Malcolm Sargent

Malcolm Sargent

Sir Harold Malcolm Watts Sargent (29 April 1895 – 3 October 1967) was an English conductor, organist and composer widely regarded as Britain's leading conductor of choral works.^[1] The musical ensembles with which he was associated included the Ballets Russes, the Royal Choral Society, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, and the London Philharmonic, Hallé, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony and Royal Philharmonic orchestras. Sargent was held in high esteem by choirs and instrumental soloists, but because of his high standards and a statement that he made in a 1936 interview about musicians' rights to tenure, his relationship with orchestral players was often uneasy. Despite this, he was co-founder of the London Philharmonic, was the first conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic as a full-time ensemble, and played an important part in saving the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from disbandment in the 1960s.

As chief conductor of London's internationally famous summer music festival the Proms from 1948 to 1967, Sargent was one of the best-known English conductors.^[2] When he took over the Proms from their founder, Sir Henry Wood, he and two assistants conducted the two-month season between them. By the time he died, he was assisted by a large international roster of guest conductors.

At the outbreak of World War II, Sargent turned down an offer of a major musical directorship in Australia and returned to the UK to bring music to as many people as possible as his contribution to national morale. His fame extended beyond the concert hall: to the British public, he was a familiar broadcaster in BBC radio talk shows, and generations of Gilbert and Sullivan devotees have known his recordings of the most popular Savoy Operas. He toured widely throughout the world and was noted for his skill as a conductor, his championship of British composers, and his debonair appearance, which won him the nickname "Flash Harry."

Life and career

Sargent was born in Bath Villas, Ashford, in Kent, England, to a working-class family. His father, Henry Sargent, was a coal merchant, amateur musician and part-time church organist; his mother, Agnes, née Hall, was the matron of a local school. Sargent was brought up in Stamford, Lincolnshire, where he joined the choir at Peterborough Cathedral, studied the organ and won a scholarship to Stamford School. At the age of 14, he accompanied rehearsals for amateur productions of The Gondoliers and The Yeomen of the Guard at Stamford.^[3] At age 16, he earned his diploma as Associate of the Royal College of Organists, and at 18, he was awarded the degree of Bachelor of Music by the University of Durham.^[4]

Early career

St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray, the largest parish church in Leicestershire, where Sargent served as organist

Sargent worked first as an organist at St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, from 1914 to 1924, except for eight months in 1918 when he served as a private in the Durham Light Infantry during World War I.^[5] Sargent was chosen for the organist post over more than 150 other applicants.^[6] At the same time, he worked on many musical projects in Leicester, Melton Mowbray and Stamford, where he not only conducted but also produced the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan and others for amateur societies.^[3] The Prince of Wales and his entourage often hunted in Leicestershire and watched the annual Gilbert and Sullivan productions there together with the Duke of York and other members of the Royal Family.^[7] At the age of 24, Sargent became England's youngest Doctor of Music, with a degree from Durham.^[8]

Sargent's break came when Sir Henry Wood visited De Montfort Hall, Leicester, early in 1921 with the Queen's Hall orchestra. As it was customary to commission a piece from a local composer, Wood commissioned Sargent to write a piece entitled Impression on a Windy Day. Sargent completed the work too late for Wood to have enough time to learn it, and so Wood called on Sargent to conduct the first performance himself.^[9] Wood recognised not only the worth of the piece but also Sargent's talent as a conductor and gave him the chance to make his debut conducting the work at Wood's annual season of promenade concerts, generally known as the Proms, in the Queen's Hall on 11 October of the same year.^[10]

Sargent as composer attracted favourable notice in a Prom season when other composer-conductors included Gustav Holst with his Planets suite, and the next year, Wood included a nocturne and scherzo by Sargent in the Proms programme, also conducted by the composer.^[11] Sargent was invited to conduct the Impression again in the 1923 season, but it was as a conductor that he made the greater impact.^[12] On the advice of Wood, among others, he soon abandoned composition in favour of conducting.^[13] He founded the amateur Leicester Symphony Orchestra in 1922, which he continued to conduct until 1939. Under Sargent, the orchestra's prestige grew until it was able to obtain such top-flight soloists as Alfred Cortot, Artur Schnabel, Solomon, Guilhermina Suggia and Benno Moiseiwitsch. Moiseiwitsch gave Sargent piano lessons without charge, judging him talented enough to make a successful career as a concert pianist.^[14] At the instigation of Wood and Adrian Boult, however, Sargent became a lecturer at the Royal College of Music in London in 1923.^[15]

National fame

New costume for The Mikado 1926

In the 1920s, Sargent became one of the best-known English conductors.^[16] For the British National Opera Company, he conducted Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg on tour in 1925,^[17] and for the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, he conducted London seasons at the Prince's Theatre in 1926 and the newly-rebuilt Savoy Theatre in 1929–30. Sargent was criticised by The Times's review of 20 September 1926 for adding "gags" to the Gilbert and Sullivan scores, although it praised the crispness of the ensemble, the "musicalness" of the performance and the beauty of the overture.^[18] Rupert D'Oyly Carte wrote to the paper stating that, in fact, Sargent had worked from Arthur Sullivan's manuscript scores and had merely brought out the "details of the orchestration" exactly as Sullivan had written them.^[18] Some of the principal cast members and the stage director, J. M. Gordon, also objected to Sargent's fast tempi, at least at first.^[19] The D'Oyly Carte seasons brought Sargent's name to a wider public with an early BBC radio relay of The Mikado in 1926 heard by up to eight million people. The Evening Standard noted that this was "probably the largest audience that has ever heard anything at one time in the history of the world."^[20] In 1927, Sergei Diaghilev engaged Sargent to conduct for the Ballets Russes,^[21] sharing the conducting duties with Igor Stravinsky and Sir Thomas Beecham.^[22] Sargent also conducted for the final Ballets Russes season in 1928.^[23] In 1928 he became conductor of the Royal Choral Society, and he retained this post for four decades until his death. The society was famous in the 1920s and 1930s for staged performances of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor's The Song of Hiawatha at the Royal Albert Hall, a work with which Sargent's name soon became synonymous.^[24]

Royal Albert Hall

Elizabeth Courtauld, wife of the industrialist Samuel Courtauld, promoted a popular series of subscription concerts beginning in 1929 and on Schnabel's advice engaged Sargent as chief conductor, with guest conductors as eminent as Bruno Walter, Otto Klemperer and Stravinsky.^[25] The Courtauld-Sargent concerts, as they became known, were aimed at people who had not previously attended concerts. They attracted large audiences bringing Sargent's name before another section of the public.^[26] In addition to the core repertory, Sargent introduced new works by Arthur Bliss, Arthur Honegger, Zoltán Kodály, Bohuslav Martinů, Sergei Prokofiev, Karol Szymanowski and William Walton, among others.^[27] At first, the plan was to engage the London Symphony Orchestra for these concerts, but the orchestra, a self-governing co-operative, refused to replace key players whom Sargent considered sub-standard.^[28] As a result, in conjunction with Beecham, Sargent set about establishing a new orchestra, the London Philharmonic.^[29]

In these years Sargent tackled a wide range of repertoire, recording much of it, but he was particularly noted for performances of choral pieces. He promoted British music, as he would throughout his career, conducting Handel's Messiah performed with large choruses and orchestras; and the premières of At the Boar's Head (1925) by Gustav Holst; Hugh the Drover (1924) and Sir John in Love (1929) by Ralph Vaughan Williams; and Walton's oratorio Belshazzar's Feast (at the Leeds Triennial Festival of 1931). To popularise classical music, Sargent conducted many concerts for young people including the Robert Mayer Concerts for Children from 1924 to 1939.^[30]

Difficult years and war years

In October 1932, Sargent suffered a near-fatal attack of tuberculosis.^[31] For almost two years he was unable to work, and it was only later in the 1930s that he returned to the concert scene.^[32] In 1936, he conducted his first opera at Covent Garden, Gustave Charpentier's Louise. He did not return to the Royal Opera House to conduct opera again until 1954, with Walton's Troilus and Cressida,^[33] although he did conduct the incidental music for a dramatisation of The Pilgrim's Progress given at the Royal Opera House in 1948.^[34]

As an orchestra conductor, the diligent Sargent had already been known as a hard taskmaster. According to The Independent, he brought professionalism to orchestras by shaking them free of dead wood, clearing out talented dilettantes and pushing the survivors to perform at their best through relentless rehearsal.^[35] After giving a Daily Telegraph interview in 1936 in which he said that an orchestral musician did not deserve a "job for life" and should "give of his lifeblood with every bar he plays," Sargent lost much favour with musicians. They were particularly annoyed because of their support of him during his long illness, and Sargent thereafter faced frequent hostility from British orchestras.^[36]

Drawing of interior of Queen's Hall

Being immensely popular in Australia with players as well as the public, Sargent made three lengthy tours of Australia and New Zealand in 1936,^[37] 1938 and 1939.^[38] He was on the verge of accepting a permanent appointment with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation when, at the outbreak of World War II, he felt it his duty to return to his country, resisting strong pressure from the Australian media for him to stay.^[39] During the war, Sargent directed the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester (1939–42) and the Liverpool Philharmonic (1942–48) and became a popular BBC Home Service radio broadcaster.^[40] He helped boost public morale during the war by extensive concert tours around the country conducting for nominal fees.^[41] On one famous occasion, an air raid interrupted a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No. 7. Sargent stopped the orchestra, calmed the audience by saying they were safer inside the hall than fleeing outside, and resumed conducting.^[42] He later said that no orchestra had ever played so well and that no audience in his experience had ever listened so intently.^[43] In May 1941 Sargent conducted the last performance held in the Queen's Hall. Following an afternoon performance of Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius, the hall was destroyed during a night-time incendiary raid.^[44]

In 1945, Arturo Toscanini invited Sargent to conduct the NBC Symphony Orchestra. In four concerts Sargent chose to present all English music, with the exception of Jean Sibelius's Symphony No. 1 and Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 7. Two concertos, Walton's Viola Concerto with William Primrose, and Elgar's Violin Concerto with Yehudi Menuhin, were programmed as part of these concerts. Menuhin judged Sargent's conducting of the latter "the next best to Elgar in this work."^[45]

The Proms and later years

Sargent was knighted for his services to music in 1947^[46] and performed in numerous English-speaking countries during the post-war years. He continued to promote British composers, conducting the premières of Walton's opera, Troilus and Cressida (1954), and Vaughan Williams's Symphony No. 9 (1958).

Sargent conducting in the 1950s.

Sargent was chief conductor of the Proms from 1948 until his death in 1967 and of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1950 to 1957, succeeding Sir Adrian Boult. One author has written that "Sargent sometimes ruffled the orchestra in a way that Boult had never done. Indeed there were many people inside the BBC who profoundly regretted Boult's departure."^[47] The same author contended that Sargent was the target of criticism from the BBC's own Music Department for "not devoting enough time to the orchestra."^[48] Norman Lebrecht goes so far as to claim that that Sargent "almost wrecked" the BBC orchestra.^[49] Although the orchestra players bridled at some of Sargent's initiatives, there has been ample praise for Sargent's work with the orchestra. His biographer Reid contended, "Sargent's liveliness and drive soon gave BBC playing a gloss and briskness which had not been conspicuous before."^[50] Another biographer, Aldous, wrote, "Everywhere Sargent and the orchestra performed there were ovations, laurel wreaths and terrific reviews."^[51] The orchestra's reputation both in Britain and internationally grew during Sargent's tenure.^[52] The conductor had "great moments of triumph ... both at festivals overseas and during the Proms."^[48] In the 1950s and 1960s Sargent made many recordings with the BBC Symphony, as well as other ensembles, as described below. In this period, also, he conducted the concerts that opened the Royal Festival Hall in 1951^[33] and returned to the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company for the summer 1951 "Festival of Britain" season at the Savoy Theatre and the winter 1961–62 and 1963–64 seasons at the Savoy. In August 1956 the BBC announced that Sargent would be replaced as Chief Conductor of the BBC orchestra by Rudolf Schwarz. Sargent was given the title of "Chief Guest Conductor" and he remained Conductor-in-Chief of the Proms.^[48]

Sargent conducting his last Prom on 17 September 1966

As chief conductor of the Proms, Sargent gained his widest fame, making the "Last Night" into a high-ratings broadcast celebration aimed at ordinary audiences, a popular, theatrical flag-waving extravaganza presided over by himself.^[35] He was noted for his witty addresses in which he good-naturedly chided the noisy promenaders.^[53] In his programmes for these concerts he often conducted choral music and music by British composers, but his range was broad: the BBC's official history of the Proms lists selected programmes from this period showing Sargent conducting works by Bach, Sibelius, Dvořák, Berlioz, Rachmaninoff, Rimsky-Korsakov, Richard Strauss and Kodály in three successive programmes.^[54] During his chief conductorship, prestigious foreign conductors and orchestras began to perform regularly at the Proms. In his first season in charge, Sargent and two assistant conductors conducted all the concerts among them; by 1966, there were Sargent and 25 other conductors. Those making their Prom debuts in the Sargent years included Carlo Maria Giulini, Georg Solti, Leopold Stokowski, Rudolf Kempe, Pierre Boulez and Bernard Haitink.^[55] The charity founded in Sargent's name continues to hold a special 'Promenade Concert' each year shortly after the main season ends.

Sargent made two tours of South America. In 1950 he conducted in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro and Santiago. His programmes included Vaughan Williams's London and 6th Symphonies; Haydn's Symphony No. 88, Beethoven's Symphony No. 8, Mozart's Jupiter symphony, Schubert's 5th, Brahms's 2nd and 4th, Sibelius's 5th, Elgar's Serenade for Strings, Britten's Purcell Variations, Strauss's Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks, Walton's Viola Concerto and Dvořák's Cello Concerto with Pierre Fournier. The President of Uruguay addressed him thus: "We Uruguayans are fond of all English people, Sir Malcolm, but especially fond of you." In 1952 Sargent conducted in all the above-mentioned cities and also in Lima. Half his repertory on that tour consisted of British music and included Delius, Vaughan Williams, Britten, Walton, and Handel.^[56]

When the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was in danger of extinction after Beecham's death in 1961, Sargent played a major part in saving the orchestra, doing much to win back the good opinion of orchestral players that he had lost because of his 1936 interview.^[57] In the 1960s, Sargent toured Russia, the United States, Canada, Turkey, Israel, India, the Far East and Australia.^[58] By the mid-1960s, however, his health began to deteriorate.

Sargent underwent surgery in July 1967 for pancreatic cancer but made a valedictory appearance at the end of the last night of the Proms in September that year, handing over the baton to his successor, Colin Davis. He died two weeks later, at the age of 72.^[59] He was buried in Stamford cemetery alongside members of his family.

Musical reputation and repertoire

Toscanini, Beecham and many others regarded Sargent as the finest choral conductor in the world.^[60] Even orchestral musicians gave him credit: the principal violist of the BBC Symphony Orchestra wrote of him, "He is able to instil into the singers a life and efficiency they never dreamed of. You have only to see the eyes of a choral society screwing into him like hundreds of gimlets to understand what he means to them."^[61] However, another of Sargent's colleagues, Sir Adrian Boult, said of him, "[H]e was a great all-rounder but never developed his potentialities, which were enormous, simply because he didn't think hard enough about music – he never troubled to improve on a successful interpretation. He was too interested in other things, and not single-minded enough about music."^[62] Although orchestral players resented Sargent for much of his career after the 1936 interview,^[36] instrumental soloists generally liked working with him. The cellist Pierre Fournier called him a "guardian angel" and compared him favourably with George Szell and Herbert von Karajan. Artur Schnabel, Jascha Heifetz and Yehudi Menuhin thought similarly highly of him.^[63] Cyril Smith wrote in his autobiography, "...he seems to sense what the pianist wants of the music even before he begins to play it.... He has an incredible speed of mind, and it has always been a great joy, as well as a rare professional experience, to work with him."^[64] For this reason, among others, Sargent was continually in demand as a conductor for concertos.^[65]

The Times obituary said Sargent "was of all British conductors in his day the most widely esteemed by the lay public... a fluent, attractive pianist, a brilliant score-reader, a skilful and effective arranger and orchestrator... as a conductor his stick technique was regarded by many as the most accomplished and reliable in the world.... [H]is taste... was moulded by the Victorian cathedral tradition into which he was born." It commented that, in his later years, his interpretations of the standard classical and romantic repertoire were "prepared... down to the last detail" but sometimes "unexuberant", though his performances of "the music composed within his lifetime... remained lucid and continually compelling."^[33] The flute player Gerald Jackson wrote, "I feel that [Walton] conducts his own music as well as anyone else, with the possible exception of Sargent, who of course introduced and always makes a big thing of Belshazzar's Feast."^[64]

The composers whose works Sargent regularly conducted included, from the eighteenth century, J. S. Bach, Handel, Gluck, Mozart and Haydn; and from the nineteenth century, Beethoven, Berlioz, Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Brahms, Wagner, Tchaikovsky, Smetana, Sullivan and Dvořák. From the twentieth century, British composers in his repertoire included Bliss, Britten, Delius, Elgar (a favourite, especially Elgar's oratorios The Dream of Gerontius, The Apostles and The Kingdom and symphonies),^[64] Holst, Tippett, Vaughan Williams and Walton. With the exception of Alban Berg's Violin Concerto, Sargent avoided the works of the Second Viennese School but programmed works by Bartók, Dohnányi, Hindemith, Honegger, Kodály, Martinů, Poulenc, Prokofiev, Rachmaninoff, Shostakovich, Sibelius, Richard Strauss, Stravinsky and Szymanowski.^[66]

Personal life, reputation and legacy

Private life

In 1923, Sargent married Eileen Laura Harding Horne, daughter of Frederic Horne of Drinkstone, Suffolk.^[67] Sargent's biographers differ on her background. Aldous states that she was a maid in domestic service, whereas Reid notes that she was a keen rider, with many friends in hunting circles, and that her uncle (who officiated at her wedding to Sargent) was rector of Drinkwater, Suffolk.^[68] According to Aldous, it was believed locally that Sargent had to marry Horne, having made her pregnant. By 1926, the couple had two children, a daughter Pamela who was to die of polio in 1944, and a son Peter. Sargent was much affected by his daughter's death, and his recording of Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius in 1945 was an expression of his grief at her passing.^[69]

Sargent's marriage was unhappy and ended in divorce in 1946. Before, during and after his marriage, Sargent was a continual womaniser, a fact that he did not deny.^[70] His liaisons with powerful women began early, in Stamford, when he was still conducting the Gilbert and Sullivan shows attended by the London gentry who came to join the Melton Mowbray hunt.^[35] Among his affairs were long-standing ones with Diana Bowes-Lyon, Princess Marina and Edwina Mountbatten.^[71] More casual encounters are typified by the young woman who said, "Promise me that whatever happens I shan't have to go home alone in a taxi with Malcolm Sargent."^[72]

Away from music, Sargent was elected a member of The Literary Society, a dining club founded in 1807 by William Wordsworth and others.^[73] He was also a member of the Beefsteak Club, for which his proposer was Sir Edward Elgar, the Garrick, and the long-established and aristocratic White's and Pratt's clubs.^[67][74] His public service appointments included the joint presidency of the London Union of Youth Clubs, and the presidency of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.^[67]

Sargent's moral character attracted comment throughout his life. Early on, he developed a taste for luxury: Adrian Boult commented on his travelling to college by taxi, but Sargent rejoined, "All the more room for you, Adrian, on the bus."^[35] Despite Sargent's vanities and rivalries, however, he had many friends. Sir Thomas Armstrong in a 1994 broadcast interview stressed that Sargent "had many good generous virtues; he was kind to many people, and I loved him...."^[64] Nevertheless, even friends such as Sir Rupert Hart-Davis, Secretary of the Literary Society, considered him a 'bounder',^[72] and the composer-suffragette Dame Ethel Smyth called him a 'cad'.^[75] Yet despite his philandering and ambition, Sargent was a deeply religious man all his life and was comforted on his deathbed by visits from the Anglican Archbishop of York, Donald Coggan and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Heenan.^[76] He also received calls from Queen Elizabeth and Prince Charles, and had a reconciliation with his son, Peter, from whom he had been estranged for a year.^[35]

"Flash Harry"

A number of purported explanations have been advanced for Sargent's nickname, "Flash Harry". Reid opines that it "was first in circulation among orchestral players before the war and that they used it in no spirit of adulation."^[77] It may have arisen from his impeccable and stylish appearance – he always wore a red or white carnation in his buttonhole (the carnation is now the symbol of the school named for him). This was perhaps reinforced by his brisk tempi early in his career, and by a story about his racing from one recording session to another. Another explanation, that he was named after cartoonist Ronald Searle's St. Trinian's character "Flash Harry", is certainly wrong, since Sargent's nickname was current long before the first appearance of the St. Trinian's character in 1954. Sargent's devoted fans, the Promenaders, used the nickname in an approving sense, and shortened it to "Flash", though Sargent was not especially keen on the soubriquet, even thus modified.^[78]

Beecham and Sargent were allies from the early days of the London Philharmonic to Beecham's final months when they were planning joint concerts. They even happened to share the same birthday. When Sargent was incapacitated by tuberculosis in 1933, Beecham conducted a performance of Messiah at the Albert Hall to raise money to support his younger colleague.^[79] Sargent loved Beecham's company,^[80] and took in good part his quips, such as his reference to the rising conductor Herbert von Karajan, as "a kind of musical Malcolm Sargent"^[81] and, on learning that Sargent's car was caught in rifle fire in Palestine, "I had no idea the Arabs were so musical."^[35] However, Beecham declared that Sargent "is the greatest choirmaster we have ever produced... he makes the buggers sing like blazes." And on another occasion he said that Sargent was "the most expert of all our conductors – myself excepted of course."^[82]

Honours and memorials

In addition to his own Doctorate from Durham, Sargent was awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of Oxford and Liverpool and by the Royal Academy of Music, the Royal College of Organists, the Royal College of Music and the Swedish Academy of Music.^[67] He was awarded the highest honour of the Royal Philharmonic Society, its Gold Medal, in 1959.^[67] Foreign honours included the Order of the Star of the North (Sweden), 1956; the Order of the White Rose (Finland), 1965; and Chevalier of France's Légion d'honneur, 1967.

After his death Sargent was commemorated in a variety of ways. His memorial service in Westminster Abbey in October 1967 was attended by 3,000 people including the royalty of three countries, official representatives from France, South Africa, and Malaysia, and notables as diverse as Princess Marina of Kent; Bridget D'Oyly Carte; Pierre Boulez; Larry Adler; Elgar's daughter; Beecham's widow; Douglas Fairbanks Junior; Léon Goossens; the Master of the Queen's Music; the Secretary of London Zoo; and representatives of the London orchestras and of the Promenaders. Colin Davis and the BBC Chorus and Symphony Orchestra performed the music.^[83]

Plaque outside the Albert Hall Mansions

Since 1968, the year after Sargent's death, the Proms have begun on a Friday evening rather than as previously a Saturday, and in memory of Sargent's choral work, a large-scale choral piece is customarily given. Beyond the world of music, a school and a charity were named after him: the Malcolm Sargent Primary School in Stamford and the Malcolm Sargent Cancer Fund for Children.^[84] Merging with another charity (Cancer and Leukaemia in Childhood) in 2005, it is now known as CLIC Sargent and is the UK's leading children's cancer charity.^[85] In 1980 the Royal Mail put the image of Sargent on its 15p postage stamp in a series portraying British conductors, the other three featuring Wood, Beecham and Barbirolli.^[86] At Albert Hall Mansions, next to the Albert Hall, where Sargent lived, there is a blue plaque placed in his memory.

Recordings

Main article: Malcolm Sargent discography

Sargent's own composition, Impression on a Windy Day, has been recorded for CD by the Royal Ballet Sinfonia conducted by Gavin Sutherland on the ASV label. Sargent's first recordings as a conductor, made for HMV in 1923 using the acoustic process, were of excerpts from Vaughan Williams' opera Hugh the Drover. In the early days of electrical recording, he took part in a pioneering live recording of extracts of Mendelssohn's Elijah at the Albert Hall with the Royal Choral Society.^[87]

Subsequently in the recording studio, Sargent was most in demand to record English music, choral works and concertos. He recorded prolifically and worked with many orchestras, but made the most recordings (several dozen major pieces) with the BBC Symphony Orchestra (BBC), the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO), the New Symphony Orchestra (NSO), the Philharmonia Orchestra and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO).^[88]

English music

Sargent conducted Gilbert and Sullivan recordings in four different decades. His early recordings with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company for HMV included The Yeomen of the Guard (1928), The Pirates of Penzance (1929), Iolanthe (1930), H.M.S. Pinafore (1930), Patience (1930), Yeomen (excerpts 1931), Pirates (excerpts 1931), The Gondoliers (excerpts 1931), Ruddigore (1932) and Princess Ida (1932).^[89] More than 30 years later, for Decca, he recorded Yeomen (1964) and Princess Ida (1965) with the D'Oyly Carte company. In addition, between 1957 and 1963, Sargent recorded nine of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas for EMI, with the Glyndebourne Festival Chorus and soloists from the world of oratorio and grand opera. These were Trial by Jury, Pinafore, Pirates, Patience, Iolanthe, The Mikado, Ruddigore, Yeomen and The Gondoliers.^[90] According to Gilbert and Sullivan scholar Marc Shepherd, "The [Glyndebourne] recordings' musical excellence is undisputed, but many listeners object to Sargent's lugubrious tempi and the singers' lack of feeling for the G&S idiom."^[91] Sargent used an orchestra of thirty-seven players at the Savoy Theatre (the same number as Sullivan, but sometimes added a few more when recording.^[3]

During World War II, Sargent and the Liverpool Philharmonic accompanied Albert Sammons, the dedicatee, in his 1944 recording of the Delius Violin Concerto. Later, in 1965, with Jacqueline du Pré, in her début recording, Sargent recorded Delius's Cello Concerto, coupled with the Songs of Farewell (1965). At the end of the war, Sargent turned to recording Elgar. A recording regularly chosen over all others in comparative surveys is the first of Sargent's two versions of Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius with Heddle Nash as tenor and the familiar Sargent pairing of the Huddersfield Choral Society and the Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 1945.^[92] Sargent was also the conductor for Jascha Heifetz's famous 1949 recording of Elgar's Violin Concerto and Paul Tortelier's first recording of the cello concerto in 1954. He also recorded Elgar's Wand of Youth Suite No. 2, with the BBC; the Pomp and Circumstance Marches 1 and 4 with the LSO; and the Enigma Variations with the Philharmonia. Sargent made two recordings of Holst's The Planets: a monaural version with the LSO for Decca (1950) and a stereo version with the BBC for EMI (1960). He also recorded shorter Holst pieces: the Perfect Fool ballet music and the Beni Mora suite.

In 1958, Sargent recorded Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, one of his specialties, which was reissued on CD in 1990 and again in 2004. Sargent recorded Walton's Façade Suites in 1961. With the LSO, Sargent recorded Walton's Orb and Sceptre March. He also made a stereo recording of Walton's First Symphony in the presence of the composer, but Walton privately preferred André Previn's recording,^[93] issued in January 1967, the same month as Sargent's.^[94] Of Vaughan Williams' shorter pieces, Sargent recorded, with the BBC in 1960, the Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis (which he also recorded with the Philharmonia), and with the LSO, Serenade to Music (1957; choral version) and Toward the Unknown Region. He also recorded Vaughan Williams' overture The Wasps with the LSO.

Painting based on The Beggar's Opera William Hogarth c. 1728

Although the heyday of live performances of Sargent's Coleridge-Taylor signature piece at the Albert Hall was by then long gone, Sargent, the Royal Choral Society and the Philharmonia made a stereo recording in 1962 of Hiawatha's Wedding Feast, which has been reissued on CD. In 1963, Sargent recorded Gay's The Beggar's Opera, one of his few operas on record other than Gilbert and Sullivan. This was also reissued on CD (Pro Arte Orchestra).

Other choral recordings

In addition to those choral pieces mentioned above, Sargent recorded Handel's Messiah four times, in 1946, 1954 1959 and 1964. (An original American-issue 78rpm copy on Columbia Records of the 1946 version went off at five-thousand US Dollars at an auction in Los Angeles.)^[95][96] Though the advent of "authentic" period performance at first relegated Sargent's large scale and rescored versions to the shelf, they have been reissued and are now attracting favourable critical comment as being of historical interest in their own right.^[97] Sargent also conducted the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic and the Huddersfield Choral Society in recordings of Handel's Israel in Egypt and Mendelssohn's Elijah in 1947.

Concertos

Sargent was continually in demand as a conductor for concertos. In addition to the concertos noted above, other composers whose concertos he conducted on record, with soloists noted, include: Bach (Heifetz-Friedman, NSO), Bartók (Rostal, LSO), Beethoven (Oistrakh, Knushevitzky, Oborin, Philharmonia), Bliss (Trevor Barnard, Philharmonia), Bruch (Heifetz, LSO and NSO), Cimarosa (Goossens, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic), Dvořák (Tortelier), Mendelssohn (Gioconda de Vito, LSO), Mozart (Heifetz, LSO), Rachmaninoff (Lympany, RPO), Rawsthorne (Curzon; Matthews, LSO), Rubbra (Matthews, LSO), Schumann (Pierre Fournier), Tchaikovsky (Ricci, NSO) and Vieuxtemps (Heifetz, NSO).^[98] Other soloists included Mstislav Rostropovich and Cyril Smith.^[65]

Other recordings

Reid's 1968 biography, written with Sargent's assistance

Neville Cardus said of Sargent's Beethoven, "I have heard performances which critics would have raved about had some conductor from Russia been responsible for them conducting them half as well and truthfully."^[99] Sargent recorded Beethoven's Fourth and Fifth Symphonies for Decca with Sidney Beer's National Symphony Orchestra. His 1940s accompaniments for Artur Schnabel in the piano concertos have been admired.^[100] A 1961 stereo recording of the Eroica Symphony has been reissued on CD.^[101] Sargent was an enthusiastic champion of Sibelius's music, even recording it with the Vienna Philharmonic when it was not part of their repertory. Their recordings of Finlandia, En Saga, The Swan of Tuonela and the Karelia Suite were issued in 1963 and reissued on CD in 1993. Sargent and the BBC recorded the first, second and fifth Symphonies in 1956 and 1958 respectively, reissued on CD in 1989, as well as Pohjola's Daughter in 1959. He also recorded the Valse triste with the RLPO.^[98]

Sargent recorded a wide variety of other European composers, including Bach's Sinfonia from the Easter Oratorio, with Goossens and the RLPO; Chopin's Les Sylphides ballet suite (LPO); Grieg's Lyric Suite (National Symphony Orchestra); Haydn's Symphony No. 98 (LSO); Rachmaninoff's Paganini Rhapsody (Cyril Smith, RLPO) among others; and Richard Wagner's "Prelude" from Das Rheingold and "Ride of the Valkyries" from Die Walküre.^[98] He also recorded Smetana's complete Má vlast cycle with the RPO in 1964. With the Royal Opera Orchestra he recorded, among other pieces, Gioachino Rossini's ballets William Tell and La Boutique Fantasque, Sergei Prokofiev's Sinfonia Concertante, and Schubert's Unfinished Symphony, Rosamunde and Overture Zauberharfe. With the LSO, he recorded Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain, Prokofiev's Symphony No. 5 and Lieutenant Kijé Suite, and Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No. 9. With the Philharmonia, he recorded, among other things, Rachmaninoff's Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Tchaikovsky's Variations on a Rococo Theme and Theme and Variations from Suite No. 3, and Dvorak's Symphonic Variations. With the BBC, he also recorded Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 3, Handel's Water Music, which he also recorded with the RPO, Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 5, Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night's Dream incidental music, Humperdinck's overture to Hänsel und Gretel, and one of Benjamin Britten's best known works, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946, RLPO; 1958, BBC).^[98] Sargent narrated and conducted the accompanying Instruments of the Orchestra, an educational film produced by the British government. He also conducted Britten's Simple Symphony with the RPO.

Notes

1. ^ Aldous pp. 54–55
2. ^ Aldous pp. xiv–xv
3. ^ ^{a b c} Ayer p. 385
4. ^ Aldous p.12
5. ^ Aldous p. 18
6. ^ Aldous p. 12
7. ^ Reid p. 95
8. ^ Reid p. 86
9. ^ Aldous p. 23
10. ^ Aldous pp. 24–25
11. ^ Other composer-conductors in the 1921 season included Elgar, Vaughan Williams, Arthur Bliss, Eric Coates, Frank Bridge, and Ethel Smyth – The Times, 27 July 1921, p. 8
12. ^ The Times, 4 September 1923, p.7
13. ^ Aldous p. 25
14. ^ Aldous p. 28 and Reid p. 104
15. ^ Aldous p. 29
16. ^ Aldous p. 43
17. ^ Reid p. 124
18. ^ ^{a b} The Times, 21 September 1926.
19. ^ Reid pp. 139–46 and Ayer p. 385
20. ^ Reid p. 137
21. ^ Reid p. 124 and Aldous p. 41
22. ^ Reid p. 130
23. ^ Aldous p. 42
24. ^ Aldous p. 157 and Reid p. 161
25. ^ Aldous p. 60
26. ^ Aldous p. 64
27. ^ Reid p. 465
28. ^ Morrison p. 78
29. ^ Aldous p. 69
30. ^ Reid p. 170
31. ^ Aldous, p. 73
32. ^ Reid p. 217
33. ^ ^{a b c} The Times obituary notice, 4 October 1967, p. 12
34. ^ The Times, 20 July 1948; pg. 6.
35. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "The affairs of a Casanova conductor", 15 July 2001
36. ^ ^{a b} Aldous p. 83
37. ^ George Vern Barnett prepared the 250-voice choir for the Sydney appearance. See "Dr Sargent: Praise for Orchestra", Sydney Morning Herald, 2 October 1936; "Dr Sargent – 'Jolly Good Fellow!'", Daily Telegraph, 2 October 1936
38. ^ Reid p. 246
39. ^ Aldous p. 98
40. ^ Reid p. 282 and pp. 309–31
41. ^ Reid pp. 270–81 and Aldous p. 105
42. ^ Aldous p. 107
43. ^ Reid p. 278
44. ^ History of Queen's Hall
45. ^ Reid p. 340
46. ^ Stone, David. "Malcolm Sargent". Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 13 October 2001, accessed 15 July 2011
47. ^ Briggs, Asa (1995). The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press. p. 674. ISBN 0192129678. http://books.google.com/books?id=ndvkTwjfP9kC&pg=RA1-PA674&vq=%22ruffled+the+orchestra%22&dq=sargent+%22bbc+symphony+orchestra%22&as_brr=3&sig=CGftZ2d2fGoUpFK43bFoU5QNlAQ. 
48. ^ ^{a b c} Briggs, Asa (1995). The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN 0192129678. http://books.google.com/books?id=0pRGjVGtUvwC&pg=PA230&vq=%22rudolf+schwarz%22&dq=%22rudolf+schwarz%22+conductor&as_brr=3&sig=IzGTiQNxjoiqpQsvg4VknkKUY54. 
49. ^ Lebrecht, Norman (2001). The Maestro Myth: Great Conductors in Pursuit of Power (Revised and Updated Edition ed.). Citadel Press. p. 157. ISBN 0806520884. http://books.google.com/books?id=eHfvpkp7lSQC&pg=PA157&vq=%22almost+wrecked%22&dq=lebrecht+sargent+%22almost+wrecked%22&sig=8YCfKUGeEJMZDTKUfawUDnlGqTQ. "Installed at the BBC in place of Boult, Sargent almost wrecked its orchestra." 
50. ^ Reid p. 369
51. ^ Aldous p. 187
52. ^ Aldous pp. 185–86
53. ^ Reid pp. 442–43
54. ^ Cox p. 349
55. ^ Cox pp. 312–13
56. ^ Reid pp. 355–59
57. ^ Reid pp. 433–34
58. ^ Reid p. 487 and Moore (pages not numbered)
59. ^ Aldous p. 239-45
60. ^ Aldous p. 97
61. ^ Shore, p. 153
62. ^ Sadie, Stanley. "Sir Adrian Boult at 80", The Musical Times, Vol. 110, No. 1514 (April 1969), pp. 367–68
63. ^ Aldous p. xi
64. ^ ^{a b c d} Review of Sargent's biographies by Stephen Lloyd
65. ^ ^{a b} Mirror tribute discography
66. ^ Aldous pp. 42, 66, 67 & 184, and Reid pp. 337, 365 & 475–78
67. ^ ^{a b c d e} Who Was Who
68. ^ Aldous p. 27 and Reid p. 98
69. ^ Christopher Fifield. "Review of Tunes of Glory: The Life of Malcolm Sargent". MusicWeb International. http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/Oct01/SargentBook.htm. 
70. ^ Reid p. 251
71. ^ Aldous p. 131
72. ^ ^{a b} Lyttelton/Hart-Davis, 19 January 1958
73. ^ Lyttelton/Hart-Davis, 20 November 1955 fn.
74. ^ Aldous p. 124
75. ^ Reid p. 129
76. ^ Reid p. 4
77. ^ Reid p. 394
78. ^ Reid pp. 394–93
79. ^ The Times, 7 December 1933, p. 12
80. ^ Article in The Times, 10 March 1961 by Sargent
81. ^ Reid p. 395
82. ^ Reid p. 202 and Daily Mirror
83. ^ The Times, 28 October 1967, p. 10
84. ^ Prestwick golf course for the Malcolm Sargent Cancer Fund for Children, 25 October 2004 Scottish-enterprise.com/sedotcom – Retrieved: 29 May 2007
85. ^ BBC News coverage about merger of Cancer Funds – 3 November 2004 bbc.co.uk – Retrieved: 29 May 2007
86. ^ Photo of the 15p stamp with Sargent's image
87. ^ The Gramophone
88. ^ Discography in Sir Malcolm Sargent: a Tribute
89. ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The D'Oyly Carte Complete Electrical Sets", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography (2001)
90. ^ Woolf, Jonathan. Review of Sargent's EMI recordings Music Web International, 2009
91. ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Sargent 'Glyndebourne' Recordings", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography (2001)
92. ^ BBC Radio 3 'Building a Library'
93. ^ Kennedy p. 213
94. ^ The Gramophone, January 1967
95. ^ http://losangeles.backpage.com/AntiquesForSale/5000-1947-handels-messiah-vol12-78rpm-mint-condition/11504337
96. ^ "Doors start opening up for auction". Musicstack.com. 15 July 2010. http://www.musicstack.com/articles/doors-start-opening-upauction. Retrieved 27 August 2011. 
97. ^ Penguin Guide to CDs, 2005–06, p. 551
98. ^ ^{a b c d} Sackville-West, Edward and Desmond Shawe-Taylor, The Record Guide (Collins, London, 1955)
99. ^ Obituary notice, The Guardian, 4 October 1967
100. ^ Penguin Guide to CDs, 2005–06, p. 130
101. ^ The Gramophone, April 2000, wrote of the CD: "It is good to have Sargent's 1961 Eroica to show how alive and sympathetic his Beethoven conducting was, especially when the RPO plays so well for him."

References

• Aldous, Richard (2001). Tunes of glory: the life of Malcolm Sargent. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0091801311. 
• Ayre, Leslie (1972). The Gilbert & Sullivan Companion. Introduction by Martyn Green. London: W.H. Allen & Co Ltd. ISBN 0396066348. 
• Cox, David (1980). The Henry Wood Proms. London: BBC. ISBN 0563176970. 
• Hart-Davis, Rupert, (ed) (1981). The Lyttelton Hart-Davis Letters. London: John Murray. vol. 1, 3. ISBN 0719542901. 
• Lebrecht, Norman (2001). The Maestro Myth: Great Conductors in Pursuit of Power (revised ed. ed.). New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0806520884. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0806520884&id=eHfvpkp7lSQC&pg=RA2-PA157&lpg=RA2-PA157&ots=GshEDSvHde&dq=%22malcolm+sargent%22+wrecked&sig=s8kLv5VYDldIuIRvaGTUfzP7JSA. 
• March, Ivan (ed) (2005). Penguin Guide to CDs. London: Penguin. ISBN 0141022620. 
• Moore, Jerrold Northrop (1982). Philharmonic. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0091473004. 
• Morrison, Richard (2004). Orchestra. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 057121584X. 
• Orga, Ates (1974). The Proms. Newton Abbot, London: David & Charles. ISBN 0715366799. 
• Reid, Charles (1968). Malcolm Sargent: a biography. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.. ISBN 0241913160. 
• Sargent, Malcolm; Cooper, Martin (1962). The Outline of Music. London: Arco Publishing. OCLC 401043. 
• Shore, Bernard (1938). The Orchestra Speaks. London: Longmans. 
• Kennedy, Michael (1989). Portrait of Walton. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0193154188. 
• The Gramophone, November 1967, p. 253.
• Who Was Who 1897–2006. Retrieved 28 June 2007, Sargent, Sir (Harold) Malcolm (Watts), 2007 (requires subscription).
• Discography in Sir Malcolm Sargent: a tribute (1967). London: Daily Mirror Newspapers.
• The Times online archive. Retrieved 3 July 2007. (requires subscription)

External links

• Malcolm Sargent at Allmusic
• Malcolm Sargent at the Internet Movie Database
• Malcolm Sargent Biography, photos.
• Malcolm Sargent at MusicBrainz
• Malcolm Sargent profile at the Memories of the D'Oyly Carte website
• Analysis of Sargent's G&S tempi in the 1930s as compared with the 1960s
• Links to reviews to Sargent recordings by Classics Today magazine
• Searchable lists of Sargent's performances at the BBC Proms
• Leicester Symphony Orchestra

Persondata
Name	Sargent, Malcolm
Alternative names	Sargent, Harold Malcolm Watts
Short description	Composer, conductor, organist
Date of birth	29 April 1895
Place of birth	Ashford, Kent, England, UK
Date of death	3 October 1967 (age 72)
Place of death	London, England, UK