Tanker 910

Tanker 910
Type	Douglas DC-10-10
Construction number	46942
Registration	N450AX
First flight	June 18, 1974
Owners and operators	10 Tanker Air Carrier
Fate	Operational

Tanker 910 is the call-sign of a wide-body jet air tanker currently in fire service. The aircraft, operated by 10 Tanker Air Carrier, is a converted McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft used for fighting wildfires, typically in rural areas. The turbofan-powered former airliner carries up to 12,000 US gallons (45,000 litres) of water or fire retardant in an exterior belly-mounted tank, the contents of which can be released in eight seconds.

Development

The aircraft, currently registered as N450AX, was originally delivered as a civil passenger plane to National Airlines in 1975, and subsequently flew for Pan Am, American Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines and Omni Air International.^[1]

The conversion of the original airframe to a fire-fighting aircraft was a joint venture under the name of 10 Tanker Air Carrier between Cargo Conversions of San Carlos, California and Omni, with conversion work being performed by Victorville Aerospace at the Southern California Logistics Airport at Victorville, California.

Design

The water or retardant is carried in three center-line belly tanks. The tanks have internal baffles to prevent fluid shift (and consequent shift in center of gravity) while in flight, and sit with a 15-inch (38 cm) ground clearance. All three tanks can be filled simultaneously on the ground in eight minutes. The retardant is gravity-fed out of the tanks, and the entire load can be dumped in eight seconds, although the actual drop rate is computer controlled by the flight crew in order to produce the desired retardant spread over the fire lines.^[2] The aircraft is capable of applying a line of retardant 300 ft (91 m) wide by 1 mile (1.6 km) long.^[3]

Inside view of Tanker 910's cockpit

The number of drops it can make in a day is only limited by the time it takes to reload the aircraft with water/fire retardant and fuel, as well as its need for a proper landing field, which may well be a considerable distance from the fire. Because of the aircraft's limited maneuverability, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) officials have said that it will not be used on all fires, and will not be used as an initial attack aircraft.^[4] One drop from Tanker 910 is equivalent to 12 drops from a Grumman S-2 Tracker.^[5] Initially, the aircraft is intended to be operated primarily in California, and the entire state will be serviced from the plane's Victorville base, but in 2007 CDF began looking into setting up a second operations base at the former Mather Air Force Base near Sacramento, California.^[4] 10 Tanker Air Carrier announced in 2007 that a second aircraft would be converted to tanker usage for the 2008 fire season.^[4]

In 2009, Tanker 910 faced competition from the newly-introduced Evergreen 747 Supertanker, a Boeing 747 which has been converted to tanker use by Evergreen International Aviation and which is able to carry up to 20,500 U.S. gallons (78,000 litres).^[4][6]

Fire usage

Contracting

In 2006 the aircraft was operated on a limited evaluation contract from the State of California. During the 2006 season, the aircraft was offered on a "call-when-needed" basis, which came with a $26,500 per-flight-hour (three hour minimum) cost and a 12- to 24-hour activation delay.^[2] Under these terms, Tanker 910 flew on six fires in California and one in Washington.^[4]

Tanker 910 during a drop demonstration

For the 2007–2009 fire seasons, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger authorized a contract for exclusive use of the aircraft at a cost of $5 million per year, or an average of about $41,000 per day for the June 15 to October 15 fire season; there is an additional $5,500 per-flight-hour charge.^[2] The exclusivity of the contract allows the aircraft always to be ready for dispatch, and it will be able to launch to a fire within one hour of being called.^[4][7]

As of 2007 the aircraft had not been certified by the U.S. Forest Service, so it was not permitted to fly on fires on USFS land in California; however, the aircraft has been used in the 2009 Station Fire, so it is believed that such concerns have been addressed.^[8]

2006 call-when-needed use

Tanker 910 was first used in July 2006 when it fought the Sawtooth Complex fire in San Bernardino County, California. While the fire was burning, Tanker 910 initially sat on the ground at Victorville, as it had not received CAL FIRE approval to operate. The mayor of Victorville, Mike Rothschild, became concerned and investigated why it was not flying, finding that the approval process was expected to take up to six months to complete. After a call to California State Senator George Runner, CAL FIRE was able to complete the necessary training and paperwork in a matter of days, with the California certification being granted on July 15, 2006.^[9] The following day, July 16, the aircraft made two drops on the Sawtooth fire, and CAL FIRE personnel were reported to have said that "the two fire drops made a greater impact on containing the fire than the 12 helicopters drops for the past 10 days."^[9]

Later in the same month, the aircraft was used against several smaller California fires, as well as the Columbia Complex Fire in Washington. In September 2006, Tanker 910 was activated by CAL FIRE for use against the Day Fire,^[10] and the following month it flew against the Esperanza Fire.^[2]

2007 contract use

Under the terms of the exclusive-use contract, Tanker 910 was activated against the White Fire where it flew two runs before incurring its incident. After repairs were completed, it was activated for use on the massive Zaca Fire, the second-largest fire in modern California history, in August 2007.^[3] Tanker 910 was also activated for the Moonlight Fire in Plumas County, as of September 6, 2007. On October 22 Tanker 910 became involved in the effort to put out California wildfires, including the Slide Fire and the Grass Fire near Lake Arrowhead, California. The next activation came on November 24, 2007 when the tanker joined the effort to fight the Corral Fire above Malibu, CA.

2008 fires

In June, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger activated Tanker 910 in response to the state of emergency regarding the Humboldt Fire in Butte County, California, in order to combat the 20,000+ acre fire in adverse conditions on rough terrain. It flew sorties out of a former Air Force base, now called McClellan Airfield, in Sacramento County. It made 14 drops, totaling 168,000 gallons of retardant, to quell the raging blaze, Hill said. The aircraft also participated in the defense of Big Sur at the end of June and into July.^[11][12]

2009 fires

The aircraft was used during the Station Fire in La Cañada and Acton, California in August 2009.

2011 fires

In April 2011,^[13] and again in September,^[14] the aircraft was deployed to Texas to assist in fighting an outbreak of wildfires. Tanker 910 was expected to assist firefighters in tackling the Bastrop County Complex fire, the most destructive single wildfire in Texan history,^[15] but it was not deployed due to delays in preparing the fire-retardant mixing facility at Austin-Bergstrom International Airport.^[16]

Tanker 910 was ultimately used to fight a prioritised fire north of Houston, as the Bastrop County Complex fire had been largely contained by September 16.^[17] As of September 18, the aircraft is still at Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, conducting fire-fighting operations across the state.

Additions to widebody air tanker fleet

The aircraft's owner, 10 Tanker Air Carrier, added a second DC-10 to its fleet in July 2008, to be used on an on-call basis. On December 19, 2009, the aircraft arrived in Melbourne, Australia for the Australian fire season. Leased by the National Aerial Firefighting Centre on behalf of the Victoria state government, the DC-10 became operational in Australia in early January 2010, based at Avalon. The Premier of Victoria at the time, John Brumby, described the leasing of the tanker as being part of a record financing program to make sure the state was as fire-ready as possible.^[11]

2007 incident

Tanker 910 experienced its first serious incident on June 25, 2007. While on its third run over the White Fire in the Kern County mountains near Tehachapi, California, the aircraft was in a left bank while turning from base to final approach. It encountered severe turbulence, the left wing dropped, and the aircraft descended 100 to 200 feet lower than expected.^[7][18] The left wing struck several trees before pilots were able to power out of the descent. The aircraft climbed to altitude for a controllability check and to dump its load of retardant, then returned to its base in Victorville, where it made an emergency landing and was grounded pending an investigation, inspection, and repairs.^[7][8][18]

A post-incident investigation revealed that the aircraft had suffered damage to the left wing's leading edge slats, ailerons and flaps.^[19] Despite the accident, CAL FIRE stated that they were happy with the aircraft.^[20] The aircraft returned to the sky for a test flight after repairs on July 30, 2007.^[19][20]

See also

• Aerial firefighting
• Wildland fire suppression
• Evergreen 747 Supertanker

References

1. ^ "Census data from". Jetphotos.net. http://www.jetphotos.net/census/aircraft2.php?msnid=DC-10-46942. Retrieved September 11, 2011. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "DC-10 Airtanker – Tanker 910 Fact Sheet" (PDF). CAL FIRE web site. http://www.fire.ca.gov/newsreleases_content/downloads/2006archive/Tanker910factsheet.pdf. Retrieved August 22, 2007. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Daniel, Stacy; Tina Leonard (August 12, 2007). "Critical turn in the Zaca Fire: DC-10 Airtanker flies over and Evacuation Order downgraded". KSBY-TV—San Luis Obispo, CA. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20247741/. Retrieved August 22, 2007. ^{[dead link]}
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Supertanker ready for summer of fighting California's fires". The Press Enterprise. June 14, 2007. http://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_D_airtanker14.3ed4e7a.html. Retrieved July 8, 2009. 
5. ^ ""DC-10 drops retardant in a first for firefighting" ''Gizmag'', accessed August 10, 2007". Gizmag.com. June 19, 2006. http://www.gizmag.com/go/5891/. Retrieved September 11, 2011. 
6. ^ "Evergreen Supertanker FAQ". Evergreen Aviation. http://www.evergreenaviation.com/supertanker/faq.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} Curtis, Bill, "Firefighting jet grounded after grazing trees in Kern County", Fresno Bee June 26, 2007, accessed same date^{[dead link]}
8. ^ ^{a b} By: MARCUS WOHLSEN – Associated Press (June 27, 2007). "Marcus Wohlsen, "Grounded firefighting jet raised doubts among USFS officials", ''North County Times'', June 26, 2007, accessed August 8, 2007". Nctimes.com. http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2007/06/27/news/state/15_38_456_26_07.txt. Retrieved September 11, 2011. 
9. ^ ^{a b} City of Victorville news release, "Mayor Rothschild Intervenes in the Sawtooth Fire, Use of DC-10 Tanker Helps Contain the Fire", accessed August 6, 2007
10. ^ CAL FIRE News Release, September 24, 2006, accessed August 17, 2007
11. ^ ^{a b} Tanker fleet to add 2nd DC-10 Wesley G. Hughes, Staff Writer, Inland Valley Daily Bulletin, Inland Valley, CA. June 22, 2008.
12. ^ Humboldt Fire – Paradise, CA forum thread, City-Data.com Forum > U.S. Forums > California, June 13, 2008.
13. ^ "Federal Air Resources Helping Battle Texas Wildfires". Kbtx.com. April 18, 2011. http://www.kbtx.com/home/headlines/Federal_Air_Resources_Helping_Battle_Texas_Wildfires_120079489.html. Retrieved September 11, 2011. 
14. ^ "DC-10 to drop retardant starting Friday". KXAN.com. http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/local/dc-10-to-drop-retardant-starting-friday. Retrieved September 11, 2011. 
15. ^ Texas fire destroys 1,554 homes, 17 people missing (Associated Press, September 11, 2011)
16. ^ Fleet of firefighting aircraft to be stationed in Austin, (Austin American Statesman,September 12, 2011)
17. ^ http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/local/fire-80-percent-contained-in-bastrop KXAN.com. Retrieved 16 September, 2011.
18. ^ ^{a b} NTSB preliminary report^{[dead link]}
19. ^ ^{a b} Posted: 7:47 am PDT August 6, 2007 (August 6, 2007). ""Too Close A Call For Fire-Fighting DC-10?", KTVU-TV, August 6, 2007, accessed August 10, 2007". Ktvu.com. http://www.ktvu.com/news/13829435/detail.html. Retrieved September 11, 2011. 
20. ^ ^{a b} O'Driscoll, Patrick (July 18, 2007). "Patrick O'Driscoll, "Use of jets to fight fires up in air", ''USA Today'', July 17, 2007". Usatoday.com. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-07-17-tanker_N.htm. Retrieved September 11, 2011. 

External links

• 10 Tanker Air Carrier page
• "California Procures Air Supertanker to Fight Fires", Morning Edition, NPR, July 5, 2007, accessed August 10, 2007
• Airsider.net, with detailed technical photos and drop sequence photos from the 2005 Paris Airshow
• Analysis of DC-10's fire use (see items #5 & #6, out of sequence)
• In-flight videos from CAL FIRE's official web site
• DC-10 Evaluation in Australia