Chief Justice of the United States

Chief Justice of the United States
Incumbent John G. Roberts, Jr. since September 29, 2005
Style	Mister Chief Justice
Appointer	Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation
Term length	Life tenure
Inaugural holder	John Jay September 26, 1789
Formation	U.S. Constitution March 4, 1789

United States

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the United States

Federal government Constitution Taxation Legislature Congress House Speaker Party leaders Congressional districts Senate President pro tempore Party leaders Presidency President Vice President Cabinet Federal agencies Judiciary Federal courts Supreme Court Courts of Appeals District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Off-year elections Political parties Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism State government Governors Legislatures (List) State courts Local government

Other countries · Atlas  U.S. Government Portal view · talk · edit

The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system (the judicial branch of the federal government of the United States) and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices; the other eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

The Chief Justice is the highest judicial officer in the country, and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts and appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. The Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch.

The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court. He or she presides over oral arguments before the Court. When the Court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the Court's opinion. Finally, the Chief Justice has significant agenda-setting power over the Court's meetings. In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the ceremonial duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States.

The first Chief Justice was John Jay. The 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr.

Origin, title, and appointment to the post

John Jay, by Gilbert Stuart

The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish the office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6: "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside." Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office, including any further distinction between the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, who are never mentioned as such in the Constitution.

The office was originally known as "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court" and is still often informally referred to using that title. However, 28 U.S.C. § 1 specifies the official title as "Chief Justice of the United States." The title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase.^[1] Chase wished to emphasize the Court's role as a co-equal branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888.^[1] Use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the official title during their time on the Court, but the newer title is frequently used retroactively for all Chief Justices.

The other eight members of the Court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, not "Associate Justices of the United States." In fact, the Chief Justice is the only member of the Court to whom the Constitution refers as a "Justice," and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court (and of other federal courts) simply as "Judges."

The Chief Justice, like all other federal judges, is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the Senate. The U.S. Constitution states that all justices of the Court "shall hold their offices during good behavior," meaning that the appointments only end when a justice dies in office, resigns, or is impeached by the House of Representatives and convicted by the Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress; the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the Chief Justice's salary during the Chief Justice's tenure on the Court. As of 2010^[update], the salary is set at $223,500 per year, which is slightly higher than that of the Associate Justices.^[2]

Traditionally, the Chief Justice is appointed by the President of the United States. However, there is no express constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the Chief Justice from among those Justices properly appointed and confirmed, and at least one scholar has proposed that presidential appointment should be done away with, and replaced by permitting the Justices to select their own Chief Justice.^[3]

Some Chief Justices, like William Rehnquist, were elevated by the President while serving on the bench as an Associate Justice. Justices who are elevated to the position of Chief Justice from that of an Associate Justice must again be confirmed by the Senate (a rejection by the Senate, however, does not end their tenure as an Associate Justice). Most Chief Justices, including John Roberts, have been nominated to the highest position on the Court without any previous experience on the Court; indeed some, like Earl Warren, were selected without any prior judicial experience.

Eighteen people have been nominated for Chief Justice and confirmed by the Senate—seventeen have served. William Cushing was chosen in January 1796 but declined the office. Oliver Ellsworth served instead. The Senate subsequently confirmed John Jay to replace Ellsworth, though Jay declined to resume his former office, citing both the burden of riding circuit and its impact on his health, and his perception of the Court's lack of prestige. John Marshall was nominated and confirmed shortly afterward.

Where the Chief Justice dies in office or is otherwise unwilling or unable to serve, the duties of the Chief Justice pass to the most senior sitting Justice, who serves as Acting Chief Justice until a new Chief Justice is confirmed.^[3][4]

Duties

Along with the duties of the associate justices, the Chief Justice has several unique duties.

Impeachment trials

Article I, section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate. Two Chief Justices, Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist, have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the President – Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton.

Seniority

The Chief Justice is considered to be the justice with most seniority, independent of the number of years of service in the Court. As a result, the Chief Justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and voted on by the justices. The Chief Justice normally speaks first, and so has influence in framing the discussion.

John Marshall, the fourth and longest serving Chief Justice.

The Chief Justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari, to decide whether to hear or deny each case. The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it. While Associate Justices may append items to the weekly agenda, in practice this initial agenda-setting power of the Chief Justice has significant influence over the direction of the court.

Despite the seniority and added prestige, the Chief Justice's vote carries the same legal weight as each of the other eight justices. In any decision, he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them. However, in any vote, the most senior justice in the majority decides who will write the Opinion of the Court. Being the most senior member, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the Court's opinion. This power to determine the opinion author (including the option to select oneself) allows a Chief Justice in the majority to influence the historical record. Two justices in the same majority, given the opportunity, might write very different majority opinions (as evidenced by many concurring opinions); being assigned the opinion may also cement the vote of an Associate who is viewed as only marginally in the majority (a tactic that was reportedly used to some effect by Earl Warren). A Chief Justice who knows the Associate Justices can therefore do much—by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the Opinion of the Court—to affect the "flavor" of the opinion, which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come. It is said that some chief justices, notably Earl Warren^{[citation needed]} and Warren Burger, sometimes switched votes to a majority they disagreed with to be able to use this prerogative of the Chief Justice to dictate who would write the opinion.^[5]

Oath of office

The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States. This is a traditional rather than constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the President. Law empowers any federal and state judge, as well as notaries public, to administer oaths and affirmations.

William Rehnquist (left) takes the oath as Chief Justice from retiring Chief Justice Warren Burger in 1986, as his wife, Natalie, holds the Bible and President Ronald Reagan (far right) looks on.

If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated, the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court. Seven times, someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President.^[6] Robert Livingston, as Chancellor of the State of New York (the state's highest ranking judicial office), administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration; there was no Chief Justice of the United States, nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration. William Cushing, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, administered Washington's second oath of office in 1793. Calvin Coolidge's father, a notary public, administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding.^[7] This, however, was contested upon Coolidge's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the District of Columbia Supreme Court.^[8] United States District Court Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath to Lyndon Johnson after the John F. Kennedy assassination. Vice Presidents John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.^[9] Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office.

In addition, the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed Associate Justices, whereas the Senior Associate Justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice.

Other duties

The Chief Justice also:

• Serves as the head of the federal judiciary.
• Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts. The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules, which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court subject to a veto by Congress, to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts. Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools.
• Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), a "secret court" which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies (primarily the F.B.I.) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States. (see 50 U.S.C. § 1803).
• Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts.
• Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents, and by custom as the Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution.
• Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law library of the Library of Congress.^[10]

Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other "office of trust or profit" of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats, the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions. Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so-called Jay Treaty (aka The Treaty of London of 1794), and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy. As described above, the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress.

Disability or vacancy

Under 28 USC 3, when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act, until the disability or vacancy ends.

List of Chief Justices

See also: List of Chief Justices of the United States by time in office

§ Recess appointment, later rejected by the Senate on December 15, 1795
¤ Previously served as an Associate Justice, but at a time disconnected to service as Chief Justice
° Elevated from Associate Justice
♦ Previous service as U.S. President
† Died in office

No.	Chief Justice	Image	Term of Office	Nominated by President
1	John Jay		September 26, 1789–June 29, 1795	George Washington
2	John Rutledge §, ¤		July 1, 1795–December 28, 1795
3	Oliver Ellsworth		March 4, 1796–September 30, 1800
4	John Marshall		January 31, 1801–July 6, 1835†	John Adams (F)
5	Roger B. Taney		March 15, 1836–October 12, 1864†	Andrew Jackson (D)
6	Salmon P. Chase		December 6, 1864–May 7, 1873†	Abraham Lincoln (R)
7	Morrison Waite		March 4, 1874–March 23, 1888†	Ulysses S. Grant (R)
8	Melville Fuller		October 8, 1888–July 4, 1910†	Grover Cleveland (D)
9	Edward Douglass White °		December 19, 1910–May 19, 1921†	William Howard Taft (R)
10	William Howard Taft ♦		July 11, 1921–February 3, 1930	Warren G. Harding (R)
11	Charles Evans Hughes ¤		February 24, 1930–June 30, 1941	Herbert Hoover (R)
12	Harlan Fiske Stone °		July 3, 1941–April 22, 1946†	Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)
13	Fred M. Vinson		June 24, 1946–September 8, 1953†	Harry S. Truman (D)
14	Earl Warren		October 5, 1953–June 23, 1969	Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)
15	Warren E. Burger		June 23, 1969–September 26, 1986	Richard Nixon (R)
16	William Rehnquist °		September 26, 1986–September 3, 2005†	Ronald Reagan (R)
17	John G. Roberts		September 29, 2005–present	George W. Bush (R)

See also

• Lists of United States Supreme Court cases

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} "History of the Federal Judiciary". Fjc.gov. http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/admin_04.html. Retrieved 2011-08-17. 
2. ^ "About.com". Usgovinfo.about.com. 2010-01-27. http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/uscourtsystem/a/supctjustices.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-15. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Pettys, Todd E. (2006). "Choosing a Chief Justice: Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court?". Journal of Law & Politicis 22: 231. 
4. ^ 28 U.S.C. §§3-4.
5. ^ See for example the description of the behind-the-scenes maneuvering after Roe v. Wade was argued the first time, in Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong's The Brethren.
6. ^ Library of Congress. "Presidential Inaugurations: Presidential Oaths of Office."
7. ^ "Excerpt from Coolidge's autobiography". Historicvermont.org. http://www.historicvermont.org/coolidge/oathrm.html. Retrieved 2010-05-15. 
8. ^ "Prologue: Selected Articles". Archives.gov. http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2000/winter/abrupt-transition-1.html. Retrieved 2010-05-15. 
9. ^ "Presidential Swearing-In Ceremony, Part 5 of 6". Inaugural.senate.gov. http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/daysevents/potusswearingin05.cfm. Retrieved 2011-08-17. 
10. ^ "Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress". Library of Congress. 2006-03-06. http://www.loc.gov/loc/legacy/loc.html. Retrieved 2008-01-14. 

Further reading

• Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3. 
• Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1568021267. 
• Flanders, Henry. The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874 at Google Books.
• Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L.. eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0791013774. 
• Hall, Kermit L., ed (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195058356. 
• Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0871875543. 
• Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0815311761. 

External links

Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons