List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
The Roberts Court, 2010
Back row (left to right): Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen G. Breyer, Samuel A. Alito, and Elena Kagan. Front row (left to right): Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Anthony Kennedy, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States. Its membership consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. The Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure[1] and receive a salary which is currently set at $223,500 per year for the Chief Justice and at $213,900 per year for each Associate Justice.[2][3] On August 7, 2010, Justice Elena Kagan became the 112th justice to have served on the Court.[4]

The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court" together with any lower courts Congress may establish.[1] Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789. It specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices).[5][6]

Since the passage of the Judiciary Act, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. Membership was decreased in 1801 to five, then increased to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. It was then reduced to seven in 1866. In 1869, Congress set the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained since.[7] While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, some choose to leave the Court before their death: a total of 54 have retired or resigned. The average age of newly-appointed justices is about 53 years old. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years; however, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years.[8]

Contents

List of Justices

  • Edwin Stanton died before taking office.
  • John Rutledge and Charles Evans Hughes each resigned from the Court and were later reappointed as Chief Justice. Therefore, they are listed twice.
  •   †  denotes Chief Justices,   *  denotes justices who received a recess appointment,      denotes currently-serving justices,
# Judge State Born/Died Active service Term as Chief Justice Retirement Appointed by Reason for
termination
1 Wilson, JamesJames Wilson PA 1742091417421798 1789100517891798 Washington Death
2 Jay, JohnJohn Jay NY 1745121217451829 1789092617891795 1789092617891795 Washington Resignation
3 Cushing, WilliamWilliam Cushing MA 1732030117321810 1790020217901810 Washington Death
4 Blair, JohnJohn Blair, Jr. VA 17320000<17321800 1790020217901795 Washington Resignation
5 Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge SC 1739091817391800 1790021517901791 Washington Resignation
6 Iredell, JamesJames Iredell NC 1751100517511799 1790051217901799 Washington Death
7 Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson* MD 1732110417321819 1792080617921793 Washington Resignation
8 Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson NJ 1745122417451806 1793031117931806 Washington Death
5 Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge*† SC 1739091817391800 179512281795 179512281795 Washington Rejection
9 Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase MD 1741041717411811 1796020417961811 Washington Death
10 Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth CT 1745042917451807 1796030817961800 1796030817961800 Washington Resignation
11 Washington, BushrodBushrod Washington VA 1762060517621829 1799020417981829 Adams, J. Death
12 Moore, AlfredAlfred Moore NC 1755052117551810 1800042118001804 Adams, J. Resignation
13 Marshall, JohnJohn Marshall VA 1755092417551835 1801020418011835 1801020418011835 Adams, J. Death
14 Johnson, WilliamWilliam Johnson SC 1771122717711834 1804050718041834 Jefferson Death
15 Livingston, Henry BrockholstHenry Brockholst Livingston NY 1757112517571823 1807012018071823 Jefferson Death
16 Todd, ThomasThomas Todd KY 1765012317651826 1807050418071826 Jefferson Death
17 Duvall, GabrielGabriel Duvall MD 1752120617521844 1811112318111835 Madison Resignation
18 Story, JosephJoseph Story MA 1779091817791845 1812020318121845 Madison Death
19 Thompson, SmithSmith Thompson* NY 1768011717681843 1823090118231843 Monroe Death
20 Trimble, RobertRobert Trimble KY 1776111717761828 1826061618261828 Adams, J. Q. Death
21 McLean, JohnJohn McLean OH 1785031117851861 1830011118301861 Jackson Death
22 Baldwin, HenryHenry Baldwin PA 1780011417801844 1830011818301844 Jackson Death
23 Wayne, James MooreJames Moore Wayne GA 17900000<17901867 1835011418351867 Jackson Death
24 Taney, Roger B.Roger B. Taney MD 1777031717771864 1836032818361864 1836032818361864 Jackson Death
25 Barbour, Philip PendletonPhilip Pendleton Barbour VA 1783052517831841 1836051218361841 Jackson Death
26 Catron, JohnJohn Catron TN 17860000<17861865 1837050118371865 Jackson Death
27 McKinley, JohnJohn McKinley AL 1780050117801852 1838010918371852 Van Buren Death
28 Daniel, Peter VivianPeter Vivian Daniel VA 1784042417841860 1842011018421860 Van Buren Death
29 Nelson, SamuelSamuel Nelson NY 1792111017921873 1845022718451872 Tyler Retirement
30 Woodbury, LeviLevi Woodbury* NH 1789122217891851 1845092318451851 Polk Death
31 Grier, Robert CooperRobert Cooper Grier PA 1794030517941870 1846081018461870 Polk Retirement
32 Curtis, Benjamin RobbinsBenjamin Robbins Curtis* MA 1809110418091874 1851101018511857 Fillmore Resignation
33 Campbell, John ArchibaldJohn Archibald Campbell AL 1811062418111889 1853041118531861 Pierce Resignation
34 Clifford, NathanNathan Clifford ME 1803081818031881 1858012118581881 Buchanan Death
35 Swayne, Noah HaynesNoah Haynes Swayne OH 1804120718041884 1862012718621881 Lincoln Retirement
36 Miller, Samuel FreemanSamuel Freeman Miller IA 1816040518161890 1862072118621890 Lincoln Death
37 Davis, DavidDavid Davis* IL 1815030918151886 1862121018621877 Lincoln Resignation
38 Field, Stephen JohnsonStephen Johnson Field CA 1816110418161899 1863052018631897 Lincoln Retirement
39 Chase, Salmon P.Salmon P. Chase OH 1808011318081873 1864121518641873 1864121518641873 Lincoln Death
40 Strong, WilliamWilliam Strong PA 1808050618081895 1870031418701880 Grant Retirement
41 Bradley, Joseph PhiloJoseph P. Bradley NJ 1813031418131892 1870032318701892 Grant Death
42 Hunt, WardWard Hunt NY 1810061418101886 1873010918731882 Grant Retirement
43 Waite, MorrisonMorrison Waite OH 1816112918161888 1874030418741888 1874030418741888 Grant Death
44 Harlan, John MarshallJohn Marshall Harlan KY 1833060118331911 1877121018771911 Hayes Death
45 Woods, William BurnhamWilliam Burnham Woods AL 1824080318241887 1881010518811887 Hayes Death
46 Matthews, StanleyStanley Matthews OH 1824072118241889 1881051718811889 Garfield Death
47 Gray, HoraceHorace Gray MA 1828032418281902 1882010918821902 Arthur Death
48 Blatchford, SamuelSamuel Blatchford NY 1820030918201893 1882040318821893 Arthur Death
49 Lamar, Lucius Quintus CincinattusLucius Quintus
Cincinnatus Lamar
MS 1825091718251893 1888011818881893 Cleveland Death
50 Fuller, MelvilleMelville Fuller IL 1833021118331910 1888100818881910 1888100818881910 Cleveland Death
51 Brewer, David JosiahDavid Josiah Brewer KS 1837062018371910 1890010618901910 Harrison, B. Death
52 Brown, Henry BillingsHenry Billings Brown MI 1836030218361913 1891010518911906 Harrison, B. Retirement
53 Shiras, George Jr.George Shiras, Jr. PA 1832012618321924 1892101018921903 Harrison, B. Retirement
54 Jackson, Howell EdmundsHowell Edmunds Jackson TN 1832040818321895 1893030418931895 Harrison, B. Death
55 White, Edward DouglassEdward Douglass White LA 1845110318451921 1894031218941921 1910121219101921 Cleveland (associate)
Taft (chief)[9]
Death
56 Peckham, Rufus WheelerRufus Wheeler Peckham NY 1838110818381909 1896010618961909 Cleveland Death
57 McKenna, JosephJoseph McKenna CA 1843081018431926 1898012618981925 1921 (acting)[10] McKinley Retirement
58 Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr.Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. MA 1841030818411935 1902120819021932 1930 (acting)[11] Roosevelt, T. Retirement
59 Day, William R.William R. Day OH 1849040718491923 1903030219031922 Roosevelt, T. Retirement
60 Moody, William HenryWilliam Henry Moody MA 1853122318531917 1906121719061910 Roosevelt, T. Retirement[12]
61 Lurton, Horace HarmonHorace Harmon Lurton TN 1844022618441914 1910010319101914 Taft Death
62 Hughes, Charles EvansCharles Evans Hughes NY 1862041118621948 1910101019101916 Taft Resignation
63 Van Devanter, WillisWillis Van Devanter WY 1859041718591941 1911010319111937 1937060219371941 Taft Retirement
64 Lamar, Joseph RuckerJoseph Rucker Lamar GA 1857101418571916 1911010319111916 Taft Death
65 Pitney, MahlonMahlon Pitney NJ 1858020518581924 1912031819121922 Taft Resignation
66 McReynolds, James ClarkJames Clark McReynolds NY 1862020318621946 1914101219141941 1941013119411946 Wilson Retirement[13]
67 Brandeis, Louis DembitzLouis Brandeis MA 1856111318561941 1916060519161939 1939021319391941 Wilson Retirement[13]
68 Clarke, John HessinJohn Hessin Clarke OH 1857091818571945 1916100919161922 Wilson Resignation
69 Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft OH 1857091518571930 1921071119211930 1921071119211930 Harding Resignation[14]
70 Sutherland, GeorgeGeorge Sutherland UT 1862032518621942 1922100219221938 1938011719381942 Harding Retirement[13]
71 Butler, PiercePierce Butler MN 1866031718661939 1923010219231939 Harding Death
72 Sanford, Edward TerryEdward Terry Sanford TN 1865072318651930 1923021919231930 Harding Death
73 Stone, Harlan F.Harlan F. Stone NY 1872101118721946 1925030219251946 1941070319411946[15] Coolidge (associate)
Roosevelt, F. (chief)[9]
Death
62 Hughes, Charles EvansCharles Evans Hughes NY 1862041118621948 1930022419301941 1930022419301941 Hoover Retirement
74 Roberts, Owen Owen Roberts PA 1875050218751955 1930060219301945 Hoover Resignation
75 Cardozo, Benjamin N.Benjamin N. Cardozo NY 1870052418701938 1932031419321938 Hoover Death
76 Black, HugoHugo Black AL 1886022718861971 1937081919371971 1946 (acting), 1953 (acting)[16][17] 1971091719711971 Roosevelt, F. Retirement[13]
77 Reed, Stanley FormanStanley Forman Reed KY 1884123118841980 1938013119381957 1957022519571980 Roosevelt, F. Retirement[13]
78 Frankfurter, FelixFelix Frankfurter NY 1882111518821965 1939013019391962 1962082819621965 Roosevelt, F. Retirement[13]
79 Douglas, William O.William O. Douglas WA 1898101618981980 1939041719391975 1975111219751980 Roosevelt, F. Retirement[13]
80 Murphy, FrankFrank Murphy MI 1890041318901949 1940020519401949 Roosevelt, F. Death
81 Byrnes, James F.James F. Byrnes SC 1879050218791972 1941070819411942 Roosevelt, F. Resignation
82 Jackson, Robert H.Robert H. Jackson NY 1892021318921954 1941071119411954 Roosevelt, F. Death
83 Rutledge, Wiley BlountWiley Blount Rutledge IA 1894072018941949 1943021519431949 Roosevelt, F. Death
84 Burton, Harold HitzHarold Hitz Burton OH 1888062218881964 1945100119451958 1958101319581964 Truman Retirement[13]
85 Vinson, Fred M.Fred M. Vinson KY 1890012218901953 1946062419461953 1946062419461953 Truman Death
86 Clark, Tom C.Tom C. Clark TX 1899092318991977 1949082419491967 1967061219671977 Truman Retirement[13]
87 Minton, ShermanSherman Minton IN 1890102018901965 1949101219491956 1956101519561965 Truman Retirement[13]
88 Warren, EarlEarl Warren*† CA 1891031918911974 1953100519531969 1953100519531969 1969062319691974 Eisenhower Retirement[13]
89 Harlan, John Marshall IIJohn Marshall Harlan II NY 1899052018991971 1955032819551971 1971092319711971 Eisenhower Retirement[13]
90 Brennan, William J.William J. Brennan, Jr.* NJ 1906042519061997 1956101619561990 1990072019901997 Eisenhower Retirement[13]
91 Whittaker, Charles EvansCharles Evans Whittaker MO 1901022219011973 1957032519571962 1962033119621965 Eisenhower Resignation
92 Stewart, PotterPotter Stewart* OH 1915012319151985 1958101419581981 1981070319811985 Eisenhower Retirement
93 White, ByronByron White CO 1917060819172002 1962041619621993 1993062819932002 Kennedy Retirement[13]
94 Goldberg, ArthurArthur Goldberg IL 1908080819081990 1962100119621965 Kennedy Resignation
95 Fortas, AbeAbe Fortas TN 1910061919101982 1965100419651969 Johnson, L. Resignation
96 Marshall, ThurgoodThurgood Marshall NY 1908070219081993 1967100219671991 1991100119911993 Johnson, L. Retirement[13]
97 Burger, Warren E.Warren E. Burger MN 1907091719071995 1969062319691986 1969062319691986 1986092619861995 Nixon Retirement[13]
98 Blackmun, HarryHarry Blackmun MN 1908111219081999 1970060919701994 1994080319941999 Nixon Retirement[13]
99 Powell, Lewis F.Lewis F. Powell, Jr. VA 1907091919071998 1972010719721987 1987062619871998 Nixon Retirement[13]
100 Rehnquist, WilliamWilliam Rehnquist AZ/VA[18] 1924100119242005 1972010719722005 1986092619862005 Nixon (associate)
Reagan (chief)[9]
Death
101 Stevens, John PaulJohn Paul Stevens IL 192004201920 1975121919752010 2005 (acting)[19] 201060292010present Ford Retirement
102 O'Connor, Sandra DaySandra Day O'Connor AZ 193003261930 1981092519812006 200601312006present Reagan Retirement
103 Scalia, AntoninAntonin Scalia NY 193603111936 198609261986present Reagan Currently serving
104 Kennedy, AnthonyAnthony Kennedy CA 193607231936 198802181988present Reagan Currently serving
105 Souter, DavidDavid Souter NH 193909171939 1990100919902009 200906292009present Bush, G. H. W. Retirement
106 Thomas, ClarenceClarence Thomas GA 194806231948 199110231991present Bush, G. H. W. Currently serving
107 Goldberg, RuthRuth Bader Ginsburg NY 193303151933 199308101993present Clinton Currently serving
108 Breyer, StephenStephen Breyer MA 193808151938 199408031994present Clinton Currently serving
109 Roberts, G. JohnJohn G. Roberts MD 195501271955 200509292005present 200509292005present Bush, G. W. Currently serving
110 Alito, SamuelSamuel Alito NJ 195004011950 200601312006present Bush, G. W. Currently serving
111 Sotomayor, SoniaSonia Sotomayor NY 195406251954 200908082009present Obama Currently serving
112 Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan NY 196004281960 201008052010present Obama Currently serving

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Article III - Legal Information Institute". Cornell University Law School. http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleiii. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  2. ^ Mears, Bill (2010-01-01). "Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year's end". CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/01/01/chief-justice-roberts-has-little-to-say-at-years-end/?fbid=aUN-fVcaCjN. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  3. ^ Barnes, Robert (2010-01-01). "Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/31/AR2009123102599.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  4. ^ "Elena Kagan sworn in by Roberts to become 112th Supreme Court Justice". Los Angeles Times. 2010-08-07. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-naw-kagan-20100808,0,6612295.story. Retrieved 2010-08-07. 
  5. ^ "About The Supreme Court". Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/outreach/topics/scstudentimpact.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  6. ^ "Supreme Court Research Guide". Georgetown Law Library. http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/supreme_court.cfm. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  7. ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2007-07-26). "Stacking the Court". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/26/opinion/26smith.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  8. ^ Rosen, Jeffrey (2008-02-26). "Dems' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/26/opinion/main3878005.shtml. Retrieved 2010-02-17. 
  9. ^ a b c This individual was elevated from Associate Justice to Chief Justice. Unlike the inferior courts, the Chief Justice is separately nominated and subject to a separate confirmation process, regardless of whether or not (s)he is already an Associate Justice.
  10. ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, McKenna was Acting Chief Justice from White's death on May 19, 1921 until Taft took office on July 11, 1921.
  11. ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Holmes was Acting Chief Justice from Taft's departure on February 3, 1930 until Hughes took office on February 24, 1930.
  12. ^ There is some disagreement on how Moody exited office. According to the Federal Judicial Center, Moody resigned. According to the Supreme Court Historical Society, Moody retired. It turns out that the confusion comes from the fact that Moody was allowed to retire by special act of Congress in 1910 due to prolonged ill health. (Moody did not meet the minimum age and service requirements to retire without this waiver.)
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Beginning in the Twentieth Century, many Justices who have left the Court voluntarily have done so by retiring as Supreme Court Justices, but have not left the federal judiciary altogether. Some databases refer to this as an election by the Justice of senior status, although in practice the term "senior status" is used almost exclusively with regard to judges of lower federal courts, not the Supreme Court. A "retired Justice" is no longer a Member of the Supreme Court of the United States, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court (and many retired Justices have indeed served in these capacities). However, because the Justice ceases to be a Member of the Supreme Court as of the moment of retirement, the reason for these Justices' leaving the Supreme Court is properly given as "retirement," although the reason for the Justice's later leaving the federal judiciary altogether might be a subsequent act of (full) retirement or the Justice's death.
  14. ^ There is some disagreement on how William Howard Taft exited office. According to some sources, such as the Supreme Court Historical Society, Taft retired. According to others, such as the Federal Judicial Center, Taft resigned.
  15. ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Stone was Acting Chief Justice from Hughes's retirement on June 30, 1941 until Stone took the oath of office as Chief Justice three days later.
  16. ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Black was Acting Chief Justice from Stone's death on April 22, 1946 until Vinson took office on June 24, 1946.
  17. ^ Under 62 Stat. 869, Black was Acting Chief Justice from Vinson's death on September 8, 1953 until Warren took office on October 5, 1953. The Supreme Court was not in session during this brief period.
  18. ^ In 1986, when elevated to Chief Justice, Rehnquist was appointed from Virginia"?". http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:BdlWcFuhYbsJ:www.loc.gov/law/find/nominations/scalia/debates.pdf+%22rehnquist+of+virginia%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client=firefox-a. [dead link]]
  19. ^ Under 28 U.S.C. § 3, Stevens was Acting Chief Justice from Rehnquist's death on September 3, 2005 until Roberts took office on September 29, 2005. The Supreme Court was not in session during this brief period.

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