Pink salmon

Pink salmon
Male pink salmon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Salmoniformes
Family:	Salmonidae
Genus:	Oncorhynchus
Species:	O. gorbuscha
Binomial name
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)

Pink salmon or humpback salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, (from a Russian name for this species gorbuša, горбуша) is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family. It is the smallest and most abundant of the Pacific salmon.

Appearance

In the ocean, pink salmon are bright silver fish. After returning to their spawning stream, their coloring changes to pale grey on the butt with yellowish white belly (although some turn an overall dull green color). As with all salmon, in addition to the dorsal fin they also have an adipose fin. The fish is characterized by a white mouth with black gums, no teeth on the tongue, large oval-shaped black spots on the back and v-shaped tail, and an anal fin with 13-17 soft rays. During their spawning migration, males develop a pronounced humped back, hence their nickname "humpies". Pink salmon average 4.8 pounds (2.2 kg) in weight.^[1] The maximum recorded size was 30 inches (76 cm) and 15 pounds (6.8 kg).^[2]

Reproduction

Pink salmon caught by fly fishers in its freshwater spawning phase

Pink salmon in their native range have a strict two year life cycle, thus odd and even-year populations do not interbreed. Adult pink salmon enter spawning streams from the ocean, usually returning to the water course, or race, where they originated. Spawning occurs between late June and mid-October. Pink salmon spawn in coastal streams and some longer rivers, and may spawn in the intertidal zone or at the mouth of streams if hyporheic freshwater is available. Using her tail, the female digs a trough-shaped nest, called a redd (Scandinavian word for "nest"), in the gravel of the stream bed, wherein she deposits her eggs. As she expels the eggs, she is approached by one or more males who fertilize them as they fall into the redd. Subsequently, the female covers the newly-deposited zygotes, again with thrusts of her tail against the gravel at the top of the redd. The female lays from 1000 to 2000 eggs in several clutches within the redd, often fertilized by different males. Females guard their redds until death, which comes within days of spawning. In dense populations, a major source of mortality for embryos is superposition of redds by later-spawning fish. The eggs hatch from December to February, depending on water temperature, and the juveniles emerge from the gravel during March and April and quickly migrate downstream to estuaries at about one-quarter gram. The fish achieve sexual maturity in their second year of life. They return to freshwater in the summer or autumn as two year old adults. Pink and [chum salmon] sometimes interbreed in nature to form the hybrid known as the miko salmon; the hybrids are reproductively sterile.

Habitat

Pink salmon are coldwater fish with a preferred temperature range of 5.6 to 14.6°C, an optimal temperature of 10.1°C, and an upper incipient lethal temperature of 25.8°C. The species is native to Pacific and Arctic coastal waters from the Sacramento River in northern California to the Mackenzie River in Canada; and in the west from the Lena River in Siberia to Korea. Populations in Asia occur as far south as Hondo Island in Japan. Pink salmon were introduced into the Great Lakes; also in Iran.^{[citation needed]}

Conservation status

The pink salmon is critically imperiled in California, and imperiled in Washington. In Alaska and British Columbia they are secure.^[3] They have been introduced in the Great Lakes. The range of the pink salmon is the north-eastern Pacific off the North American coast.

Commerce

The commercial harvest of pink salmon is a mainstay of fisheries of both the eastern and western North Pacific; over 100 million have been taken in recent annual harvests in Alaska alone.^[4] More than 20 million harvested pink salmon are produced by fishery-enhancement hatcheries, particularly in the northern Gulf of Alaska.^[5] Pink salmon are not grown in significant numbers in fish farms. The fish are often canned, smoked or salted. Pink salmon roe is also produced commercially for caviar, a particularly valuable product in Asia.

Beginning in the late nineteenth century, fish traps were used to supply fish for commercial canning and salting. The industry expanded steadily until 1920. During the 1940s and 1950s, Pink Salmon populations declined drastically. Fish traps were prohibited in Alaska in 1959. Now most pink salmon are taken with purse seines, drift nets or gillnets. Populations and harvests increased rapidly after the mid 1970s and have been at record high numbers since the 1980s.

"Salmon pink" is a color named for the typically pink color of this fish's flesh. The color derives from their diet, which includes shrimp and krill.

References

• "Oncorhynchus gorbuscha". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161975. Retrieved 30 January 2006. 
• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Oncorhynchus gorbuscha" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
• Bonar, S.A., G.B. Pauley, and G.L. Thomas. 1989. Species profiles, life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest)--pink salmon. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.88).
• Kingsbury, A. 1994. Pink Salmon, Alaska Department of Fish and Game

Footnotes

1. ^ Fisheries and Oceans Canada species account Retrieved 2007 October 16
2. ^ Fishbase species account Retrieved 2007 October 16
3. ^ Oncorhynchus gorbuscha NatureServe conservation status
4. ^ excerpts from Woodby et al. Commercial Fisheries in Alaska June 2005. Retrieved 2007 October 16
5. ^ Salmon Enhancement and Hatcheries Retrieved 2007 October 16