David Davis (Supreme Court justice)

For other people of the same name, see David Davis (disambiguation).

David Davis
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
In office October 17, 1862[1] – March 4, 1877
Nominated by	Abraham Lincoln
Preceded by	John Archibald Campbell
Succeeded by	John Marshall Harlan
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office October 13, 1881 – March 3, 1883
Preceded by	Thomas F. Bayard
Succeeded by	George F. Edmunds
United States Senator from Illinois
In office March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1883
Preceded by	John A. Logan
Succeeded by	Shelby M. Cullom
Personal details
Born	March 9, 1815(1815-03-09) Cecil County, Maryland
Died	June 26, 1886(1886-06-26) (aged 71) Bloomington, Illinois
Political party	Republican Independent
Alma mater	Kenyon College Yale University
Religion	No Affiliation
Signature

David Davis (March 9, 1815 – June 26, 1886) was a United States Senator from Illinois and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He also served as Abraham Lincoln's campaign manager at the 1860 Republican National Convention.

Early life

He was born to a wealthy family in Cecil County, Maryland, where he attended public school. After graduating from Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, in 1832, he went on to study law in Massachusetts^[2] and at Yale University. Upon his graduation from Yale in 1835, Davis moved to Bloomington, Illinois, to practice law. He also served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1845 and a delegate to the Illinois constitutional convention in McLean County, 1847. From 1848 to 1862, Davis presided over the court of the Illinois Eighth Circuit, the same circuit where attorney Abraham Lincoln was practicing.

Davis was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, serving as Lincoln's campaign manager during the 1860 presidential election. After President Lincoln's assassination, Judge Davis was an administrator of his estate.^[2]

National stage

The David Davis Mansion in Bloomington, Illinois.

On October 17, 1862, Davis received a recess appointment from President Lincoln to a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court vacated by the resignation of John Archibald Campbell, who had resigned in protest of Lincoln's perceived intent to go to war with seceding Southern states. Formally nominated on December 1, 1862, Davis was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 8, 1862, and received his commission the same day.

On the Court, Davis became famous for writing one of the most profound decisions in the Supreme Court history, Ex Parte Milligan (1866). In that decision, the court set aside the death sentence imposed during the Civil War by a military commission upon a civilian, Lambdin P. Milligan. Milligan had been found guilty of inciting insurrection. The Supreme Court held that since the civil courts were operative, the trial of a civilian by a military tribunal was unconstitutional. The opinion denounced arbitrary military power, effectively becoming one of the bulwarks of held notions of American civil liberty.

In 1870 he held, with the minority of the Supreme Court, that the acts of Congress making government notes a legal tender in payment of debts were constitutional.^[2] He is the only judge of the Supreme Court with no recorded affiliation to any religious sect.^[3]

After refusing calls to become Chief Justice, Davis, a registered independent, was nominated for President by the Labor Reform Convention in February 1872 on a platform that declared, among other things, in favor of a national currency “based on the faith and resources of the nation,” and interchangeable with 3.65% bonds of the government, and demanded the establishment of an eight-hour law throughout the country, and the payment of the national debt “without mortgaging the property of the people to enrich capitalists.” In answer to the letter informing him of the nomination, Judge Davis said: “Be pleased to thank the convention for the unexpected honor which they have conferred upon me. The chief magistracy of the republic should neither be sought nor declined by any American citizen.”^[2]

He withdrew from the presidential contest when he failed to receive the Liberal Republican Party nomination. The Party supported Horace Greeley, who received the nomination of the Democratic Party as well. Greeley, however, died after the popular election and before the return of the electoral vote. His electoral votes were divided between four apparent Presidential candidates:

• Thomas Andrews Hendricks
• Benjamin Gratz Brown
• Charles Jones Jenkins
• David Davis (1).

Incumbent Republican President Ulysses Simpson Grant won the 1872 election.

Disputed election of 1876

Judge David Davis

In 1877, Davis narrowly avoided the opportunity to be the only person to ever single-handedly select the President of the United States. In the disputed Presidential election of 1876 between the Republican Rutherford Hayes and the Democrat Samuel Tilden, Congress created a special Electoral Commission to decide to whom to award a total of 20 electoral votes which were disputed from the states of Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina and Oregon. The Commission was to be composed of 15 members: five drawn from the U.S. House of Representatives, five from the U.S. Senate, and five from the U.S. Supreme Court. The majority party in each legislative chamber would get three seats on the Commission, and the minority party would get two. Both parties agreed to this arrangement because it was understood that the Commission would have seven Republicans, seven Democrats, and Davis, who was arguably the most trusted independent in the nation.

According to one historian, "[n]o one, perhaps not even Davis himself, knew which presidential candidate he preferred."^[4] Just as the Electoral Commission Bill was passing Congress, the legislature of Illinois elected Davis to the Senate. Democrats in the Illinois Legislature believed that they had purchased Davis' support by voting for him. However, they had made a miscalculation; instead of staying on the Supreme Court so that he could serve on the Commission, he promptly resigned as a Justice on March 4, 1877, in order to take his Senate seat. Because of this, Davis was unable to assume the spot, always intended for him, as one of the Supreme Court's members of the Commission. His replacement on the Commission was Joseph Philo Bradley, a Republican, thus the Commission ended up with an 8-7 Republican majority. Each of the 20 disputed electoral votes was eventually awarded to Hayes, the Republican, by that same 8-7 majority; Hayes won the election, 185 electoral votes to 184. Had Davis been on the Commission, his would have been the deciding vote, and Tilden would have been elected president if Davis and the commission had awarded him even a single electoral vote.

Senate career

Davis served only a single term as U.S. Senator from Illinois.

In 1881, Davis' renowned independence was again called upon. Upon the assassination of President James A. Garfield, Vice President Chester Arthur succeeded to the office of president. Per the terms of the Presidential Succession Act of 1792, which was still in effect, the President pro tempore of the Senate would be next in line for the presidency, should it again become vacant at any time in the 3½ years remaining in Garfield's term. As the Senate was evenly divided between the parties, this posed the risk of deadlock. However, the presence of Davis provided an answer; despite being only a freshman Senator, the Senate elected Davis as President Pro Tempore.^[5] Davis was not a candidate for re-election. At the end of his term in 1883, he retired to his home in Bloomington.^[2]

Legacy

Upon his death in 1886, he was interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Bloomington, Illinois. His grave can be found in section G, lot 659.

His home in that city, the David Davis Mansion, is a state historic site. At his death, he was the largest landowner in Illinois, and his estate was worth between four and five million dollars.

Family

David Davis's family stayed in the same neighborhood that Davis last lived in. They all built their own houses and owned the surrounding land. Many of the family members have continued to live in Bloomington to this day. Davis was a cousin of U.S. Representative Henry Winter Davis, and his grandfather John Mercer was an ancestor of Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush through George Herbert Walker, the son of Davis's first cousin David Davis Walker, a successful St. Louis businessman.^[6] As David Davis Walker's first cousin, he is first cousin three times removed to George H.W. Bush's generation of the Bush family and first cousin four times removed to George W. Bush's generation of the Bush family.

References

1. ^ "Federal Judicial Center: David Davis". 2009-12-11. http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=573. Retrieved 2009-12-11. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e}  "Davis, David". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900. 
3. ^ Religious Affiliation of the U.S. Supreme Court adherents.com
4. ^ Morris, Roy, Jr. (2003). Fraud Of The Century. Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden And The Stolen Election Of 1876. New York: Simon and Schuster.
5. ^ President pro tempore, from the Senate's website; American National Biography, "David Davis"
6. ^ William Addams Reitwiesner. "Ancestry of George W. Bush". http://www.wargs.com/political/bush.html. Retrieved 2006-10-21.  Reitwiesner is a professional genealogist who has worked for the Library of Congress.

• David Davis (Supreme Court justice) at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved on 2009-04-08
• David Davis (Supreme Court justice) at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.

External links

Biography portal

• "David Davis (Supreme Court justice)". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=3555. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 

Legal offices
Preceded by John Archibald Campbell	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States October 17, 1862 – March 4, 1877	Succeeded by John Marshall Harlan
United States Senate
Preceded by John A. Logan	United States Senator (Class 2) from Illinois March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1883 Served alongside: Richard J. Oglesby, John A. Logan	Succeeded by Shelby M. Cullom
Political offices
Preceded by Thomas F. Bayard, Sr.	President pro tempore of the United States Senate October 13, 1881 – March 3, 1883	Succeeded by George F. Edmunds

Persondata
Name	Davis, David
Alternative names
Short description	American lawyer, judge and politician
Date of birth	March 9, 1815
Place of birth	Cecil County, Maryland
Date of death	June 26, 1886
Place of death	Bloomington, Illinois