- List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
-
The Roberts Court, 2010
Back row (left to right): Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen G. Breyer, Samuel A. Alito, and Elena Kagan. Front row (left to right): Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Anthony Kennedy, and Ruth Bader GinsburgThe Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States. Its membership consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. The Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure[1] and receive a salary which is currently set at $223,500 per year for the Chief Justice and at $213,900 per year for each Associate Justice.[2][3] On August 7, 2010, Justice Elena Kagan became the 112th justice to have served on the Court.[4]
The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court" together with any lower courts Congress may establish.[1] Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789. It specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices).[5][6]
Since the passage of the Judiciary Act, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. Membership was decreased in 1801 to five, then increased to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. It was then reduced to seven in 1866. In 1869, Congress set the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained since.[7] While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, some choose to leave the Court before their death: a total of 54 have retired or resigned. The average age of newly-appointed justices is about 53 years old. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years; however, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years.[8]
Contents
List of Justices
- Edwin Stanton died before taking office.
- John Rutledge and Charles Evans Hughes each resigned from the Court and were later reappointed as Chief Justice. Therefore, they are listed twice.
- † denotes Chief Justices, * denotes justices who received a recess appointment, denotes currently-serving justices,
# Judge State Born/Died Active service Term as Chief Justice Retirement Appointed by Reason for
termination1 James Wilson PA 1742–1798 1789–1798 — — Washington Death 2 John Jay† NY 1745–1829 1789–1795 1789–1795 — Washington Resignation 3 William Cushing MA 1732–1810 1790–1810 — — Washington Death 4 John Blair, Jr. VA 1732–1800 1790–1795 — — Washington Resignation 5 John Rutledge SC 1739–1800 1790–1791 — — Washington Resignation 6 James Iredell NC 1751–1799 1790–1799 — — Washington Death 7 Thomas Johnson* MD 1732–1819 1792–1793 — — Washington Resignation 8 William Paterson NJ 1745–1806 1793–1806 — — Washington Death 5 John Rutledge*† SC 1739–1800 1795 1795 — Washington Rejection 9 Samuel Chase MD 1741–1811 1796–1811 — — Washington Death 10 Oliver Ellsworth† CT 1745–1807 1796–1800 1796–1800 — Washington Resignation 11 Bushrod Washington VA 1762–1829 1798–1829 — — Adams, J. Death 12 Alfred Moore NC 1755–1810 1800–1804 — — Adams, J. Resignation 13 John Marshall† VA 1755–1835 1801–1835 1801–1835 — Adams, J. Death 14 William Johnson SC 1771–1834 1804–1834 — — Jefferson Death 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston NY 1757–1823 1807–1823 — — Jefferson Death 16 Thomas Todd KY 1765–1826 1807–1826 — — Jefferson Death 17 Gabriel Duvall MD 1752–1844 1811–1835 — — Madison Resignation 18 Joseph Story MA 1779–1845 1812–1845 — — Madison Death 19 Smith Thompson* NY 1768–1843 1823–1843 — — Monroe Death 20 Robert Trimble KY 1776–1828 1826–1828 — — Adams, J. Q. Death 21 John McLean OH 1785–1861 1830–1861 — — Jackson Death 22 Henry Baldwin PA 1780–1844 1830–1844 — — Jackson Death 23 James Moore Wayne GA 1790–1867 1835–1867 — — Jackson Death 24 Roger B. Taney† MD 1777–1864 1836–1864 1836–1864 — Jackson Death 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour VA 1783–1841 1836–1841 — — Jackson Death 26 John Catron TN 1786–1865 1837–1865 — — Jackson Death 27 John McKinley AL 1780–1852 1837–1852 — — Van Buren Death 28 Peter Vivian Daniel VA 1784–1860 1842–1860 — — Van Buren Death 29 Samuel Nelson NY 1792–1873 1845–1872 — — Tyler Retirement 30 Levi Woodbury* NH 1789–1851 1845–1851 — — Polk Death 31 Robert Cooper Grier PA 1794–1870 1846–1870 — — Polk Retirement 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis* MA 1809–1874 1851–1857 — — Fillmore Resignation 33 John Archibald Campbell AL 1811–1889 1853–1861 — — Pierce Resignation 34 Nathan Clifford ME 1803–1881 1858–1881 — — Buchanan Death 35 Noah Haynes Swayne OH 1804–1884 1862–1881 — — Lincoln Retirement 36 Samuel Freeman Miller IA 1816–1890 1862–1890 — — Lincoln Death 37 David Davis* IL 1815–1886 1862–1877 — — Lincoln Resignation 38 Stephen Johnson Field CA 1816–1899 1863–1897 — — Lincoln Retirement 39 Salmon P. Chase† OH 1808–1873 1864–1873 1864–1873 — Lincoln Death 40 William Strong PA 1808–1895 1870–1880 — — Grant Retirement 41 Joseph P. Bradley NJ 1813–1892 1870–1892 — — Grant Death 42 Ward Hunt NY 1810–1886 1873–1882 — — Grant Retirement 43 Morrison Waite† OH 1816–1888 1874–1888 1874–1888 — Grant Death 44 John Marshall Harlan KY 1833–1911 1877–1911 — — Hayes Death 45 William Burnham Woods AL 1824–1887 1881–1887 — — Hayes Death 46 Stanley Matthews OH 1824–1889 1881–1889 — — Garfield Death 47 Horace Gray MA 1828–1902 1882–1902 — — Arthur Death 48 Samuel Blatchford NY 1820–1893 1882–1893 — — Arthur Death 49 Lucius Quintus
Cincinnatus LamarMS 1825–1893 1888–1893 — — Cleveland Death 50 Melville Fuller† IL 1833–1910 1888–1910 1888–1910 — Cleveland Death 51 David Josiah Brewer KS 1837–1910 1890–1910 — — Harrison, B. Death 52 Henry Billings Brown MI 1836–1913 1891–1906 — — Harrison, B. Retirement 53 George Shiras, Jr. PA 1832–1924 1892–1903 — — Harrison, B. Retirement 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson TN 1832–1895 1893–1895 — — Harrison, B. Death 55 Edward Douglass White† LA 1845–1921 1894–1921 1910–1921 — Cleveland (associate)
Taft (chief)[9]Death 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham NY 1838–1909 1896–1909 — — Cleveland Death 57 Joseph McKenna CA 1843–1926 1898–1925 1921 (acting)[10] — McKinley Retirement 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. MA 1841–1935 1902–1932 1930 (acting)[11] — Roosevelt, T. Retirement 59 William R. Day OH 1849–1923 1903–1922 — — Roosevelt, T. Retirement 60 William Henry Moody MA 1853–1917 1906–1910 — — Roosevelt, T. Retirement[12] 61 Horace Harmon Lurton TN 1844–1914 1910–1914 — — Taft Death 62 Charles Evans Hughes NY 1862–1948 1910–1916 — — Taft Resignation 63 Willis Van Devanter WY 1859–1941 1911–1937 — 1937–1941 Taft Retirement 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar GA 1857–1916 1911–1916 — — Taft Death 65 Mahlon Pitney NJ 1858–1924 1912–1922 — — Taft Resignation 66 James Clark McReynolds NY 1862–1946 1914–1941 — 1941–1946 Wilson Retirement[13] 67 Louis Brandeis MA 1856–1941 1916–1939 — 1939–1941 Wilson Retirement[13] 68 John Hessin Clarke OH 1857–1945 1916–1922 — — Wilson Resignation 69 William Howard Taft† OH 1857–1930 1921–1930 1921–1930 — Harding Resignation[14] 70 George Sutherland UT 1862–1942 1922–1938 — 1938–1942 Harding Retirement[13] 71 Pierce Butler MN 1866–1939 1923–1939 — — Harding Death 72 Edward Terry Sanford TN 1865–1930 1923–1930 — — Harding Death 73 Harlan F. Stone† NY 1872–1946 1925–1946 1941–1946[15] — Coolidge (associate)
Roosevelt, F. (chief)[9]Death 62 Charles Evans Hughes† NY 1862–1948 1930–1941 1930–1941 — Hoover Retirement 74 Owen Roberts PA 1875–1955 1930–1945 — — Hoover Resignation 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo NY 1870–1938 1932–1938 — — Hoover Death 76 Hugo Black AL 1886–1971 1937–1971 1946 (acting), 1953 (acting)[16][17] 1971–1971 Roosevelt, F. Retirement[13] 77 Stanley Forman Reed KY 1884–1980 1938–1957 — 1957–1980 Roosevelt, F. Retirement[13] 78 Felix Frankfurter NY 1882–1965 1939–1962 — 1962–1965 Roosevelt, F. Retirement[13] 79 William O. Douglas WA 1898–1980 1939–1975 — 1975–1980 Roosevelt, F. Retirement[13] 80 Frank Murphy MI 1890–1949 1940–1949 — — Roosevelt, F. Death 81 James F. Byrnes SC 1879–1972 1941–1942 — — Roosevelt, F. Resignation 82 Robert H. Jackson NY 1892–1954 1941–1954 — — Roosevelt, F. Death 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge IA 1894–1949 1943–1949 — — Roosevelt, F. Death 84 Harold Hitz Burton OH 1888–1964 1945–1958 — 1958–1964 Truman Retirement[13] 85 Fred M. Vinson† KY 1890–1953 1946–1953 1946–1953 — Truman Death 86 Tom C. Clark TX 1899–1977 1949–1967 — 1967–1977 Truman Retirement[13] 87 Sherman Minton IN 1890–1965 1949–1956 — 1956–1965 Truman Retirement[13] 88 Earl Warren*† CA 1891–1974 1953–1969 1953–1969 1969–1974 Eisenhower Retirement[13] 89 John Marshall Harlan II NY 1899–1971 1955–1971 — 1971–1971 Eisenhower Retirement[13] 90 William J. Brennan, Jr.* NJ 1906–1997 1956–1990 — 1990–1997 Eisenhower Retirement[13] 91 Charles Evans Whittaker MO 1901–1973 1957–1962 — 1962–1965 Eisenhower Resignation 92 Potter Stewart* OH 1915–1985 1958–1981 — 1981–1985 Eisenhower Retirement 93 Byron White CO 1917–2002 1962–1993 — 1993–2002 Kennedy Retirement[13] 94 Arthur Goldberg IL 1908–1990 1962–1965 — — Kennedy Resignation 95 Abe Fortas TN 1910–1982 1965–1969 — — Johnson, L. Resignation 96 Thurgood Marshall NY 1908–1993 1967–1991 — 1991–1993 Johnson, L. Retirement[13] 97 Warren E. Burger† MN 1907–1995 1969–1986 1969–1986 1986–1995 Nixon Retirement[13] 98 Harry Blackmun MN 1908–1999 1970–1994 — 1994–1999 Nixon Retirement[13] 99 Lewis F. Powell, Jr. VA 1907–1998 1972–1987 — 1987–1998 Nixon Retirement[13] 100 William Rehnquist† AZ/VA[18] 1924–2005 1972–2005 1986–2005 — Nixon (associate)
Reagan (chief)[9]Death 101 John Paul Stevens IL 1920– 1975–2010 2005 (acting)[19] 2010–present Ford Retirement 102 Sandra Day O'Connor AZ 1930– 1981–2006 — 2006–present Reagan Retirement 103 Antonin Scalia NY 1936– 1986–present — — Reagan Currently serving 104 Anthony Kennedy CA 1936– 1988–present — — Reagan Currently serving 105 David Souter NH 1939– 1990–2009 — 2009–present Bush, G. H. W. Retirement 106 Clarence Thomas GA 1948– 1991–present — — Bush, G. H. W. Currently serving 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg NY 1933– 1993–present — — Clinton Currently serving 108 Stephen Breyer MA 1938– 1994–present — — Clinton Currently serving 109 John G. Roberts† MD 1955– 2005–present 2005–present — Bush, G. W. Currently serving 110 Samuel Alito NJ 1950– 2006–present — — Bush, G. W. Currently serving 111 Sonia Sotomayor NY 1954– 2009–present — — Obama Currently serving 112 Elena Kagan NY 1960– 2010–present — — Obama Currently serving See also
- List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition
- List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by education
- List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat
- List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by time in office
- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
- List of United States Chief Justices by time in office
Notes
- ^ a b "Article III - Legal Information Institute". Cornell University Law School. http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleiii. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Mears, Bill (2010-01-01). "Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year's end". CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/01/01/chief-justice-roberts-has-little-to-say-at-years-end/?fbid=aUN-fVcaCjN. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Barnes, Robert (2010-01-01). "Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/31/AR2009123102599.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ "Elena Kagan sworn in by Roberts to become 112th Supreme Court Justice". Los Angeles Times. 2010-08-07. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-naw-kagan-20100808,0,6612295.story. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
- ^ "About The Supreme Court". Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/outreach/topics/scstudentimpact.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ "Supreme Court Research Guide". Georgetown Law Library. http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/supreme_court.cfm. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2007-07-26). "Stacking the Court". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/26/opinion/26smith.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Rosen, Jeffrey (2008-02-26). "Dems' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/26/opinion/main3878005.shtml. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ a b c This individual was elevated from Associate Justice to Chief Justice. Unlike the inferior courts, the Chief Justice is separately nominated and subject to a separate confirmation process, regardless of whether or not (s)he is already an Associate Justice.
- ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, McKenna was Acting Chief Justice from White's death on May 19, 1921 until Taft took office on July 11, 1921.
- ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Holmes was Acting Chief Justice from Taft's departure on February 3, 1930 until Hughes took office on February 24, 1930.
- ^ There is some disagreement on how Moody exited office. According to the Federal Judicial Center, Moody resigned. According to the Supreme Court Historical Society, Moody retired. It turns out that the confusion comes from the fact that Moody was allowed to retire by special act of Congress in 1910 due to prolonged ill health. (Moody did not meet the minimum age and service requirements to retire without this waiver.)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Beginning in the Twentieth Century, many Justices who have left the Court voluntarily have done so by retiring as Supreme Court Justices, but have not left the federal judiciary altogether. Some databases refer to this as an election by the Justice of senior status, although in practice the term "senior status" is used almost exclusively with regard to judges of lower federal courts, not the Supreme Court. A "retired Justice" is no longer a Member of the Supreme Court of the United States, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court (and many retired Justices have indeed served in these capacities). However, because the Justice ceases to be a Member of the Supreme Court as of the moment of retirement, the reason for these Justices' leaving the Supreme Court is properly given as "retirement," although the reason for the Justice's later leaving the federal judiciary altogether might be a subsequent act of (full) retirement or the Justice's death.
- ^ There is some disagreement on how William Howard Taft exited office. According to some sources, such as the Supreme Court Historical Society, Taft retired. According to others, such as the Federal Judicial Center, Taft resigned.
- ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Stone was Acting Chief Justice from Hughes's retirement on June 30, 1941 until Stone took the oath of office as Chief Justice three days later.
- ^ Under 36 Stat. 1152, Black was Acting Chief Justice from Stone's death on April 22, 1946 until Vinson took office on June 24, 1946.
- ^ Under 62 Stat. 869, Black was Acting Chief Justice from Vinson's death on September 8, 1953 until Warren took office on October 5, 1953. The Supreme Court was not in session during this brief period.
- ^ In 1986, when elevated to Chief Justice, Rehnquist was appointed from Virginia"?". http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:BdlWcFuhYbsJ:www.loc.gov/law/find/nominations/scalia/debates.pdf+%22rehnquist+of+virginia%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us&client=firefox-a.[dead link]]
- ^ Under 28 U.S.C. § 3, Stevens was Acting Chief Justice from Rehnquist's death on September 3, 2005 until Roberts took office on September 29, 2005. The Supreme Court was not in session during this brief period.
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