/space___security_power_systems_facility/1488
46. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1269&mode=2&featurestory=DA_156386
47. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing#Pyroprocessing
48. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/document/53942/scada_test_bed_4_pdf_%283%29
49. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/mir_home/624/mir_home/7326
50. ^ ^{a b} https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/geocentrifuge/598/geocentrifuge_about/5803
51. ^ ^{a b} https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/geocentrifuge/598/geocentrifuge_main/5802
52. ^ http://ifcityclub.com/archives.html
53. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=1311&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=46&mode=2&in_hi_userid=200&cached=true
54. ^ http://www.inl.gov/proving-the-principle/chapter_02.pdf
55. ^ to http://www.inl.gov/proving-the-principle/chapter_06.pdf_
56. ^ http://www.inl.gov/proving-the-principle/chapter_08.pdf
57. ^ http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/guide/facts/
58. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/document/43081/ebr1_4_pdf_%282%29
59. ^ ^{a b} Tucker, Todd (2009). Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1416544333. 
60. ^ McKeown, William (2003). Idaho Falls: The Untold Story of America's First Nuclear Accident. Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1550225624. 
61. ^ NHK-world (9 November 2011) Workers exposed to radiation at Idaho lab
62. ^ http://www.dd.anl.gov/projects/ebrII.html
63. ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235756%231987%23998989998%23394645%23FLP%23&_cdi=5756&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000059095&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=3213484&md5=d62210ac95b41317bc0981ca5f2cd282
64. ^ http://users.owt.com/smsrpm/nksafe/seventies.html
65. ^ https://idahocleanupproject.com/Progress/TAN/tabid/131/Default.aspx
66. ^ Abandoned and Little Known Airfields, Test Area North, Monteview, ID
67. ^ http://www.deq.state.id.us/inl_oversight/about/facilities/mtr.cfm
68. ^ http://www.deq.state.id.us/inl_oversight/about/facilities/borax.cfm
69. ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/document/53927/nuclear_power_pioneers_4_pdf_%283%29
70. ^ INL Map-Driving Directions
71. ^ William J. Broad (2005-06-27). "U.S. Has Plans to Again Make Own Plutonium". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/27/politics/27nuke.html. 
72. ^ Friederich, Steven. "Argonne Lab is developing battery for NASA missions". Idaho State Journal. http://www.journalnet.com/articles/2003/12/16/news/local/news02.txt. Retrieved 2007-04-13. 

External links

• Idaho National Laboratory
• Idaho National Laboratory Research Fact Sheets
• Idaho National Laboratory Publications
• Idaho National Laboratory Video Gallery
• Idaho Cleanup Project
• Battelle Web site
• Atomic Heritage Foundation
• U.S. Geological Survey INL Project Office
• Annotated bibliography for the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues