Judge C. R. Magney State Park

Coordinates: 47°51′4″N 90°3′30″W / 47.85111°N 90.05833°W / 47.85111; -90.05833

Judge C. R. Magney State Park
Minnesota State Park
Devil's Kettle at Judge C. R. Magney State Park.
Named for: Clarence R. Magney
Country	United States
State	Minnesota
County	Cook
Location	Grand Marais
- elevation	1,073 ft (327 m) [1]
- coordinates	47°51′4″N 90°3′30″W / 47.85111°N 90.05833°W / 47.85111; -90.05833
Area	4,643 acres (1,879 ha)
Founded	1957
Management	Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
Location of Judge C.R. Magney State Park in Minnesota

Judge C. R. Magney State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the North Shore of Lake Superior. It was named for Clarence R. Magney, a former mayor of Duluth and judge on the Minnesota Supreme Court, who was instrumental in getting 11 state parks and scenic waysides established along the North Shore.^[2] The park is best known for the Devil's Kettle, an unusual waterfall and rock formation in which half of the Brule River disappears into a pothole.

Geography

Judge C. R. Magney State Park is located on scenic Minnesota State Highway 61, 25 miles (40 km) from the Canada – United States border.^[3] The last 8 miles (13 km) of the Brule River flow through the park, dropping 800 feet (240 m) and producing several waterfalls and cascades.^[4] A tributary of the Brule, Gauthier Creek, flows in from the west. Mons Creek, an intermittent stream on the park's northeast border, drains a small marsh.^[4] This stretch of the Brule River has three named waterfalls. 1 mile (1.6 km) from the lakeshore, Lower Falls drops 7 feet (2.1 m) over two steps just before the mouth of Gauthier Creek.^[5][6] A short distance upstream are Upper Falls, dropping 25 feet (7.6 m), and Devil's Kettle Falls.^[5] From the Devil's Kettle to Upper Falls the river flows through a .25-mile (0.40 km) rocky gorge, as does the last .5 miles (0.80 km) of Gauthier Creek.^[3][7]:56 Developed areas and trail access are confined to the lower third of the park.^[7]:54 The northern section is rugged and difficult to access, with open ridges stepping away from the river valley.^[8] These extremes produce an elevation change of about 1,000 feet (300 m) in the park. The state park is entirely within Grand Portage State Forest, although most of the land directly adjacent to the park is privately owned inholdings.^[9] The park has a continental climate of extreme seasonal variation, moderated by Lake Superior, which keeps the shore areas 6 to 8 degrees warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the inland part of the region.^[4] Thus winters tend to be mild and snowy.^[2]

Natural history

Geology

The park is underlain by alternating layers of basalt and rhyolite, which were erupted from the Midcontinent Rift System 1.1 billion years ago when the middle of the North American Plate began to crack. These layers bear intrusions of gabbro and diabase in the north and ferrodiorite in the south near the lakeshore.^[7]:54 The rift itself formed a great basin, which gradually filled with sedimentary rock. The volcanic layers to either side became tilted; the basalt and rhyolite layers underneath the park dip about 12° and are estimated to be some 4,800 feet (1,500 m) thick altogether.^[7]:56

From 2 million years ago to 10,000 years ago a series of glacial periods repeatedly covered the region with ice, scouring the bedrock and scooping out the accumulated rock in the great basin. As the glaciers began to melt at the end of the last glacial period pockets of rock and dirt till were left behind while the basin filled with meltwater, forming Glacial Lake Duluth. A layer of red sediment with clay minerals remains from this time on flat, inland areas of the park. The changing configuration of the receding glaciers, plus post-glacial rebound of the surrounding land, altered the depth and area of the glacial Great Lakes. The succession of lake levels left a series of beach ridges, wave-cut bluffs, and terraces at several elevations. These landforms are visible all along Minnesota's North Shore, but Judge C. R. Magney State Park is the only park bearing the complete series from the high water of Glacial Lake Duluth to the level of Glacial Lake Nipissing just above the current Superior shore.^[7]:58 As the lake levels changed, so too did the rivers flowing into them. Several former stream beds and deltas can be identified at the southern end of the park. The campground sits on a delta and a former stream bed lies directly opposite the park entrance.^[10]

The Devil's Kettle

The park is best known for an unusual waterfall located on the Brule River 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from its mouth.^[4] The river splits in two to flow around a mass of rhyolite rock. The eastern flow goes over a two-step, 50 foot waterfall and continues downstream.^[2] The western flow surges into a pothole, falling at least 10 feet (3.0 m), and disappears underground.^[11] It is believed the water rejoins the main channel of the river or has a separate outlet into Lake Superior, but it has never been located.^[6][8] Researchers have dropped brightly colored dyes, ping pong balls, and other objects into the Devil's Kettle without result.^[12] There is even a legend that someone pushed a car into the fissure, but given that the Devil's Kettle is wholly inaccessible by road, most commentators dismiss this as hyperbole.^[5][13]

Not only is the outlet unknown, but there is currently no satisfactory geological explanation for the Devil's Kettle.^[7]:57 Certainly riverbed potholes are known to form from rocks and grit swirling in an eddy with such force that they eventually drill a vertical shaft in the bedrock. How the flow is conducted away laterally, however, remains enigmatic. As geologist John C. Green writes:

One [theory] is that, after dropping down the pothole, the river runs along a fault underground, or as a variant, that it enters an underground channel and comes out somewhere under Lake Superior. Both of these ideas have one valid aspect in common: they recognize that water must move downhill! But the main problem is creating a channel or conduit large enough to conduct the impressive flow of half the Brule River! Faulting commonly has the effect of crushing and fracturing the rock along the fault plane. This could certainly increase the permeability of the rock - its capacity to transmit water - but the connected open spaces needed to drain half the river would be essentially impossible, especially for such a distance. Furthermore, there is no geologic evidence for such a fault at the Devil's Kettle. Large, continuous openings generally do not occur in rocks, except for caves in limestone terranes. The nearest limestone is probably in southeastern Minnesota, so that doesn't help... Maybe the Devil's Kettle bottoms out fortuitously in a great lava tube that conducts the water to the Lake... Unfortunately for this idea, they are not the right kind of volcanic rocks! Rhyolites, such as the great flow at this locality, never form lava tubes, which only develop in fluid basaltic lava. Even the basalts in this area may not be the "right kind", being flood basalts that spread laterally as a sheet from fissures, not down the slopes of a volcano. No lava tubes have been found in the hundreds of basalt flows exposed along the North Shore. Furthermore, the nearest basalt is so far below the river bed, and even if it did contain an empty lava tube (very unlikely after its long history of deep burial) the tube would have to be both oriented in the right direction (south) and blocked above this site so that it isn't already full of debris. And there are no reports of trees or other floating debris suddenly appearing at one spot offshore in Lake Superior. The mystery persists.^[7]:57

Flora and fauna

With an elevation change of 1,000 feet (300 m), Judge C. R. Magney State Park supports a wide variety of flora and fauna.^[8] Overall the park contains Laurentian Mixed Forest comprising both conifers and broadleafs. Before European settlement the Brule River Valley would have been forested mostly with white pine. Extensive logging and forest fires have altered the park's vegetation significantly, except around the rocky and inaccessible ridgetops. Today's secondary forest is dominated by aspen and birch, with stands of white spruce, sugar maple, and basswood. There are a few remnant stands of white pine on hilltops and ravines, especially along Gauthier Creek.^[4] Large northern white cedars are abundant along the river.^[3] Inland are many dense stands of white spruce, the result of planting and vigorous natural reseeding after the timber harvests.^[4] Around the waterfalls, the constant mist creates a microclimate conducive to several plant species not found elsewhere in the park.^[14]

The large mammals found in the park, particularly in the remote northern section, are white-tailed deer, moose, black bears, red foxes, and gray wolves. Smaller mammals include groundhogs, red squirrels, eastern chipmunks, American martens, and snowshoe hares.^[8][15] Broad-winged hawks, barred owls, and great horned owls are prevalent, while many other raptor species pass through the park during their migration. Several species of warblers nest in the park.^[4] The Brule River and its tributary Gauthier Creek have spawning runs of rainbow trout in spring and salmon in the fall.^[16]

White-tailed deer are not endemic to northern Minnesota, having expanded into the region to take advantage of the plant regrowth during the logging period. In the 1940s and 50s there were as many as 300 deer per square mile. The population has dropped as the forest has matured, but the deer still pose a management challenge as they overgraze young trees of certain species, over time altering the composition of the forest.^[4] The park has fenced deer exclosures around reseeded white pines.^[3]

Cultural history

The Ojibwe called the river Wiskode-zibi (Half-burned Wood River), which was translated directly into French as Bois Brulé and shortened by English speakers to "Brule River". The name likely refers to an early forest fire, and fires played a significant role in the park's early history. A series of fires in northern Wisconsin in 1892 to 1894 forced lumber companies to abandon that area and cross Lake Superior to begin logging the North Shore even though the quality of the timber was lower. The Red Cliff Lumber Company was headquartered a few miles west of the Brule River, and much of the future park was logged at this time. However logging practices of the day foreshortened the harvest of North Shore timber too, as slash left on the ground for several dry years fueled a devastating fire in 1908. Droughts and fires bedeviled the North Shore for the next 30 years. In 1928 the General Logging Company began harvesting second-growth wood in the Brule and Cascade River valleys for a pulp mill in Grand Marais, but once again a devastating fire in 1931 burned 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) and brought the industry to a halt.^[4]

The slowly regenerating Brule Valley very nearly became an exclusive resort for the wealthy, as entrepreneurs from Duluth formed the Naniboujou Club and planned a luxurious lakeside complex with a 150-room lodge, cabins, bathhouses, tennis courts, a golf course, and a swimming pool, all powered a hydroelectric dam on the Brule.^[17] With a membership of almost 600, the club purchased 3,300 acres (1,300 ha) along the shoreline and planned to buy another 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) inland.^[18] The Naniboujou Club Lodge was completed in July 1929, but then the Wall Street Crash of 1929 struck that October, triggering the Great Depression. The rest of the complex was never built, and the lodge went through a succession of owners and periods of closure.^[18]

Instead of wealthy families, the next residents of the future park were homeless men. In 1934 the state bought 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) from the Naniboujou Club and opened a "transient camp" on the Brule River to provide work and housing for men made homeless by the Depression. At first it was managed by the state's Division of Forestry and named the Grover Conzet Camp after their director, but at the end of 1936 it was transferred to the federal Works Progress Administration.^[19] The camp consisted of fourteen barracks, two recreation halls, two bathhouses, a dining hall, and a bakery, as well as three workshops, an office, a garage, a warehouse, and a root cellar.^[19] About 800 men rotated through the camp, conducting forestry projects such as planting trees and building fire roads.^[20] They also developed a small public park and built the trail and stairs leading to the Devil's Kettle.^[3][7]:55 The enrollees also farmed some of their own food and battled a 1936 forest fire that burned 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) north of Hovland. After the fire they built a sawmill and salvaged some of the downed wood.^[4] In return the men received wages, medical services, clothing, running water, and access to reading material and a radio. Despite these benefits a visiting timber union leader managed to foment a rebellion in February 1938 in which the administrators were briefly ejected from camp before state and local officials restored order.^[19] The WPA departed in July 1938 and the U.S. Indian Service converted the facility into a camp for Ojibwe youth.^[19] The concrete foundations of several camp buildings are still visible in the park's campground and picnic area.^[2]

In 1957 the Minnesota Legislature established Brule River State Park and appropriated $5,000 to purchase privately owned land within the 940-acre (380 ha) statutory boundaries.^[2][14] Clarence Magney, who had been instrumental in creating eleven state parks and waysides on the North Shore, died on May 14, 1962. The next year the park was renamed in his honor, and in 1965 Judge C. R. Magney State Park was expanded to 4,500 acres (1,800 ha) by adding the section upstream from the Devil's Kettle.^[14] Development remained limited to a small campground, a picnic area, and the trail to the waterfalls. In 1987 a trail was added on the west bank of the river.^[14]

Recreation

Amenities are confined to the southern third of Judge C. R. Magney State Park. The summer-only campground has 27 sites and a sanitation building with flush toilets and showers.^[15] The historic, privately-owned Naniboujou Club Lodge provides hotel accommodations directly across from the park entrance. There are 9 miles (14 km) of hiking trails.^[15] The main hike is the strenuous 1.1-mile (1.8 km) walk to the Devil's Kettle and Upper and Lower Falls, which features nearly 200 stairs.^[5] This route is part of the Superior Hiking Trail, which swings through the park and dead-ended here until August 2003, when the northernmost 9 miles (14 km) were completed to the Canadian border.^[11]

The Brule River is popular for its fishing opportunities, as the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has been stocking it with rainbow trout since 1930.^[4] The river also contains introduced brook trout, chinook salmon, and pink salmon during their respective spawning seasons. Anglers occasionally catch smallmouth bass and northern pike that entered the river from lakes upstream.^[4]

The Brule River also provides whitewater kayaking for experienced paddlers, who begin upstream of the park boundary and must portage around several stretches.^[4][21]

Media appearances

The Devil's Kettle is featured the 1998 novel The Big Law by Chuck Logan. The movie Jennifer's Body depicts a highly fictionalized version of the falls and a wholly fictitious town named after them.

References

1. ^ "Judge C R Magney State Park". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1991-02-01. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:659247. Retrieved 2011-02-25. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources. Judge C.R. Magney State Park. May 2009. [1]
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Mosher, Mary Jo (2002). Hiking Minnesota II. Guilford, Conn.: Falcon. ISBN 0762723483. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Minnesota Division of Parks and Recreation, Park Planning Section (1985). Judge C R Magney State Park Management Plan (Report). Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Wallinga, Eve; Wallinga, Gary (2006). Waterfalls of Minnesota's North Shore. Hovland, Minn.: North Shore Press. ISBN 978-0-9740207-1-0. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Simonowicz, Nina A. (2004). Nina's North Shore Guide: Big Lake, Big Woods, Big Fun. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4440-3. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Green, John C. (1996). Geology on Display: Geology and Scenery of Minnesota's North Shore State Parks. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. ISBN 0-9657127-0-2. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Johnson, Steve; Belanger, Kenneth (2007). Minnesota Waterfalls. Madison, Wis.: Trails Books. ISBN 978-1-931599-80-1. 
9. ^ Sportsman's Connection ([2007]). Northeastern Minnesota All-Outdoors Atlas. Superior, Wis.: Sportsman's Connection. ISBN 9781885010414. 
10. ^ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Judge C.R. Magney State Park interpretive signage.
11. ^ ^{a b} Cook, Sam (28 September 2003). "Even on raw autumn day, trail's newest segment measures up - NORTH SHORE: Hikers check out the nine-mile section between Judge C.R. Magney State Park and the Canadian border". Duluth News Tribune (Duluth, Minn.). 
12. ^ LaFave, Nick (15 July 2009). "Northland summer destination: Devil's Kettle mystifies hikers in Magney Park". Duluth News Tribune (Duluth, Minn.). 
13. ^ Ryan, Mark (October 8, 2009). "The Devil's Kettle conundrum". Science Museum of Minnesota. http://www.sciencebuzz.org/buzz-tags/devils-kettle. Retrieved April 5, 2010. 
14. ^ ^{a b c d} Meyer, Roy W. (1991). Everyone's Country Estate: A History of Minnesota's State Parks. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-8735-1266-9. 
15. ^ ^{a b c} Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2010). "Judge C.R. Magney State Park". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/state_parks/judge_cr_magney/index.html. Retrieved April 5, 2010. 
16. ^ Link, Mike; Crowley, Kate (1990). Minnesota's State Parks: Celebrating One Hundred Years. Stillwater, Minn.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-89658-103-9. 
17. ^ Gardner, Denis P. (2004). Minnesota Treasures: Stories Behind the State's Historic Places. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-471-8. 
18. ^ ^{a b} Gauper, Beth (10 November 2002). "On the North Shore, a jazz-age lodge still inspires reverence". Pioneer Press (St. Paul, Minn.). 
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Zankman, Pat (Winter 2000-2001). "The Grover Conzet Transient Camp". Overlook (Grand Marais, Minn.: Cook County Historical Society): 3–4. 
20. ^ Olsenius, Richard (1982). Minnesota Travel Companion: A Guide to the History Along Minnesota's Highways. Wayzata, Minn.: Bluestem. ISBN 0960906401. 
21. ^ Umhoefer, Jim. "Judge C.R. Magney State Park Log". Minnesota Trails. http://mntrails.com/trail-log/judge-cr-magney-state-park-log. Retrieved April 5, 2010. 

External links

• Judge C.R. Magney State Park