Gardermoen Line

Gardermoen Line
Eidsvoll Verk Station
Overview
Type	High-speed railway
Termini	Oslo Central Station Eidsvoll Station
Stations	5
Operation
Opened	8 October 1998
Owner	Norwegian National Rail Administration
Operator(s)	Norges Statsbaner Flytoget SJ CargoNet
Rolling stock	BM70, BM71, BM72, BM73
Technical
Line length	64 kilometres (40 mi)
No. of tracks	Double
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Electrification	15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC
Operating speed	210 kilometres per hour (130 mph)
Route map Legend Dovre Line to Hamar 67.51 km Eidsvoll (1854) Hoved Line Tunnel (ca. 400 m) 63.30 km Eidsvoll Verk (1998) 62.35 km Bekkedalshøgda (ca. 1650 m) Underpass below runway (ca. 850 m) 51.85 km Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (1998) 42.22 km Langeland Connection to Hovedbanen Hoved Line Connection to Hoved Line Connection to Hoved Line Kongsvinger Line 20.95 km Lillestrøm (1854) Nitelva Hovedbanen to Oslo Romeriksporten (14 580 m) Etterstad Gjøvik Line Vålerenga Hoved Line Grønland Side track to Lodalen Østfold Line 0.27 km Oslo S (1854) Oslo Tunnel (1980)

The Gardermoen Line (Norwegian: Gardermobanen) is a high-speed railway line between Oslo and Eidsvoll, Norway, running past Lillestrøm and Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. The line is 64 kilometres (40 mi) long and replaced the older Hoved Line as the main line north-east of Oslo. The older Hoved Line now handles commuter and freight traffic, while the Gardermoen Line handles high-speed passenger trains and freight trains laden with jet fuel for the airport. Both lines are owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration.

The line was opened in 1998, at the same time as the airport that gave the line its name. It is used by the Flytoget airport express train service as well as express trains by Norges Statsbaner. It is the only high-speed railway in the kingdom, with a maximum permitted speed of 210 km/h (130 mph).^[1] Most of the line between Oslo and Lillestrøm is through the 14,580-metre (47,830 ft) long Romeriksporten tunnel—the longest railway tunnel in Norway. The decision to build the line was made in 1992; construction started two years later. The line was subjected to severe criticism during construction when the Romerike Tunnel sprung severe leaks due to hurried construction. As a result, the tunnel was opened a year after the rest of the line.

History

When the Parliament of Norway decided on 8 October 1992 to build a new central airport for Eastern Norway,^[2] they also decided that the main mode of ground transport to the airport should be by railway. While the previous airport, Oslo Airport, Fornebu, was located just outside the city limits; the new Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, would be located some 50 kilometers north of the city, outside the reach of the existing public transport systems. The political agreement to build the airport stated that the costs of construction should not be borne by the tax payers. As a result, the entire airport was financed with money borrowed through Oslo Lufthavn AS, a subsidiary of the Norwegian Airport Administration. The same principle was chosen for the airport rail link. The Norwegian State Railways (NSB) created the subsidiary, NSB Gardermobanen AS, on 24 November 1992 to perform the construction of the line.^[2] This company would be able to charge train operators using the railway line; and could use this income to cover its down payments and interest on the debt created to pay for the infrastructure investment. It was planned to give a profit margin of 7.5%.^[3]

In 1996 NSB Gardermoen stated that they expected to charge commuter and intercity trains 100 million Norwegian krone per year to use the new line. County politicians in Akershus stated that it was not reasonable for commuters to have to pay for the new railway.^[4] Early estimates showed that this would almost double to price from Oslo to Eidsvoll, and that passengers would have different prices, depending on which route they followed. Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk, which was responsible for buses in Akershus, stated that they had no way to influence NSB's prices, but that they would consider starting a coach service along the route, which would not charge the surcharge.^[5]

Construction

Construction of the railway started on 1 August 1994.^[2] Gardermoen is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Oslo, but is not located on the Hoved Line. A different right-of-way had to be chosen north of Kløfta. The Hoved Line has heavy traffic, with many small stops until Lillestrøm, and continues northwards from Lillestrøm as single track.^[6] Therefore an all-new railway would have to be built; it would bypass the intermediate railway until Lillestrøm, running through a tunnel, and continue northwards to the airport and onwards to Eidsvoll.^[2] This northernmost part is 16 kilometres (10 mi) used to allow trains operating on the Dovre Line to Lillehammer and Trondheim to use the Gardermoen Line.^[7]

The Gardermoen Line was the second attempt to build a high-speed railway in Norway. The first was the 35 km line from Ski to Moss on the Østfold Line.^[8] However, operational speeds in excess of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) could not be achieved due to the short distances and limitations on rolling stock. The Gardermoen Line, therefore, became the first real high-speed railway line in Norway. Due to the domination of single track in Norway, the 64 kilometres (40 mi) Gardermoen Line increased the total length of double track in the kingdom by more than 50%.^[1]

The projected costs of the railway line were NOK 4.3 billion ±20%. Total costs ended at NOK 7.7 billion, including 1.3 billion extra used on extraordinary expenditures on the Romeriksporten. On 1 October 1996 it was decided that the construction company, NSB Gardermobanen, would also become the operator of the airport express train. However, due to limited profitability with the company, from 1 January 2001 the ownership of Gardermobanen was transferred to the Norwegian National Rail Administration, who also owns the rest of railway lines in Norway. The operating company changed its name to Flytoget AS.^[3]

Construction challenges

The lake Lutvann was severely depleted due to complications during the construction of Romeriksporten.

Main article: Romerike Tunnel

The most challenging part of the construction was the 14,580 metres (47,830 ft) railway tunnel from Etterstad, just east of Oslo S, to Lillestrøm.^[1] Romeriksporten is the longest railway tunnel in Norway, and is underneath the recreational area Østmarka, in geologically highly unstable ground. During the construction in 1997, the water level in some of the lakes above the tunnel, including Lutvann and Nordre Puttjern, fell dramatically. After they were discovered on 3 February 1997 sanctions were initiated by the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate requiring leakage prevention measures in the tunnel. At the worst, 3,000 liters of water per minute leaked into the tunnel.^[9]

The substance Rhoca-Gil was used to fix the leakages, but the substance failed to work properly. Not only did it fail to polymerize and stop the leaks, it also contaminated the surroundings with acrylamide. The entire process of fixing the leak and cleaning up the toxicity delayed the process of building the tunnel by one year; and it was first opened on 22 August 1999. Further complications arrose due to conflicts between NSB Gardermobanen and the construction company. Retrospective surveys showed a lack of control and reporting procedures during incidents that should have been addressed in 1995, and were never taken seriously. About sixty houses received damage due to the construction of the tunnel. An evaluation performed by the Ministry of Transport and Communications showed that NOK 500 million was used on fixing the leaks; however the report claimed this to a large extent a waste of money due to inefficient engineering procedures. The same report criticized the planning and organization of the entire construction of the railway.^[9]

Opening

When the new airport opened on 8 October 1998, and the Flytoget airport express train service started operations with sixteen Type 71 multiple units. Trains had to use the old Hoved Line from Oslo S to Lillestrøm, but could use the new high-speed line from Lillestrøm to Gardermoen. Regular operations using Romeriksporten started on 22 August 1999.^[3] To be able to use the new Gardermoen Line infrastructure, Norges Statsbaner had to buy new trains capable of higher speeds. Twenty-two locomotive designated El 18, based on the Swiss lok 2000, where delivered in 1996. They are capable of speeds of up to 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph). However, the B7 passenger carriages used are not permitted to operate at more than 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph). Full speed utilization of long-distance trains is only possible with the Type 73 units that started operation on Dovrebanen in 2000. These trains are nearly identical to those used by the Flytoget airport express train company, and capable of 210 kilometres per hour (130 mph) on the Gardermoen Line. They are equipped with tilting technology allowing quicker operation on the rest of the line to Trondheim. Other trains used on the line by NSB are only capable of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph).^[7]

Future expansion

Plans for an expansion of the high-speed line to Hamar have been launched, but have not been incorporated into any specific plans. This suggestion would increase the length of the high-speed rail north of Oslo with 62 kilometres (39 mi)—almost a doubling. The project may or may not incorporate a further high-speed line to Trondheim.^[10][11]

Operations

The railway is used by both Norges Statsbaner, Flytoget and SJ for their passenger services, as well as freight trains with jet fuel for the airport.

Airport express train

A BM71 Airport Express Train ready for departure from Oslo S.

Main article: Flytoget

The Flytoget airport express train service is the largest user of the Gardermoen Line, with six departures from Oslo Central to Oslo Airport per hour. The trains only use the line as far as Gardermoen, and not the northernmost sixteen kilometers. Service is provided using sixteen Type 71 three-car units, which together transported 5.4 million passengers in 2007.^[12] Direct services to Oslo S take 19 minutes. Half of the services make an intermediate stop at Lillestrøm, and continue on past Oslo Central to Asker Station.^[13] Flytoget has a 34% market share on ground transport to Oslo Airport.^[14]

Norges Statsbaner

Main article: Norges Statsbaner

NSB uses Gardermobanen for express and some regional trains north of Oslo. This includes five daily departures to Trondheim (including one NSB Night Train).^[15] There are two regional services northbound along the railway, including the Type 70 service between Lillehammer and Vestfold,^[16] as well as Type 72 used between Eidsvoll and Kongsberg. Both these have one hour headway, and are only capable of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) on the line due to limitations with the rolling stock.^[17] The southernmost part of the line is used by commuter trains heading to the Kongsvinger Line. These trains divert from the Gardermo Line at Lillestrøm.^[17] Also the commuter trains operating to Dal along the Hoved Line use the Gardermoen Line until Lillestrøm.^[18]

Other services

Because there is a parallel line, the Hoved Line running all the way from Oslo S to Eidsvoll, some trains can choose to use this line instead. This is primarily done by some commuter trains, as well as all freight trains. The only exception to this are trains hauling jet fuel to the airport, who have to use the Gardermoen Line from Kløfta. This service is provided by CargoNet.^[19]

The Swedish state railways, SJ also operate on the southern part of Gardermoen on their intercity services X 2000.^[20] This was for some years provided by Linx, a joint venture between SJ and NSB, using X2 stock, but the company was later dissolved.^[21]

Stations

	Station	Distance[22]	Opened[22]
	Oslo Central Station	0.00 km	1854
	Lillestrøm	20.95 km	1854
	Oslo Airport	51.85 km	1998
	Eidsvoll Verk	63.30 km	1998
	Eidsvoll	67.51 km	1998

See also

• High-speed rail in Norway

External links

• Official website
• Jernbane.net page on the Gardermoen Line

References

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Jernbaneverket (2007). "Jernbanestatistikk 2006". http://www.jernbaneverket.no/multimedia/archive/01720/Jernbanestatistikk_1720406a.pdf. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Owen (1996), Chapter 30: Gardermobanen - 200 km/h to the airport.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Flytoget. "History". http://www.flytoget.no/eng/About-Flytoget/History. Retrieved 2008-05-24. 
4. ^ "Tog-avgift skal delfinansiere Gardermobanen" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 19 June 1996. 
5. ^ Sjølli, Morten (27 August 1996). "Truer med ekspressbusser" (in Norwegian). AFtenposten: p. 18. 
6. ^ Norsk Jernbaneklubb (1994) (in Norwegian). Banedata '94. ISBN 8290286155. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Aspenberg, Nils Carl (2001) (in Norwegian). Elektrolok i Norge. Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-42-6. 
8. ^ Owen (1996), Chapter 11: Østfoldbanen.
9. ^ ^{a b} Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications (1999). "Særskilt om Romeriksporten" (in Norwegian). http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/sd/dok/NOUer/1999/NOU-1999-28/4/2/6.html?id=355320. 
10. ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2007-08-31). "Anbefalt trase for dobbeltspor Eidsvoll - Hamar" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070811104453/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/incoming/Presse/article.jhtml?articleID=1692509. Retrieved 2008-10-04. 
11. ^ Hamar Dagblad (2007-11-08). "Høy hastighet" (in Norwegian). http://www.hamar-dagblad.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071108/HDLEDER/711080035/1004. Retrieved 2008-10-04. 
12. ^ Flytoget (2008). "Annual Report 2007" (in Norwegian). http://www.flytoget.no/nor/content/download/348/2505/file/Flytogets%20%C3%A5rsrapport%202007.pdf. 
13. ^ Flytoget AS (2008-01-06). "From Oslo Airport" (PDF). http://www.flytoget.no/nor/content/download/395/2899/version/2/file/FLY+infokort+No+Fra_+Jun.08_.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-13. ^{[dead link]}
14. ^ Flytoget AS (2007-10-21). "Rekordresultat gir utbytte" (in Norwegian). http://www.flytoget.no/eng/About-Flytoget/Press/Pressemeldinger/Rekordresultat-gir-utbytte. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 
15. ^ Norges Statsbaner (2008-01-06). "Oslo-Trondheim" (PDF). http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/PDF/Rutetabeller/Norsk/2008/021-Oslo-Trondheimdovre-2008.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 
16. ^ Norges Statsbaner (2008-01-06). "Skien-Lillehammer" (PDF). http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/PDF/Rutetabeller/Norsk/2008/020___Skien-Lillehammer__2008.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Norges Statsbaner (2008-01-06). "Kongsberg-Eidsvoll" (PDF). http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/450-Kongsberg-Eidsvoll-2008.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 
18. ^ Norges Statsbaner (2008-01-08). "(Drammen) – Skøyen – Oslo S – Jessheim – Dal". http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/440-Oslo-Jessheim-Eidsvoll-2008.pdf. 
19. ^ Navarsete, Liv Signe (2006-02-06). "Skriftlige spørsmål til skriftlig besvarelse" (in Norwegian). Stortinget. http://epos.stortinget.no/SpmDetalj.aspx?id=33587. Retrieved 2008-10-04. ^{[dead link]}
20. ^ SJ (2008). "Stockholm-Karlstad-Oslo" (in Swedish) (pdf). http://www.sj.se/sj/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=7343&a=50741&l=sv#. Retrieved 2008-10-04. 
21. ^ SJ. "Om tågtrafiken Stockholm - Oslo". http://www.linx.se/sj/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=476&a=3636&l=sv. Retrieved 2006-12-04. ^{[dead link]}
22. ^ ^{a b} Norwegian National Rail Administration. "Flytogetion" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080624051652/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/jernbanenettet/stasjonssok/stasjonsoversikt/Flytoget/. Retrieved 2008-10-04. 

Bibliography

Owen, Roy (1996). Norwegian Railways: from Stephenson to high-speed. Hitchin: Balholm Press. ISBN 0-9528069-0-8.