Outline of hydrology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:

Hydrology – study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

Essence of hydrology

Main article: Hydrology

• Water
• Hydrologic cycle
• Cryosphere

Branches of hydrology

• Hydrometry – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle
• Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water
• Ecohydrology – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle
• Hydrogeology – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers
• Hydroinformatics – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications
• Hydrometeorology – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere
• Isotope hydrology – the study of the isotopic signatures of water
• Surface hydrology – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface
• Catchment hydrology – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically-defined catchment

History of hydrology

Main article: History of hydrology

Water movement pathways

Above ground

• Evaporation –

• Pan evaporation –

• Interception –

• Evapotranspiration –

• Stemflow –
• Throughfall –

On ground

• Surface runoff –
• Overland flow –
• Horton overland flow –

Below ground

• Infiltration –
• Pipeflow –
• Baseflow –
• Subsurface flow –

Further information: Hydrological phenomenon

Measurement tools

Groundwater^[1]

• Aquifer characterization

• Flow direction

• Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test)
• Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity
• Geophysical methods

• Vadose zone characterization
  • Infiltration
    • Infiltrometer - infiltration
  • Soil moisture
    • Capacitance probe-soil moisture
    • Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture
    • Tensiometer - soil moisture
    • Solute sampling
    • Geophysical methods

Surface water^[1]

• Water level

• Mechanical pressure gauge –
• Electronic pressure gauge –
• Acoustic pressure gauge –

• Channel shape

• Dumpy level –

• Discharge

• Acoustic Doppler velocimeter –
• Dilution tracing –

Meteorological

• Precipitation^[1]

• Rain gauge – rainfall depth (unit) and intensity (unit time⁻¹)
• Disdrometer – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity
• Doppler weather radar – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration to rain gauges
• Wind profiler – precipitation vertical and horizontal motion, vertical cross-section of reflectivity and typing

• Frozen precipitation (on ground)

• Pressure sensors – pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent
• Acoustic sensors – pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent

• Mean windspeed and direction

• Anemometer –
• Doppler sonar –
• Wind profiler – air vertical and horizontal motion

• Mean air temperature

• Thermometer –

• Humidity

• Infrared thermometer – a form of remote sensing
• Hygrometer (Psychrometer) – measures relative humidity

• Air pressure

• Barometer –

• Heat flux

• Net radiometer –
• Pyranometer –
• Pyrgeometer –
• Heat flux sensor –
• Lysimeter –

• Cloudiness/Sunshine

• Spectroradiometer –
• Campbell–Stokes recorder –

• Evapotranspiration ^[2]

• Water budget method

• Basin water balance –
• Evaporation pan –
• Lysimetry –
• Soil moisture depletion –

• Water vapor transfer method

• Bowen ratio – considers the energy budget
• Eddy covariance –

• Component analysis

• Porometry/Sap flow –
• Interception loss –
• Soil evaporation –

• Large-scale

• Scintillometer –
• Remote sensing estimates –
• LIDAR –

Soil/porous media^[1]

• Bulk density & porosity

• Oven dried sample –

• Matric potential

• Suction plate – determines relationship between the water volume and matric potential
• Resistance thermometer – relates to matric potential from previous calibration

• Hydraulic conductivity

• Disc permeameter – measures soil hydraulic conductivity
• Rainfall simulator – measures output through the application of constant input ("rain") in a sealed area
• Slug test – addition or removal of water and monitors the time until return to predisturbance level

• Piezometer –
• Soil moisture content (water volume percentage)

• Frequency domain sensor –
• Time domain reflectometer –
• Neutron probe –

Water quality^[1]

• Conductivity

• Electrical conductivity – variety of probes used

• pH

• pH meter –

• Dissolved oxygen (DO)

• Winkler test –

• Turbidity

• Nephelometer (Turbidimeter) –

• Water clarity

• Secchi disk –

• Bed load
• Erosion/deposition

Modeling

• Behavioral modeling in hydrology

Equations

Basin

• Hack's law –

Catchment

• Water balance –

Evaporation

• Penman –
• Penman-Monteith –

Infiltration/Soil Movement

• Darcy's Law –

• Darcy-Weisbach –

• Richards equation –

Streamflow/Open channel

• Fick's law of diffusion –
• Chézy formula –
• Manning formula –
• Strahler number –

Erosion

• Hjulstrøm curve –

Groundwater

• Dupuit assumption –
• Groundwater flow equation –

Power/Uncertainty

• Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient
• GLUE

Models

Main article: Hydrological transport model

See also: Runoff model (reservoir)

• GSSHA
• HEC-HMS
• DSSAM
• HBV
• MOHID Water Modelling System

• MOHID Land

• SWAT
• SahysMod
• SaltMod
• DRAINMOD[1]
• SEDCAD

Persons influential in the field of hydrology

Hydrology scholars

Environmental issues

• Desertification/Oasification –
• Hypoxia –
• Erosion –
• Water pollution –

Allied sciences

• Aquatic chemistry –
• Civil engineering –

• Hydraulic engineering –

• Climatology –
• Environmental engineering –
• Environmental Engineering Science –
• Geomorphology –
• Hydroacoustics –
• Hydrography –

• Limnology –
• Oceanography –

• Physical geography –

Hydrology lists

• Drainage basins by area – largest hydrologically defined watersheds in the world
• Floods – chronological and geographic list of major floods worldwide
• Waterways – worldwide listing of waterbodies classified as rivers, canals, estuarys, and firths

See also

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Western, Andrew W. (2005). "Principles of Hydrological Measurements". In Anderson, Malcolm G.. Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. 1. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Inc.. pp. 75–94. 
2. ^ Shuttleworth, W. James (January/February 2008). "Evapotranspiration Measurement Methods". Southwest Hydrology (Tucson, AZ) 7 (1): 22–23. http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V7_N1/feature3.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-22. 

External links