California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection

InfoboxFireDepartment
name = California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CALFIRE)

motto =
established = 1905
staffing = Career
strength = 3,800 permanent
1,400 seasonal
4,300 inmates
8,200 volunteers [http://www.fire.ca.gov/about/about_careers.php CAL FIRE - Careers ]
stations = 228 owned/operated
575 operated
engines = 336 owned/operated
759 operated
trucks = 38
squads =
rescues = 215
bulldozers = 58
airplanes = 23 airtankers
13 tactical planes
helicopters = 11 helicopters
fireboats =
EMSunits = 63 paramedic units
FirstResponderBLSorALS = ALS
chief = Ruben Grijalva
commissioner = The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) or CAL FIRE is the State of California's agency responsible for the administration of the state's private and public forests. It is often referred to as The California Department of Forestry, which was the name of the department before the 1990s. In the 1970s and before, it was known as the California Division of Forestry. They also provide firefighting capability to prevent and extinguish wildfires in the state's forests. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection is also the largest full service all risk fire department in the Western United States and operates more fire stations year round than do the New York (FDNY), Los Angeles (LAFD), and Chicago (CFD) fire departments combined.

CDF is a department of the California Resources Agency, a state cabinet-level department that also comprises the California Department of Parks and Recreation, California Department of Fish and Game, and the California Department of Water Resources. The Department or Forestry works with employees of California Conservation Corps for firefighting and vegetation management. CDF uses inmate labor of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation to assist with fire suppression and logistics. Programs to control wood boring insects and diseases of trees are under forestry programs managed by CDF. The vehicle fleet is managed from an office in Davis, California. ["State of California 1998 Telephone Directory", (Sacramento, California: State of California, Department of General Services, 1998).] The Department's Director is Ruben Grijalva, who previously served as State Fire Marshal and as Fire Chief of the City of Palo Alto. [Fraser, Debbie, "CDF Training and Academy Course Catalog, March 2006," (Ione, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2006).]

CDF operations can be viewed as fitting into two categories: "Schedule A" and Schedule "B". Schedule B is defined as Resources Agency/CDF-funded, it is the Wildland side of CAL FIRE (CDF). Schedule "A" activities include county fire departments run by CDF under contracts with county governments. From north to south, Butte, Tuolumne, Merced, San Luis Obispo, and Riverside counties are examples of county fire departments operated by CDF under contract. Another commonly-heard CDF term is "SRA" which refers to "State Responsibility Area:" lands or area for which CDF has the primary responsibility to manage the public safety during a fire incident.

Starting on January 24, 2007, CDF has changed its "informal" name to CAL FIRE. The purpose is to bring CDF's name in line with other state agencies such as Cal Trans and Cal Boating

Firefighters employed by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection are represented by CDF Firefighters [ [http://www.cdffirefighters.org/ Cdf Firefighters ] ] , which represents 4,000 members within CDF Firefighters and is also associated with the California Professional Firefighters (CPF) [ [http://www.cpf.org/ CPF - Home ] ] and the International Association of Firefighters (IAFF) [ [http://www.iaff.org/ Welcome to IAFFonline! ] ] .

Mission

Wildland Firefighting The CDF website states: "The Department of Forestry and Fire Protection protects the people of California from fires, responds to emergencies, and protects and enhances forest, range, and watershed values providing social, economic, and environmental benefits to rural and urban citizens."

Organizational structure

The most visible part of CDF operations is fire suppression. Operations are divided into 21 Operational Units, which geographically follow county lines. Each unit consists of the area of one to three counties. Operational Units are grouped under two regions: Coast-Cascade and Sierra-South. ["State of California 1998 Telephone Directory", (Sacramento, California: State of California, Department of General Services, 1998).]

The Office of the State Fire Marshal is part of CDF and oversees activities including fire prevention, regulation of fire safety, and pipeline safety. ["State of California 1998 Telephone Directory", (Sacramento, California: State of California, Department of General Services, 1998).] All gas cans sold in California, for example, must be approved by the Office of the State Fire Marshal and marked with the Office's seal.

CDF owns and operates its own fleet of air tankers, air tactical aircraft and helicopters, which are managed under the Aviation Management Program. Additional aviation resources are leased by the program.

A statewide CDF training academy is operated at Ione, east of Sacramento. The facility is contiguous to Mule Creek State Prison. [Fraser, Debbie, "CDF Training and Academy Course Catalog, March 2006," (Ione, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2006).] ["State of California 1998 Telephone Directory", (Sacramento, California: State of California, Department of General Services, 1998).]

The Operational Unit

Operational Units are organizations designed to address fire suppression over a geographic area. They vary widely in size and terrain.

For example, Lassen-Modoc Operational Unit encompasses two rural counties and consists of eight fire stations and 13 pieces of equipment. The unit shares an interagency emergency command center with federal agencies including the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. An interagency center contributes to economies of scale, supports cooperation, and lends itself to a more seamless operation. The area has fragmented jurisdictions across a large rural area along the Nevada and Oregon state lines. [Henson, C., "Lassen-Modoc Unit 2005 Fire Management Plan," (Susanville, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2005).]

Riverside Operational Unit, by itself is one of the largest fire departments in the nation, with 95 fire stations and about 230 pieces of equipment. The Riverside Operational Unit operates the Riverside County Fire Department under contract as well operate sixteen city fire departments and one community services district fire department. Nine of these stations belong to the state, with rest owned by the respective local government enity. The unit operates its own emergency command center in Perris. Terrain served includes urban and suburban areas of the Inland Empire and communities in the metropolitan Palm Springs area. The area includes forested mountains, the Colorado River basin, the Mojave Desert and Interstate 10. [Gilbert, M., "Riverside Unit 2005 Fire Management Plan," Perris, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2005).]

Northern Region-

*Mendocino Unit
*San Mateo-Santa Cruz Unit
*Santa Clara Unit (Including Contra Costa, Alameda, & parts of San Joaquin, & Stanislaus Counties)
*Sonoma-Lake-Napa Unit (Including Colusa, Yolo and Solano Counties)
*Humboldt-Del Norte Unit
*Nevada-Yuba-Placer Unit (Including Sutter & Sierra Counties)
*Lassen-Modoc Unit (Including Plumas County as of June 2008)
*Amador-El Dorado Unit (Including Sacramento & Alpine Counties)
*Shasta-Trinity Unit
*Siskiyou Unit
*Tehama-Glenn Unit
*Butte Unit

Southern Region-

*San Luis Obispo Unit
*San Diego Unit (Including Imperial County)
*San Bernardino Unit (Including Inyo County)
*Riverside Unit
*Fresno-Kings Unit
*Madera-Mariposa-Merced Unit
*San Benito-Monterey Unit
*Tulare Unit
*Tuolumne-Calaveras Unit

The counties of Marin, Kern, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles and Orange are paid by Cal Fire to provide fire protection to state responsibility areas within those counties rather than Cal Fire providing direct fire protection, and are commonly known as the "Contract Counties".

Lawmakers in Sacramento have mandated that every Operational Unit develop and implement an annual fire management plan. The plan will develop cooperation and community programs to reduce damage from, and costs of, fires in California. [California Public Resources Code, Sec. 4130. ] One metric used by fire suppression units is "initial attack success: "fires stopped by the initial resources, (equipment and people,) sent to the incident. [Gilbert, M., "Riverside Unit 2005 Fire Management Plan," Perris, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2005); California Public Resources Code, Sec. 4130. ]

Apparatus

CAL FIRE uses various apparatus to accomplish their daily responses. Engines fall under two categories, either being state owned -- mostly wildland, or city/county owned, which CAL FIRE operates under contract.

For the wildland portion, most engines are manufactured with West-mark or Westates bodies on an International chassis. Commonly seen models of wildland engines include the Model 5, 9, 14, and 15. CDF Models 24 and 25 were test-bed models, with only a few of each model fielded. The newest versions of these engines are CDF model 34 (4WD) and 35 (2WD), manufactured by Rosenbauer and Placer Fire Equipment. Model 34/35's are currently being fielded statewide. Fact sheets on all of CAL FIRE's current-service Type 3 (wildland) engine models can be found on the CAL FIRE web site under Mobile Equipment.

Most type I and II engines that are operated under contract are Westates bodies on HME(formerly Hendrickson) 1871 Series chassis, the same configuration used by the California Office of Emergency Services (OES) engines that are distributed throughout the state.

CAL FIRE has contracted with 10 Tanker Air Carrier for three years' of exclusive use of their DC-10 "super tanker" known as Tanker 910, at a cost of $5 million per year. [http://www.pe.com/digitalextra/metro/wildfires/stories/PE_News_Local_D_airtanker14.3ed4e7a.html "Supertanker ready for summer of fighting California's fires", "Inland Wildfires", June 14 2007, accessed August 6 2007] ]

Technologies

CDF uses several enterprise IT systems to manage operations. Altaris CAD, a computer-assisted dispatch system made by Northrop Grumman, is employed by each unit's Emergency Command Center (ECC) to track available resources and assignments. [Fraser, Debbie, "CDF Training and Academy Course Catalog, March 2006," (Ione, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2006).] Each Operational Unit has a stand-alone system which includes detailed address and mapping information. ["Santa Clara Unit 2005 Fire Management Plan," Morgan Hill, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2005).] Information about fires is batch-uploaded into a statewide statistical analysis system which is used to drive improvements to fire suppression and prevention. Resource Ordering Status System is used to cooperatively manage equipment and staff from other agencies at campaign-type fires.

The three largest state government land-mobile radio systems would include California Highway Patrol, California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), and California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Any of these three systems might be considered largest depending on what constitutes the factors of "largest." If some combination of the number of mobiles, overall number of transmitters, total number of users, annual number of incidents, number of radio transmissions carried, or geographic area served were considerations, one of these three would be largest.

CDF is a major user on the State of California, Department of General Services, Public Safety Microwave Network (PSMN). The network is used for the state's "Green Phone" telephone network, a telephone system used for communications between public safety agencies. The system primarily serves state agencies. Intercoms between ECCs use audio paths supported by microwave radio. These intercoms usually appear as circuits on communications consoles in dispatching centers.

Aircraft are a prominent feature of CDF, especially during the summer fire season. Both fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft are employed. ["Hemet-Ryan AAB Capital Outlay Project: Relocation Or Replacement Analysis," (Sacramento: State of California, Department Of General Services, Real Estate Services Division, Project Management Branch, 2005).] Helicopters, or rotary-wing aircraft, are used to transport firefighting hand crews into fire areas. They also drop water and retardant chemicals on fires. Fixed wing aircraft are used for command, observation, and to drop retardant chemicals on fires. [Fraser, Debbie, "CDF Training and Academy Course Catalog, March 2006," (Ione, California: State of California, Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 2006).]

Telecom history circa 1970

As of the early 1970s, CDF systems used VHF "high band" (151 MHz repeater/159 MHz mobile) stand-alone repeaters on State of California communications sites. CDF was an early adopter of hand held radios but the radios did not perform to modern public safety system standards. The systems served their purpose but were not originally engineered for hand held coverage because of the enormous coverage areas, the difficult terrain, and the lack of infrastructure to support a complex system. Sites had commercial power but many lacked reliable telephone lines or microwave radio connectivity. In terms of geography, CDF served mostly rural areas and the radio repeater sites to cover these areas were located in remote wilderness. Voting was in its infancy and, in CDF repeater systems, was unheard-of. Users understood this and used radios in entrepreneurial ways. For example, if an engine arriving at a fire could not find a spot where they had a radio path to reach dispatch, they would call another engine that could communicate and ask the staff to relay their message. The unit might see if they could get through by switching to an alternate channel, such as State net, which had repeaters at different sites, and consequently, a different coverage area.

The smallest geographic division of CDF Fire is the Operational Unit. Examples of Operational Units are Lassen-Modoc Operational Unit and Tuolumne-Calaveras Operational Unit. Operational Units are named for counties served. In the 1970s Operational Units were referred to as Ranger Units. Ranger Units were grouped into six CDF Regions, which may have been called "Districts" in earlier years. Radios were configured in a hierarchy with channel selections for Local (serving a Ranger Unit), District/Region, and State nets. By switching to the "State" channel, any two CDF radios statewide could communicate. Fire units from different Ranger Units but within the same district or region could communicate on the "Region" channel.

ignaling

1970s CDF systems used single tone or tone burst to select repeaters. The system had five tones statewide, allowing up to five repeaters in overlapping radio coverage areas on the same channel. Tones used, in order from tone 1 through 5, were: 1,800 Hz, 1,950 Hz, 2,200 Hz, 2,400 Hz and 2,552 Hz. Station ringdowns and some volunteer sirens were actuated using a Motorola selective calling scheme called Quik Call I.

During the conversion from tone burst to CTCSS in the early 1980s, Department of General Services (DoGS) technicians modified repeaters to work with either burst tones or CTCSS (sub-audible) tones. This allowed repeaters to be used with either type of signaling as the tone burst mobiles were swapped out for newer models.

Equipment

Like most State equipment, CDF used a mix of radios from several manufacturers varying from one contract bid to the next. Scanning, selectable tone burst, six channel transmit, and three channel receive were beyond the capabilities of most off-the-shelf mobile radios in 1970. Custom-made General Electric MASTR Professional hybrid tube/solid state mobiles were bought in one early 1970s contract. CDF was an early adopter of scanning: this radio incorporated General Electric's scanning feature, called "Priority Search Lock Monitor". [General Electric no longer makes two-way radios.]

In the 1970s, at least some CDF repeaters were RCA Series 1000 units. These had solid state receivers and exciters with continuous duty tube final power amplifiers. They produced transmitter output powers in the range of 100-120 watts.

The earliest fully solid state mobile radios were used in the CTCSS conversion. They were 99-channel Midland radios. An early 1980s discovery was that users had to carry cards with lists of the channels. The radios had many channels and no alphanumeric display describing who you would talk to when the display said channel "65", for example. The Midland mobiles used flat, computer-hard-disk-style ribbon cable to connect the control head on the vehicle dash with the radio unit drawer. To improve reliability, some units used segments of discarded inch-and-a-half hose as a jacket to protect the easily-abraded ribbon cable.

Current CAL FIRE radio equipment in use is the Kenwood TK-790 mobile radio with a CDF-custom firmware package giving 254-channel capability, plus the ability to create a 'command group' for incident frequency management in one bank. Bendix-King GPH-CMD portable radios (HT's) give the same functionality in a 500-channel handheld. All older mobile and portable radios, including older BK EPH portables, either have been or are in process of being phased out, due to the pending requirement for all public safety radio nets to be narrow-banded.

Protocol

Hearing a distant voice from a radio speaker, it was unclear what path the caller was using to reach you. This was especially true of dispatch consoles, which routed audio from many channels to one or two speakers. Radio protocol provided that users announce which channel and tone they were using in order that the called party would answer on the same channel and tone. A typical transmission where an engine was calling, preparing to tell something to dispatch, might be phrased, "San Andreas, Forty Six Eighty Eight, Local Net, Tone One." This queued the San Andreas dispatcher to manually select "Local, Tone One" or "L1" to answer.

ee also

*California Conservation Corps
*California State Parks
*FIRESCOPE
* [http://www.cdffirefighters.org/ CDF Firefighters]

Notes

External links

* [http://www.fire.ca.gov Official CDF website]
* [http://www.CalFireNews.com Cal Fire News - California fire news, Maps, Photo's]