- Maraimalai Adigal
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Maraimalai Adigal 
Maraimalai AdigalBorn Vedhachalam
July 15, 1876
Nagapattinam, Madras Presidency, British IndiaDied September 15, 1950 (aged 74)
Madras, Madras State, IndiaMaraimalai Adigal (Tamil: மறைமலை அடிகள்) (15 July 1876 – 15 September 1950) was an eminent Tamil orator and writer. He was a devout Hindu as a staunch follower of Saivism. He has authored more than 100 books, including works on original poems and dramas, but most famous are his books on his research into Tamil literature. Most of his literary works were on Saivism. He founded a Saivite institution called Podhunilaik Kazhagam. He was an exponent of the Pure Tamil movement and hence considered to be the father of Tamil puritanism. He advocated the use of Tamil devoid of Sanskrit words and hence changed his birth name Vedhachalam to Maraimalai.
Politically he was inclined towards non-Brahminism and hence he and his followers considered that the Self-respect movement was born out of his efforts. Nevertheless, the atheist ideologies of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy were shunned by Maraimalai Adigal and caused years of differences between the two. Maraimalai Adigal spent most of his income on buying his books and after his death his collection were made into a library according to his will.
Early life
Practices
Maraimalai Adigal was born on 15 July 1876[1] to Cokkanata Pillai and Cinnammai.[2] His birth name was Vedhachalam. He did his early schooling at Wesley Mission High School in Nagappattinam, but had to abandon his formal education with Fourth Form after his father's death.[3]
An erudite Scholar In Three Llanguages ! Tamil, English and Sanskrit
English and Sanskrit Learning
His stint as a student in Wesley Mission High School Nagapattiam made him proficient in English language. When refused to be taught Sanskrit by a Sanskrit teacher on his being a non Brahmin at his early age, he found a way out by teaching a fellow Brahmin student English, learnt fom that boy Sanskrit on daily basis and became proficient in Sanskrit.
Education in Tamil literature
Maraimalai Adigal in spite of discontinuing his formal education after 9th grade, continued learning Tamil language from Tamil scholar Narayana Pillai, who was making his livelihood by selling Tamil palm leaf manuscripts.[3] He learnt Sanskrit and English through his own effort.[2] He later authored several articles in Tamil monthly called Neelalochani. He later studied Saiva Philosophy under Somasundara Naicker. With the help of Sundaram Pillai, author of Manonmaniam, he learnt Tamil poetic dramas and thus acquired employment as a Tamil teacher in a school in Trivandrum.[3]
Career
At the age of seventeen, he got married to Soundaravalli and soon after his marriage, he moved to Chennai to work as a sud-editor to a journal Siddantha Deepikai. Later, in March 1898, he quit this job to work with V. G. Suryanarana Sastri as a teacher in Madras Christian College. In his time in Madras Christian College he toured throughout Tamil Nadu giving lectures on Saivism.[3] At about the same time he started a society for Saivism called Saiva Siddhanta Maha Samajam.[1] As a young teacher he was popular with his students who would visit his house to listen to his lectures.[2]
(Though he changed his name (Marai = Vedham; Malai = achalam; Adigal = swamy) only in the 1916, we chose to address him as Maraimalai Adigal (for the period prior to 1916)out of shear respect for that great Tamil Scholar/ leader )
"Tamil made optional" by Madras University : In the year 1910 a decision was made by the Madras University to make Tamil language (vernacular) as optional for graduation in Arts subject leaving English as a medium of education. Some members of the University, who were inimical to Tamil but unashamedly calling themselves as Tamils made a proposal to make English and Sanskrit as compulsory subjects. In the absence of a true Tamil who could oppose that shameful act, only a European member took strong objection to that move and questioned as to how Tamil, a language rich in literature and grammar spoken by the majority people could be made as optional, while making Sanskrit, a language not spoken by anybody be made as a compulsory subject. Thus their sinister attempt to make Sanskrit as compulsory failed miserably.
Maraimalai Adigal Left the Job: Because of the above decision of Madras University many Tamil teachers lost their jobs. Realizing the vast knowledge and his great capacity as a teacher Miller the then Head of Christian College Madras and other friends insisted that Maraimalai Adigal be given a job in the college and should not leave the job. As the opportunity to teach Tamil got considerably reduced and number of students opted Tamil was minimal,the need for full time teacher was not a required. Maraimalai Adigal had refused the offer of Miller and other friends from other colleges and resigned his Christian College job to lead an ascetic life in a serene atmosphere outside the city and to study and do research in Tamil.
Works in Tamil literature
Apart from being a good orator he composed several Tamil poems too.[3] He authored more than 100 books. Other than essays and novels he wrote books dealing with literary criticism, philosophy and religion, history, psychology and politics.[4] His collections of poems to Hindu god Murugan, which he composed during the times of illness were published as Thiruvotri Muruhar Mummanikkovai in 1900. He also wrote poems in memory of his teacher Somasundara Naiker in 1901 as Somasundarak Kaanjiaakkam. This has been considered as one of his best works. He also released his research work on Tamil literature Mullaip Pattu Aaraichi for students of Tamil literature.[3] He translated Kalidasa's Sakuntalai into Tamil.[1]
Some of his prominent works include:[4]
- Pattinapalaai Aaraaichi-yurai (1906)
- Tamizhthaai (1933)
- Sinthanaikatturaikal (1908)
- Arivuraikkothu (1921)
- Chiruvarkaana Senthamizh (1934)
- Ilainarkaana Inramizh (1957 - posthumous publication)
- Arivuraikkovai (1971 - posthumous publication)
- Maraimalaiyatikal paamanaikkovai (1977 - posthumous publication)
In 1911, he published his first novel, Kumuthavalli allathu Naahanaattarasi, an adaptation of English novel Leela by G. W. M. Reynolds.[4]
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- Maraimalai Adigalar was the first and foremost author of self-improvement/self-help/personality development books in India. His works can be compared with those of Emerson,M.R.Kopmeyer,Dale Carnegie etc. He wrote the following books in the 1890s and they are still available at the leading publishers at Chennai,India :-
1. Maranathin pin Manithar Nilai (Human Life stage After Death) 2. Mesmerism and Hypnotism 3. Tholaivil unarthal (Telepathy)
As Swami Vedhachalam
Maraimalai Adigal as an Author and Publisher: After quitting Christian College job On 10 April 1911, he moved to Pallavaram, a suburb of Chennai. While at Pallavaram, he started to dress as a Sanyasin from 27 August 1911 and became to be known as Swami Vedhachalam. He became a devout follower of Saivism and started an institution named Podhunilaik Kazhagam. The motto of the institution was set at Ondre Kulam, Oruvanae Devan (Mankind is one, and God is one). The Kazhagam made efforts to make people of all castes, creeds and religions to worship together. He started a printing press named, "Thiru Murugan Press" (TM Press) in his residence at Pallavaram and published a number of books and magazines detailed above. He also started a monthly called Gnaana Saaharam (Ocean of Wisdom).[3]
Pure Tamil movement
Main article: Pure Tamil movementIn the year 1916 he became an exponent of pure Tamil movement advocating the use of Tamil language devoid of loan words from Sanskrit. Thus he changed the name of Gnaana Saaharam to Arivukkadal and his title of Swami Vedhachalam to Maraimalai Adigal (where Adigal is Tamil for Swami).[5] Thus he is referred to as the Father of Tamil Puritanism.[5][6][7]
Maraimalai Adigal and Self-respect movement
Articles related to
Dravidian politicsVaried topicsForerunnersDravidian partiesChief MinistersNon-Brahminism
Apart being the called as father of pure Tamil movement, Maraimalai Adigal is also considered as father of Non-Brahmin Tamil movements.[7] Maraimalai Adigal himself claimed that the non-Brahmin stance of Self-respect movement was born out of his views and principles.[8] Nevertheless, the atheist stance of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, who was heading the Self-respect movement, was observed by Maraimalai Adigal and his followers as counter productive.[9] On this issue, Ilavalaganar, a student of Maraimalai Adigal wrote:
“ Saivism is not one iota different from the primary aim of the Self-respect movement. The Self-respect movement arose to dispel the illusion of Brahmanism from the Tamil people and infuse self-respect into them. Saivism also does the same. The Self-respect Movement detests the Aryan Brahmins. Saivism too doesn't like the Aryan Brahmins one bit... The Self-respect movement wishes to uplift the depressed classes. That is also the basic idea of Saivism.... The Self-respect movement is against caste differences among the Tamil people. Saivism too emphasizes the same point... when there are so many commonalities, why should Saivism and Saivite apostles be deprecated and condemned [by the Self-respect movement].[9] ” Differences with Self-respect movement
Although initially a supporter of the Self-respect movement, which he saw as a non-Brahmin movement, he vehemently opposed the atheistic views of its leadership. At one stage he asked Ulaganatha Mudaliar, brother of Thiru. Vi. Kaliyanasundara Mudaliar (Thiru Vi. Ka as he was popularly known) and an eminent Saivite scholar himself, to arrange for a state-wide tour to counter the propaganda of the Self-respect movement.[10] Maraimalai Adigal looked upon the Self-respect movement as a handiwork of the Vaishnavites. On this Maraimalai Adigal wrote
“ The leader of the Self-respect movement is a Vaishnavite; his brother too, we come to understand, is a Vaishnavite who has converted many gullible Saivites to Vaishnavism. Their accomplices too are Vaishnavites. Some of the Justice Party leaders too are Vaishnavites. Moreover, not only are they Vaishnavites, they are also Telugu-speakers.[10] ” Kalyanasundara Mudaliar, although a Saivite himself, disagreed with Maraimalai Adigal. Kalyanasundaram refused to publish Maraimalai Adigal's essay against Self-respect movement in his journal.[10] The antipathy between Maraimalai Adigal and the members of Self-respect movement was also explicit with Kudiarasu, the political organ of Self-respect movement claiming that Maraimalai Adigal was calling for Periyar to be murdered.[11]
Reconciliation
Eventually after years of disagreement, both Maraimalai Adigal and Periyar realised that the disagreement is harmful for their interest and worked towards a repproachment.[12] Periyar offered an unconditional apology to Maraimalai Adigal and in reply, Maraimalai Adigal wrote a series on the Ramayana in Periyar's English language weekly Revolt.[13] Although the apology and reconciliation were at a personal level between Periyar and Maraimalai Adigal, the difference in ideologies still made their followers to cross swords.[13]
Maraimalai Adigal Library
Maraimalai Adigal spent most of his income on buying books.[5] Research on the readership of his book collections show that between 20 April 1923 to 10 August 1930 a total of 1852 people had borrowed his books.[5] The readership included people from Madras Presidency, Sri Lanka, Burma and Malaysia.[5] Upon his death, on 15 September 1950,[1] according to his will, the books were left for the people of Tamil Nadu and thus a library named after him was started in 1958 in Chennai.[5] The library was a repertoire of books and journals, some printed way back in 1779. The contents of the library were moved in May 2008 to Connemara Public Library.[14]
See also
- Pure Tamil movement
Notes
- ^ a b c d One Hundred Tamils of the 20th century on TamilNation.com
- ^ a b c Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature Page 213
- ^ a b c d e f g Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1 Page 82
- ^ a b c Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature Page 214
- ^ a b c d e f Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1 Page 83
- ^ Early Novels in India Page 92
- ^ a b Vaitheespara,R The Question of Colonialism and Imperialism in Tamil Nationalist Thought: The Case of Maraimalai Adigal (1876-1950) Tamil Studies Conference. Toronto, Canada.
- ^ In Those Days There was No Coffee Page 117
- ^ a b In Those Days There was No Coffee Page 116 - 117
- ^ a b c In Those Days There was No Coffee Page 118
- ^ In Those Days There was No Coffee Page 119
- ^ In Those Days There was No Coffee Page 120
- ^ a b In Those Days There was No Coffee Page 121
- ^ Mohammed, Peer. "Rare library turns 50". Deccan Chronicle. http://www.dc-epaper.com/dc/dcc/2008/08/25/ArticleHtmls/25_08_2008_004_007.shtml. Retrieved 2009-01-31.[dead link]
References
- Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 1. Sahitya Akademi. 1987. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9788126018031. http://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC.
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. Brill. pp. 213–214. ISBN 9789004093652. http://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC.
- Mukherjee, Meenakshi (2002). Early Novels in India. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 92. ISBN 9788126013425. http://books.google.com/books?id=VPJ7jqVSl34C.
- Vēṅkaṭācalapati, Ā. Irā (2006). In Those Days There was No Coffee. Yoda Press. pp. 116–121. ISBN 9788190227278. http://books.google.com/books?id=tk-KZmcUEvAC.
• திருநாவுக்கரசு. மறை (1959) மறைமலை அடிகள் வரலாறு சைவ சிந்தாந்த நூற்பதிப்புக் கழகம். பக்கம்: 22-24, 124-126
Categories:- 1876 births
- 1950 deaths
- Tamil people
- Tamil-language activists
- Indian Saivites
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