Paul Hindemith

Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 – 28 December 1963) was a German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, music theorist and conductor.

Biography

Born in Hanau, Germany, Hindemith was taught the violin as a child. He entered the Hochsche Konservatorium in Frankfurt am Main where he studied conducting, composition and violin under Arnold Mendelssohn and Bernhard Sekles, supporting himself by playing in dance bands and musical-comedy outfits. He acted as concertmaster of the Frankfurter Museumsorchester from 1915 to 1923 and played in the Rebner string quartet from 1914 in which he played second violin, and later the viola. In 1921 he founded the Amar Quartet, [The Amar Quartet was founded for the Donaueschingen Festival of 1921 and was disbanded in 1929. See an account by Tully Potter, [http://www.arbiterrecords.com/notes/139notes.html] , and entry under "Chamber-Music Players" in Eaglefield-Hull 1924, 86.] playing viola, and extensively toured Europe.

In 1922, some of his pieces were heard in the International Society for Contemporary Music festival at Salzburg, which first brought him to the attention of an international audience. The following year, he began to work as an organizer of the Donaueschingen Festival, where he programmed works by several avant garde composers, including Anton Webern and Arnold Schoenberg. From 1927 he taught composition at the Berliner Hochschule für Musik in Berlin. In the 1930s he made a visit to Cairo and several visits to Ankara where (at the invitation of Atatürk) he led the task of reorganizing Turkish music education and the early efforts for the establishment of Turkish State Opera and Ballet. Towards the end of the 1930s, he made several tours in America as a viola and viola d'amore soloist.

Hindemith's relationship to the Nazis is a complicated one: some condemned his music as "degenerate" (largely on the basis of his early, sexually charged operas such as Sancta Susanna), and on December 6 1934, during a speech at the Berlin Sports Palace, Germany’s Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels publicly denounced Hindemith as an “atonal noisemaker.” Others, though, thought that he might provide Germany with an example of a modern German composer, who by this time was writing music based in tonality, and with frequent references to folk music; the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler's defence of Hindemith, published in 1934, takes precisely this line. The controversy around his work continued throughout the thirties, with the composer falling in and out of favour with the Nazi hierarchy; he finally emigrated to Switzerland in 1938 (partly as his wife was Jewish), and in the meantime had sworn an oath to Hitler, had accepted a commission to write music for a Luftwaffe event (although it never materialised), conducted for official Nazi concerts, and accepted a position on the Reich Music Chamber. This part of Hindemith's life has until recently been downplayed by historians of the composer (such as Skelton or Kemp), who have mostly tried to assert his anti-Nazi beliefs.

In 1935, Hindemith was commissioned by the Turkish government to reorganize that country's musical education, and, more specifically, was given the task of preparing material for the “Universal and Turkish Polyphonic Music Education Programme” for all music-related institutions in Turkey, a feat which he accomplished to universal acclaim. This development seems to have been supported by the Nazi regime: it may have got him conveniently out of the way, yet at the same time he propagated a German view of musical history and education. (Hindemith himself said he believed he was being an ambassador for German culture.) Hindemith did not stay in Turkey as long as many other émigrés. Nevertheless, he greatly influenced the developments of Turkish musical life; the Ankara State Conservatory owes much to his efforts. In fact, Hindemith was regarded to be a “real master” by young Turkish musicians and he was appreciated and greatly respected. [http://www.newacademia.com/turkeys_modernization/]

In 1940, Hindemith emigrated to the United States. At the same time that he was codifying his musical language, his teaching and compositions began to be affected by his theories, according to critics like Ernest Ansermet (1961, note to p. 42 added on an errata slip). Once in the States he taught primarily at Yale University where he had such notable pupils as Lukas Foss, Norman Dello Joio, Mel Powell, Harold Shapero, Hans Otte, Ruth Schonthal, and Oscar-winning film director George Roy Hill. During this time he also gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard, from which the book "A Composer's World" was extracted (Hindemith 1952). He became an American citizen in 1946, but returned to Europe in 1953, living in Zürich and teaching at the university there. Towards the end of his life he began to conduct more, and made numerous recordings, mostly of his own music. He was awarded the Balzan Prize in 1962.

Hindemith died in Frankfurt am Main from acute pancreatitis at the age of 68.

Hindemith's music

Hindemith is among the most significant German composers of his time. His early works are in a late romantic idiom, and he later produced expressionist works, rather in the style of early Arnold Schoenberg, before developing a leaner, contrapuntally complex style in the 1920s. It has been described as neoclassical,Fact|date=February 2007 but is very different from the works by Igor Stravinsky labeled with that term, owing more to the contrapuntal language of Bach than the Classical clarity of Mozart.

This new style can be heard in the series of works he wrote called "Kammermusik" (Chamber Music) from 1922 to 1927. Each of these pieces is written for a different small instrumental ensemble, many of them very unusual. "Kammermusik No. 6", for example, is a concerto for the viola d'amore, an instrument which had not been in wide use since the baroque period, but which Hindemith himself played. He continued to write for unusual groups throughout his life, producing a sonata for double bass in 1949, for example.

Around the 1930s, Hindemith began to write less for chamber groups, and more for large orchestral forces. In 1933-35, Hindemith wrote his opera "Mathis der Maler", based on the life of the painter Matthias Grünewald. It is respected in musical circles, but like most twentieth-century operas it is rarely staged, though a well-known production by the New York City Opera in 1995 was an exception ( [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7D8173BF93AA3575AC0A963958260 Holland 1995] ). It combines the neo-classicism of earlier works with folk song. Hindemith turned some of the music from this opera into a purely instrumental symphony (also called "Mathis der Maler"), which is one of his most frequently performed works.

Hindemith, like Kurt Weill and Ernst Krenek, wrote "Gebrauchsmusik" (Utility Music), music intended to have a social or political purpose and often intended to be played by amateurs. The concept was inspired by Bertolt Brecht. An example of this is his "Trauermusik" (Funeral Music), written in 1936. Hindemith was preparing a concert for the BBC when he heard news of the death of George V. He quickly wrote this piece for solo viola and string orchestra to mark the event, and the premiere was given on the same day. Hindemith later disowned the term "Gebrauchsmusik", saying it was misleading.Fact|date=February 2007

Hindemith's most popular work, both on record and in the concert hall, is probably the "Symphonic Metamorphoses of Themes by Carl Maria von Weber", written in 1943. It takes melodies from various works by Weber, mainly piano duets, but also one from the overture to his incidental music for "Turandot" (Op. 37/J. 75), and transforms and adapts them so that each movement of the piece is based on one theme.

In 1951, Hindemith completed his "Symphony in B-flat". Scored for concert band, it was written for the U.S. Army Band "Pershing's Own". Hindemith premiered it with that band on April 5th of that year [http://www.hindemith.org/E/paul-hindemith/life.htm] . Its second performance took place under the baton of Hugh McMillan, conducting the Boulder Symphonic Band at the University of Colorado. The piece is representative of his late works, exhibiting strong contrapuntal lines throughout, and is a cornerstone of the band repertoire.

Hindemith's musical system

Most of Hindemith's music uses a unique system that is tonal but non-diatonic; it is centered around a tonic, and modulates from one tonal center to another like most tonal music, but uses all 12 notes freely rather than relying on a scale picked as a subset of these notes. Hindemith even rewrote some of his music after developing this system. One of the key features of his system is that he ranks all musical intervals of the 12-tone equally tempered scale from the most consonant to the most dissonant. He classifies chords in six categories, on the basis of how dissonant they are, whether or not they contain a tritone, and whether or not they clearly suggest a root or tonal center. Hindemith's philosophy also encompasses melody--Hindemith strives for melodies that do not clearly outline major or minor triads.

In the late 1930s, Hindemith wrote a theoretical book "The Craft of Musical Composition" (Hindemith 1937–70), which lays out this system in great detail. It laid out Hindemith's compositional technique he had been using throughout the 1930s and would continue to use for the rest of his life.Fact|date=February 2007 Hindemith also advocated for his system as a means of understanding and analyzing the harmonic structure of other music, claiming that it has a broader reach than the traditional roman numeral approach to chords (an approach that is strongly tied to the diatonic scales). In the same book, Hindemith uses his system to analyze his own music alongside music of J.S. Bach, and even that of Arnold Schoenberg.

His piano work of the early 1940s, "Ludus Tonalis" is seen by many as a further example or exploration of this system.Fact|date=February 2007 It contains twelve fugues, in the manner of Johann Sebastian Bach, each connected by an interlude during which the music moves from the key of the last fugue to the key of the next one. The order of the keys follows Hindemith's ranking of musical intervals around the tonal center of C.

One traditional aspect of classical music that Hindemith retains is the idea of dissonance resolving to consonance. Much of Hindemith's music begins in consonant territory, progresses rather smoothly into dissonance, and resolves at the end in full, consonant chords. This is especially apparent in his "Concert Music for Strings and Brass."

Hindemithon Festival

A yearly festival of Hindemith's music, [http://www.hindemithon.com "Hindemithon"] , is held at William Paterson University in Wayne, New Jersey.

Works

Operas

*"Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen" ("Murder, Hope of Women") (1919)
*"Das Nusch-Nuschi" (1920)
*"Sancta Susanna" (1921)
*"Neues vom Tage" ("News of Today") (1928-29; revised 1953-54)
*"Mathis der Maler" ("Mathis the Painter") (1934-1935)
*"Cardillac" (1926; revised versions 1952/1961)
*"Die Harmonie der Welt" ("The Harmony of the World") (1956-57)
*"The Long Christmas Dinner" (1960-61)

Ballets

*"Triadisches Ballett", with Oskar Schlemmer (1923)
*"Nobilissima Visione", with Léonide Massine (1938)
*"The Four Temperaments" (scored for piano and strings) (1940)

Orchestral

*Concerto for Orchestra, Op. 38 (1925)
*Concert Music for String and Brass Instruments, Op. 50 (1930)
*"Philharmonic Concerto" (Variations for Orchestra) (1932)
*"Mathis der Maler Symphony" (1933-1934)
*Symphony In E flat (1940)
*"Symphonic Metamorphoses on Themes of Weber" (1943)
*"Symphony Serena" (1946)
*Symphonietta (Little Symphony) in E-major (1949)
*"Die Harmonie der Welt Symphony" (1951)
*"Symphony in B flat for concert band" (1951)
*"Fünf Stücke für Streichorchester" (Five Pieces for String Orchestra) (1927)

Concertante

*"Concertmusik", for piano, brass instruments and two harps op.49 (1930)
*Piano Concerto (1945)
*Violin Concerto
*Flute Concerto
*"Der Schwanendreher" for Viola and Small Orchestra (1935)
*"Kammermusik No. 5" for Viola and Orchestra, Op. 36 No. 4 (1927)
*"Konzertmusik" for Viola and Large Chamber Orchestra, Op. 48 (1930)
*"Trauermusik" for Viola and String Orchestra (1936)
*Cello Concerto
*Trumpet Concerto
*Clarinet Concerto
*Horn Concerto
*Organ Concerto
*Concerto for Trumpet and Bassoon

Vocal

*"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" ("Requiem for those we love"), for chorus and orchestra, based on the poem by Walt Whitman (1946)
*"Das Marienleben", song cycle for soprano and piano, based on poems by Rainer Maria Rilke, which exists in two versions. (There is also an orchestration by the composer of six of the songs from the cycle, for soprano and orchestra.)
*"Six Chansons", 6 pieces for "a cappella" choir, settings of French poetry by Rainer Maria Rilke (1939)

Chamber

*String Quartet No. 1 in C, Op. 2
*String Quartet No. 2 in F minor, Op. 10
*String Quartet No. 3 in C, Op. 16
*String Quartet No. 4, Op. 22
*String Quartet No. 5, Op. 32
*String Quartet No. 6 in E-flat
*String Quartet No. 7 in E-flat
*String Trio No. 1, Op. 35 (1924)
*String Trio No. 2 (1933)
*"Kleine Kammermusik", for wind quintet (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn) (1923)
*Wind Septet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bass-clarinet, bassoon, horn and trumpet (1948)
*Octet, for clarinet, bassoon, horn, violin, 2 violas, cello, and double bass (1958)
*Eight Pieces for 2 violins, viola, cello and double-bass (1927)
*Triosatz [retitled 'Rondo' by editor Siegfried Behrend] for three guitars (1925 or 1930)
*Trio for viola, heckelphone (or tenor saxophone) and piano, Op. 47 (1928)

Instrumental

*Violin
**Violin Sonata in E-flat op. 11 No. 1 (1918)
**Violin Sonata in D op. 11 No. 2 (1918)
**Violin Sonata in E (1935)
**Violin Sonata in C
**Sonata for Solo Violin op. 31 No. 1 (1924)
**Sonata for Solo Violin op. 31 No. 2 (1924)
*Viola
**Viola Sonata in F, Op. 11 No. 4 (1919)
**Viola Sonata, Op. 25 No. 4 (1922)
**Viola Sonata (1939)
**Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 11 No. 5 (1919)
**Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 25 No. 1 (1922)
**Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 31 No. 4 (1923)
**Sonata for Solo Viola (1937)
*"Kleine Sonate" for Viola d'amore and Piano, Op. 25 No. 2 (1922)
*Cello
**Cello Sonata op. 11 No. 3 (1919)
**Cello Sonata (1948)
**Solo Sonata for Cello op. 25 No. 3 (1923)
**Drei Leichte Stücke für Violoncello und Klavier (1938)
*Double Bass Sonata (1949)

*Flute Sonata (1936)
*Eight Pieces for Solo Flute (1927)
*Oboe Sonata (1938)
*English Horn Sonata (1941)
*Clarinet Sonata (1939)
*Bassoon Sonata (1938)

*Trumpet Sonata (1939)
*Horn Sonata (1939)
*Sonata for Four Horns (1952)
*Alto Horn (also for french horn or alto saxophone) Sonata (1943)
*Trombone Sonata (1941)
*Tuba Sonata (1955)

*Harp Sonata (1939)

Piano

*Piano Sonata No. 1 (1936)
*Piano Sonata No. 2 (1936)
*Piano Sonata No. 3 (1936)
*Piano Sonata (4 Hands) (1938)
*Sonata for Two Pianos (4 Hands) (1942)
*"Ludus Tonalis"

Organ

*Organ Sonata No. 1 (1937)
*Organ Sonata No. 2 (1937)
*Organ Sonata No. 3 (on ancient folk songs)(1940)

Pedagogical writings

* "Unterweisung im Tonsatz", 3 vols. (Mainz: Schott, 1937–70) [English edition, as "The Craft of Musical Composition", vol. 1: Theoretical Part, trans. by Arthur Mendel (New York: Associated Music Publishers; London: Schott, 1942) & vol. 2: Exercises in Two-Part Writing, trans. by Otto Ortmann (New York: Associated Music Publishers; London: Schott, 1941)]
* "A Concentrated Course in Traditional Harmony" (1943)
* "Elementary training for Musicians" (1946)

Recordings

His complete orchestral works have been recorded by the German conductor Werner Andreas Albert.

Notable students

*Samuel Adler
*Violet Archer
*Irwin Bazelon
*Charles L. Bestor
*Easley Blackwood Jr.
*Norman Dello Joio
*Emma Lou Diemer
*Alvin Etler
*Harald Genzmer
*Bernhard Heiden
*Andrew Hill
*Ulysses Kay
*Mitch Leigh
*Walter Leigh
*Willson Osborne
*William P. Perry
*Mel Powell
*John Donald Robb
*Oskar Sala
*Harold Shapero
*Joseph Tal
*Francis Thorne

ee also

*

References

* Ansermet, Ernest. 1961. "Les fondements de la musique dans la conscience humaine". 2 v. Neuchâtel: La Baconnière.
* Briner, Andres. 1971. "Paul Hindemith". Zürich: Atlantis-Verlag; Mainz: Schott.
* Eaglefield-Hull, A. (Ed.). 1924. "A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians". London:Dent.
* Hindemith, Paul. 1937–70. "Unterweisung im Tonsatz". 3 vols. Mainz, B. Schott's Söhne. First two volumes in English, as "The Craft of Musical Composition", translated by Arthur Mendel and Otto Ortmann. New York: Associated Music Publishers; London: Schott & Co., 1941-42.
* Hindemith, Paul. 1952. "A Composer's World, Horizons and Limitations". Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
* Holland, Bernard. 1995. " [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7D8173BF93AA3575AC0A963958260 Music Review; City Opera Gamely Flirts with Danger] ". "New York Times", 9 September.
* Kater, Michael H. 1997. "The Twisted Muse: Musicians and Their Music in the Third Reich". New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Kater, Michael H. 2000. "Composers of the Nazi Era: Eight Portraits". New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Kemp, Ian. 1970. "Hindemith". Oxford Studies of Composers 6. London, New York: Oxford University Press.
* Neumeyer, David. 1986. "The Music of Paul Hindemith." New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Noss, Luther. 1989. "Paul Hindemith in the United States". Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
* Preussner, Eberhard. 1984. "Paul Hindemith: ein Lebensbild". Innsbruck: Edition Helbling.
* Skelton, Geoffrey. 1975. "Paul Hindemith: The Man Behind the Music: A Biography". London: Gollancz.
* Taylor-Jay, Claire. 2004. "The Artist-Operas of Pfitzner, Krenek and Hindemith: Politics and the Ideology of the Artist". Aldershot: Ashgate.

External links

* [http://www.hindemith.org Hindemith Foundation]
* [http://www.hindemith.org/E/paul-hindemith/compositions.htm Hindemith Foundation list of compositions]
* [http://www.schott-music.com/autoren/KomponistenAZ/show,3517.html Schott Musik] Publisher page
* [http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/composer.pl?comp=136 Art of the States: Paul Hindemith]
* [http://www.nwsinfonietta.com/notes16Apr04.htm An Inner Emigration] , notes on Hindemith and Der Schwanendreher by Ron Drummond

Persondata
NAME=Hindemith, Paul
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=German composer, violist, teacher, music theorist and conductor
DATE OF BIRTH=16 November 1895
PLACE OF BIRTH=Hanau, Germany
DATE OF DEATH=28 December 1963
PLACE OF DEATH=Frankfurt am Main