Jingdezhen

Jingdezhen 景德镇
—  Prefecture-level city  —
City of Jingdezhen · 景德镇市
Jingdezhen in Jiangxi
Jingdezhen Location in China
Coordinates: 29°17′N 117°12′E / 29.283°N 117.2°E / 29.283; 117.2
Country	China
Province	Jiangxi
Government
– CPC Party Secretary	Xu Aimin
– Mayor	Li Fang
Area
– Total	5,256 km2 (2,029.4 sq mi)
Population (2007)
– Total	1,554,000
– Density	295.7/km2 (765.8/sq mi)
Time zone	China Standard (UTC+8)
Postal code	333000
Area code(s)	0086-798
Website	http://www.jdz.gov.cn

Jingdezhen
Simplified Chinese	景德镇
Traditional Chinese	景德鎮
Hanyu Pinyin	Jǐngdézhèn [tɕìŋtɤ̌tʂə̂n]
Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Jǐngdézhèn [tɕìŋtɤ̌tʂə̂n] - Wade–Giles Chingtechen Min - Hokkien POJ kíngtiktìn Wu - Romanization cin上teh入tsen去 Cantonese (Yue) - Jyutping ging2dak1zan3 - Yale Romanization Jing3de2jen4

Jingdezhen (Chinese: 景德镇; pinyin: Jǐngdézhèn, or the Town of Jingde), is a prefecture-level city, previously a town, in Jiangxi Province, China, with a total population of 1,554,000 (2007).^[1] It is known as the "Porcelain Capital" because it has been producing quality pottery for 1700 years. The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2000 years. Jingdezhen is one of Chinese Historical and Cultural Cities, and was named one outstanding civilization & health city of Jiangxi Province, one tourist city of China by the end of 2007.

History

Traditional Woodblock: Painting of the Cups

During the Han Dynasty, Jingdezhen was known as Xinpin. Historical records show that it was during time that it began to make porcelain.^[2] Xinpin then was renamed Changnanzhen (Changnan Town) during the Northern Song Dynasty. It took the era name of the emperor during whose reign its porcelain production first rose to fame. In 1004 CE, during the North Song Dynasty, Changnanzhen became Jingdezhen.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Jingdezhen was named one of four famous towns in Chinese history, along with Foshan (Guangdong Province), Hankou (Hubei Province) and Zhuxianzhen (Henan Province).^[3]

"Allegedly, Jingdezhen gave birth to the English name of the country. The ancient name of the town is Changnan.... Way back in time, Changnan was synonymous with ceramics, and over time, foreign ceramics traders made the name sound like “china”. The rest is history."^[4]

In the 19th century, Jingdezhen became a county. During the period of the People's Republic of China it became a provincial city but retained the Jingdezhen name. Usually when a town is upgraded to a city, the designation of "city" replaces that of "town", but Jingdezhen retained its name to honor its history.

Jingdezhen was named one of top 24 national historical and cultural cities of the People's Republic of China on February 28, 1982.^[5]

In 2004, Jingdezhen celebrated the millennium of its becoming the porcelain capital and its assuming its present name.

Geography

Topographic Map of Jingdezhen

Jingdezhen is situated in the north-east of Jiangxi Province of China and neighbours Anhui; the city center area is located in the north-east of the Poyang Lake Plain. Its area is 5,256 km².^[1] The highest point is 1,618 metres, with plains on the southern part with an average height of 200 metres.

There are some cities and counties between Jiangxi and Anhui Province around Jingdezhen. To its north, northwest and northeast are Dongzhi, Xiuning and Qimen County of Anhui Province. To its south are Wannian County and Yiyang County. To its west is Boyang County. Lastly, to its southeast are Wuyuan County and Dexing County-level City of Jiangxi Province.

Jingdezhen's natural resources include kaolin, coal, manganese, and lime, but it is the kaolin that has made the city famous in China and the world.^[2] For over a millennium, its unique kaolin has enabled Jingdezhen to make high-quality porcelain. (The word "Kaolin" came from "Gaoling" or "Kaoling", a village located in Ehu Town, Fuliang County, Jingdezhen City.).^[6][7]

Climate

Jingdezhen has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa), with somewhat brief, cool and damp winters, and long, very hot and humid summers. Extreme maximum temperatures of above 40 °C (104 °F) have been recorded, as have extreme minimums below −5 °C (23 °F).^[2]

Climate data for Jingdezhen
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	10.4 (50.7)	12.2 (54.0)	16.4 (61.5)	22.6 (72.7)	26.9 (80.4)	30.0 (86.0)	33.9 (93.0)	34.0 (93.2)	30.3 (86.5)	24.9 (76.8)	19.0 (66.2)	13.2 (55.8)	22.8
Average low °C (°F)	1.5 (34.7)	3.6 (38.5)	7.6 (45.7)	13.3 (55.9)	18.0 (64.4)	21.8 (71.2)	24.8 (76.6)	24.2 (75.6)	20.4 (68.7)	14.4 (57.9)	8.4 (47.1)	3.1 (37.6)	13.4
Precipitation mm (inches)	81.0 (3.189)	116.8 (4.598)	179.1 (7.051)	239.9 (9.445)	269.2 (10.598)	312.7 (12.311)	189.3 (7.453)	133.3 (5.248)	72.1 (2.839)	71.3 (2.807)	63.4 (2.496)	49.2 (1.937)	1,777.3 (69.972)
% humidity	78	78	81	80	79	82	78	77	77	75	75	73	77.8
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	13.0	14.0	18.1	16.7	16.4	15.9	12.1	11.3	9.2	8.6	8.0	7.5	150.8
Sunshine hours	100.0	90.2	91.3	117.1	149.5	151.0	226.7	227.6	180.7	169.9	148.2	145.3	1,797.5
Source no. 1: National Meteorological Centre of China (temp, precip data 1953−2007)
Source no. 2: China Meteorological Administration (all others, 1971−2000)

Subdivision and Population

Subdivision Map Of Jingdezhen

Jingdezhen belonged to Fuliang County for most of its history (particularly when it was Changnan Town). However, now the administrative hierarchy is inverted; Fuliang County now is part of Jingdezhen City. At present, Jingdezhen is divided into 1 county, 1 county city, and two districts.^[2]

• Zhushan District is Jingdezhen's center; most of its industrial and commercial enterprises are in this area, which comprises over nine towns and townships with a total population of 279,357 in 2007.
• Changjiang District is one of the two districts of Jingdezhen, comprising six towns and townships with a total population of 170,229 in 2007.
• Leping is a county-level city governed by Jingdezhen. Leping comprises 18 towns and townships with a population of 832,142 in its administrative zone.
• Fuliang County comprises 17 towns and townships with a population of 280,029 in 2007. It is the largest of the four areas.

Porcelain

Main article: Jingdezhen ware

Porcelain workshop in Jingdezhen

Jingdezhen's porcelain has been famous not only in China but in time it became known internationally for being "as thin as paper, as white as jade, as bright as a mirror, and as sound as a bell". The late Guo Moruo, a senior official who was also a famous historian and scholar of PRC wrote a poem that says (in translation): "China is well known in the world for its porcelain, and Jingdezhen is the most well-known centre, with the highest quality porcelain in China".^[2]

Most Jingdezhen porcelain is valued by collectors of antique porcelain throughout the world. According to media reports, a blue and white porcelain jar produced in Jingdezhen during the Yuan Dynasty was auctioned for the equivalent of RMB 230,000,000 yuan in London, UK on July 12, 2005. This was the highest price achieved by a piece of porcelain in the history of all porcelain auctions of the world. The reason for the high price is experts believe that the blue and white Yuan Dynasty porcelain has a dominant position in the history of Chinese ceramics. It represents the pinnacle of the development of Chinese blue and white porcelain.^[8][9]

During the Cultural Revolution, Jingdezhen produced a large number of porcelain Mao badges and statues of a seated Mao Zedong.

• 

  Jingdezhen soft paste porcelain flower holder, "Famille Rose", 1736-1796, Qianlong period.

• 

  Jingdezhen blue and white plate, mid-14th century.

• 

  Early Kangxi 17th Century, Jingdezhen Ware, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan

• 

  Ming plate with grape design, 15th century, Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi. British Museum.

Economy

Jingdezhen is not only a major city, but is also a important industrial and commercial base in north-eastern Jiangxi. In 2008, Jingdezhen achieved a GDP of RMB32.2 billion yuan. The city’s per capita GDP ranks fifth among the eleven administrative regions of Jiangxi Province. The per capita disposable income of the urban residents is RMB13,583 yuan; per capita net rural income is RMB5253 yuan. Both of these rank fourth in Jiangxi. Local fiscal revenue was RMB18.5 billion, putting the city in tenth place, just above Yingtan City. Jingdezhen's GDP and local fiscal revenues are relatively low for Jiangxi Province, but the growth rate is fast. The growth rate of the per capita data is in the middle for the province.^[10]

Industry

The French SA 321 Super Frelon, which Changhe produces under license as the Z-8

There are some important industrial enterprises in Jingdezhen City, such as Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation; Jingdezhen Ceramics; Jingdezhen Refrigeration Compressor, etc.

Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation is the largest state enterprise in the city. It was established in 1969 as an important helicopter manufacturer. It sells its helicopters primarily to the Chinese PLA. Changhe has a subsidiary - Changhe Auto Factory - that is a important Chinese automobile company. Changhe also produces aircraft parts for the Boeing 767-300BCF.

Jingdezhen Ceramics is a joint venture with a French company and is most famous of Jingdezhen's ceramic companies. The Chinese government has presented its Red Leaf brand porcelain as gifts to foreign heads of state; in 2002, the Chinese leader Jiang Zemin presented some to U.S. President George W. Bush.

Jingdezhen Refrigeration Compressor Company is well-known in China for its non-Eph refrigeration compressor. It holds a 20% share of its market in China.

Agriculture

Agricultural Economic Data of Jingdezhen （2007）
Economic Item		Unit	Data
Name of Items	Statistics range
Agricultural GDP	city	RMB(yuan)	3.8 billion
Sown area of grain	city	Mu	13.22 billion
Grain output	city	ton	515,000
Meat production	city	ton	47,000
Forestry production	city	RMB(yuan)	2.41 million
Animal husbandry output value	city	RMB(yuan)	1.036 billion
Fishery production	city	RMB(yuan)	262 million
Agricultural services industry	city	RMB(yuan)	161 million
Tea output	Fuliang County	RMB(yuan)	123 million
Aquaculture output	Changjiang District	RMB(yuan)	200 million
Source：Jingdezhen People's Government[11]

Jingdezhen is the granary of northeastern Jiangxi, with extensive rice cultivation within its boundaries. The area is also an important producer of commodity grain, pigs, and cotton.

In Fuliang County there are some large-scale tea plantations and processing facilities.^[2] The tea of Fuliang County is well-known in China. Bai Juyi, a famous poet of Tang Dynasty China, wrote a poem that says "My merchant loved money more than family, he left me to go to Fuliang to buy tea last month". This suggests that one thousand years ago Fuliang was already well known for its tea. In 1915, Fuliang's "Fuhong" brand tea won a golden prize in the World's Fair in Panama.^[2]

Leping City, the "Vegetable Township of South China", is a major vegetable growing and processing area for Jiangxi Province even for China. Its vegetable output and sales are important to the agricultural economy of Jiangxi Province. In 2007, Leping had 1.7 million hectares under cultivation that produced a total output of 620,000 tons. The Agriculture Ministry of China also designated Leping as a demonstration zone for "pollution-free" vegetable production.^[2]

Transportation

Jingdezhen is the most important transportation hub in the northeast region of Jiangxi province. Historically, Jingdezhen's main communication route was via the Chang River. It could ship its porcelain down the Chang to Poyang Lake and connected there with the Yangtze River in Hukou County, Jiangxi Province. From there the porcelain could get to the coast for export. Today, water is far less important for transporting goods. Roads, the railway and airlines have grown to be more important forms of transport of goods and people.

Road

• G35 Jinan-Guangzhou Highway from Jinan, Shandong to Guangzhou, Guangdong,

• G56 Hangzhou-Ruili Highway from Hangzhou, Zhejiang to Ruili, Yunnan,

• G206 Chinese State road from Yantai, Shandong to Shantou, Guangdong.

Rail

The Anhui—Jiangxi Railway connects Jingdezhen to many key cities in China such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Jinan, Qingdao, Hefei, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Nanchang, Kunming and Guiyang, etc. In addition, the Jiujiang- Jingdezhen-Quzhou Railway is under construction. In the near future, the two rail lines will intersect in Jingdezhen, and make the city an important rail transportation hub in Jiangxi Province and East China. The Jingdezhen Railway Station is located in the city center and is under the control of the Nanchang Railway Bureau.

Air

The Airlines Routes of Jingdezhen

Jingdezhen Airport is located at Luojian Village, northwest of Jingdezhen city, and about 8 km from the city's downtown.

CAAC statistics show that in 2008 Jingdezhen Airport served 189,256 passengers. This ranks the airport 81st amongst all Chinese airports. Annual cargo and mail traffic was 119.8 tons; annual landings were 2424. By these measures the airport ranked 111 and 91 in China.^[12]。

There are flights from Jingdezhen to Beijing(CA), Shanghai(ZH), and Guangzhou (ZH), Shenzhen(ZH). There are no international flights. Jingdezhen Airport is the second largest airport in Jiangxi Province. The largest is at Nanchang.

Local transit

There was only one bus line in Jingdezhen before the 1980s, which was from Huang-ni-tou to Nan-men-tou with a total line distance of 7 kilometers. In that time , the city had no taxi service and the buses were channel-type bus, it could carry more than one hundred passengers at most at the same time. This kinds of buses were renewed when they were operated to the end of 1990s.

Currently,Jingdezhen public buses and taxis are the two main means of transportation within the city. Nearly more than 20 public bus lines crisscross the city and its countryside. Taxis in Jingdezhen are plentiful; fares start at ¥5 for the first 2 kilometers.

Education

Jingdezhen city has three colleges or universities, and these have a total of 38,613 students and 1,306 teachers in 2007. It is also the home of the Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute (JCI), which was established in 1958. It is the only institute in China that provides advanced ceramics training and it is also well-known in Chinese and international academic circles in the field of ceramics. The other two institutions of higher education in the city are the Jiangxi Ceramics & Art Institute and Jingdezhen College.

In the city proper there are 47 high schools, called Middle Schools, with 37,200 students and 2,953 teachers. The No.1 Middle School of Jingdezhen was founded in 1940. It is famous for its success rate, relative to other schools in Jiangxi Province, in placing its students in Chinese colleges.^[13]

There are also 74 primary schools in the city with 40,000 students and 1,884 teachers.

Public health

Jingdezhen has more than 20 medical service institutions with a total 2182 beds. Doctors and nurses number 2,672. It has the largest hospital system in the north-east of Jiangxi Province. The No.1, No.2 and No.3 People's Hospital of Jingdezhen are the most important hospitals in the city; the No.4 People's Hospital is a psychiatric hospital.^[2]

Tourism and local custom

Huizhou architecture (Anhui Province) in Yaoli town, Fuliang county

Travel Overview

Jingdezhen is a major tourism destination in northern Jiangxi Province. Most of the city's tourist attractions have a link to the ceramics for which it is famous.^[2] The city also provides access to nearby popular tourist areas such as Lushan, Huangshan, and Wuyuan.

In 2007, Jingdezhen City earned RMB3.027 billion yuan in revenues from tourism. Tourism accounted for 11.2% of local GDP, up from its share in 2006. The number of visitors is also rising year by year as the city's transportation links to the rest of China improve.

At present, Jingdezhen has the most tourist hotels of any city in Jiangxi Province. In the city there is one quasi-five-star hotel, two four-star hotels, and many three-star and other common grade hotels.^[2]

Residents of rural Jingdezhen

Attractions

• Jingdezhen Ceramic Museum

• Jingdezhen Ceramic Historical Exhibition Area

• Hutian Ancient Kiln Site

• Porcelain Street

• China Porcelain Garden

• Yaoli Scenic Area

• Lotus Pond

• sanbao village created by world famous ceramic artist Jackson Li

Custom profile

Religion

• Buddhism

• Christian

• Taoism

Local cuisine

• Jiaoziba(a special kind of dumpling (partial spicy) which is popular in Jingdezhen City)

See also

• Porcelain
• kaolinite
• Video about Jingdezhen^[14]

Sister cities

• : Arita, Saga
• : Seto^{[disambiguation needed ]}
• : Icheon
• : Redbridge^{[disambiguation needed ]}
• : Delft

Domestic

• Chaoyang District, Beijing
• Dongcheng District, Beijing
• Shenzhen

References

• Curtis, Julia B., Stephen Little & Mary Ann Rogers, Trade taste and transformation, Jingdezhen porcelain for Japan, 1620-1645, New York, China Institute Gallery, 2006. ISBN 0-9774054-0-0

External links

• Official site of Jingdezhen Government (Languages: English, Chinese)
• Jingdezhen Online (Language: Chinese only)

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} "Household and Population by Region (end of 2007)". Jiangxi Statistical Yearbook. http://www.jxstj.gov.cn/resource/nj/2008cd/indexch.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Translated from Chinese version of Jingdezhen in Wikipedia
3. ^ "Great change of Four Famous Town In Ming and qing Dynasty" (in Chinese). (PRC) Guangming Daily. http://www.gmw.cn/content/2009-03/21/content_889111.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
4. ^ Wings of China 2011 No. 05, Vol. 198. p. 179.
5. ^ "List Of The First National historical and cultural city". Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage. http://www.bjww.gov.cn/2009/1-6/1231217145718.html. Retrieved 2009-08-30. 
6. ^ Modern Chinese Dictionary (1996). by Language Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. China Commercial Press. p. 417. ISBN 7-100-01777-7. 
7. ^ The English-Chinese Dictionary（compact edition） (1993). by Lu Gusun. Shanghai Translation Publishing House. p. 961. ISBN 7-5327-1321-0. 
8. ^ "Ma Weidu-Ceramics deify" (in Chinese). CCTV video--100 forum. http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTY3MDk5ODQ=.html. Retrieved 2009-08-30. ^{[dead link]}
9. ^ "Ma Weidu- the Legend Collector" (in Chinese). CCTV video. http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMjQzODkxNjQ=.htmll. Retrieved 2009-09-03. ^{[dead link]}
10. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by Region (2008)". Statistical Bureau of Jaingxi. http://www.jxstj.gov.cn/News.shtml?p5=3122. Retrieved 2009-09-03. 
11. ^ "Agriculture Economy(2007)" (in Chinese). Walk into "Porcelain Capital". http://www.jdz.gov.cn/zjcd/jjjshshfz/200809/t20080919_21999.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-08. 
12. ^ "The 2008 Statistics Bulletin of Civil Aviation Airport Production" (in Chinese). Civil Aviation Administration of China. http://www.caac.gov.cn/I1/K3/200903/t20090316_23316.html. Retrieved 2009-09-05. 
13. ^ "Social and Economic Date by Region (2007)". Statistical Bureau of Jaingxi. http://www.jxstj.gov.cn/resource/nj/2008cd/indexch.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-08. 
14. ^ [1] CCTV video:Selection of ceramic collection of ordinary people in Jingdezhen

Coordinates: 29°17′N 117°12′E / 29.283°N 117.2°E / 29.283; 117.2