Acrylamide

Acrylamide

Chembox new
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IUPACName = prop-2-enamide
OtherNames =
Section1 = Chembox Identifiers
CASNo = 79-06-1
shumbachumba =
SMILES = C=CC(=O)N

Section2 = Chembox Properties
C=3|H=5|N=1|O=1
Appearance =
Density = 1.13 g/cm³
MeltingPt = 84.5 °C
BoilingPt = -
Boiling_notes = polymerization
Solubility = 204 g/100 ml (25 °C)

Section3=Chembox Hazards
EUClass=Toxic (T) Carc2 Muta2 Repr3
EUIndex=616-003-00-0
NFPA-H=3
NFPA-F=2
NFPA-R=2
RPhrases=R45, R46, R20/21, R25, R36/38, R43, R48/23/24/25, R62
SPhrases=S53, S45
FlashPt=138 °C
Autoignition=424 °C
The chemical compound acrylamide (acrylic amide) has the chemical formula C3H5NO. Its IUPAC name is 2-propenamide. It is a white odourless crystalline solid, soluble in water, ethanol, ether and chloroform. Acrylamide is incompatible with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, iron and iron salts. It decomposes non-thermally to form ammonia, and thermal decomposition produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen.

Most acrylamide is used to synthesize polyacrylamides, which find many uses as water-soluble thickeners. These include use in wastewater treatment, gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), papermaking, ore processing, and the manufacture of permanent press fabrics. Some acrylamide is used in the manufacture of dyes and the manufacture of other monomers.

Acrylamide was accidentally discovered in foods in April 2002 by scientists in Sweden when they found large amounts of the chemical in starchy foods, such as potato chips, French fries and bread that had been heated (production of acrylamide in the heating process was shown to be temperature-dependent).cite journal | author = Tareke E, Rydberg P. "et al". | title = Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs | journal = J. Agric. Food. Chem. | volume = 50 | issue = 17 | pages = 4998-5006 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12166997] It was not found in food that had been boiled [Food Standards Agency, Acrylamide: your questions answered [http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/acrylamide_branch/acrylamide_study_faq/] Retrieved on 2008-01-01] nor in foods that were not heated.

Laboratory Use

Polyacrylamide was first used in a laboratory setting in the early 1950s. In 1959, two independent groups published papers; [http://www.pipeline.com/~lenornst/DiscElectrophoresis.html Davis and Ornstein] , and [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/3377/711 Raymond and Weintraub] ) on the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate charged moleculescite journal | author = Reynolds S, Weintraub L. | title = Acrylamide Gel as a Supporting Medium for Zone Electrophoresis | journal = Science | volume = 130 | issue = 3377 | pages = 711 | year = 1959 | id = PMID 14436634] . Unfortunately, the Davis publication is no longer available online, although references to it can be found in numerous successive papers. The technique is widely accepted today, and is still an extremely common protocol in molecular biology labs.

Acrylamide also has many other uses in the modern molecular biology laboratory, including the use of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) as a carrier which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of DNA. Many laboratory supply companies sell LPA as a commercial product for just this use. [Linear Polyacrylamide as a commercially sold DNA carrier. [http://www.biocompare.com/itemdetails.asp?itemid=349470] ]

Prepared Foods

Acrylamide levels appear to rise as food is heated for longer periods of time. Though researchers are still unsure of the precise mechanisms by which acrylamide forms in foods, many believe it is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction. In fried or baked goods, acrylamide may be produced by the reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars (fructose, glucose, etc.) or reactive carbonyls at temperatures above 120 °C (248 °F).cite journal | author = Mottram DS, Wedzicha BL. and Dodson AT. | title = Acrylamide is formed in the Maillard reaction | journal = Nature | volume = 419 | issue = 6906 | pages = 448-449 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12368844] [Chemistry World, Acrylamide cancer link confirmed [http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/December/05120703.asp] Retrieved on 2008-01-01]

A study by the USFDA proposed a mechanism that involves asparagine, which, when heated in the presence of glucose, forms acrylamide.

Based on current stage of knowledge, acrylamide is a natural byproduct that forms when certain carbohydrate-rich foods are fried, baked, or roasted at high temperatures above 120 °C. Acrylamide can cause cancer in laboratory animals at high doses, although it is not clear whether it causes cancer in humans at the much lower levels found in food. [ [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FY578 Acrylamide in Foods: A Review and Update] ]

Raw, Dried, and Pickled Foods

Acrylamide in olives, prunes, and dried pears [ [http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/070920-acrylamid/index_EN Acrylamide in dried Fruits] ] develops through another process. Genetics professor Joe Cummins suggests a link between acrylamide and herbicides such as glyphosate (Roundup), citing studies which show that heat and light can decompose polyacrylamide, the thickening agent used in commercial herbicides, into acrylamide. [cite web|url=http://www.i-sis.org.uk/acrylamide.php|last=Cummins|first=Joe|title=Acrylamide In Cooked Foods: The Glyphosate Connection|publisher=Institute of Science in Society|date=2002-08-01|accessdate=2008-08-20]

Tobacco

Cigarette smoking is also a major acrylamide source. [ [ http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/11/2471 Assessment of the Relation between Biomarkers for Smoking and Biomarkers for Acrylamide Exposure in Humans] ]

Beverages

Estimates for the proportion of acrylamide in adults’ diet coming from the consumption of coffee range from twenty to forty percent; prune juice has a high concentration of acrylamide, though adults consume it in far smaller quantities. [ [http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/presentations/acry2004/acry_2004_dinovihoward.pdf page 17 Top Eight Foods by Acrylamide Per Portion] ]

Cooking Methods that Affect Acrylamide Production

Acrylamide cannot be created by boiling, and very few uncooked foods contain any detectable amounts.

Browning during baking, frying or deep-frying will produce acrylamide, and over-cooking foods may produce large amounts of acrylamide. Acrylamides can also be created during microwaving. The FDA has analyzed a variety of U.S. food products for levels of acrylamide since 2002, these results can be found [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/acrydata.html here] .

Reduction of acrylamide formation

The Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries in the EU [http://www.ciaa.be/asp/index.asp (CIAA)] has published a number of brochures to help people reduce the amount of acrylamide formed in their food. They offer a general acrylamide [http://www.ciaa.be/asp/documents/brochures_form.asp?doc_id=41 “toolbox”] as well as publications specific to reducing the acrylamide in [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/biscuits-EN-final.pdf biscuits, crackers & crispbreads] , [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/bread-EN-final.pdf bread products] , [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/cereals-EN-final.pdf breakfast cereals] , [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/crisps-EN-final.pdf potato crisps (chips)] , and [http://www.ciaa.be/documents/others/french%20fries-EN-final.pdf French fries] .

torage

In the case of potatoes, for instance, the storage temperature should not drop below 8 °C (46 °F). When the temperature is as low as 4 °C (39 °F) the fructose content rises sharply, so that the acrylamide formation during baking or deep-frying will be higher.

Raw Material

New varieties of potatoes that produce less or no acrylamide are being bred.

Production methods

In many cases, it is advisable to lower the maximum temperature during baking. Also, new production methods such as vacuum frying may lower the acrylamide formation.When silicone is used as a foam inhibitor in deep-frying fats in the food industry, the acrylamide content is doubled.

Recipe formulation

Asparaginase, a naturally-occurring enzyme, can be added to bread or potato mixtures to reduce formation of acrylamide during cooking. [cite conference
last = Kornbrust
first = B. A.
coauthors = Stringer, M. A., Hendriksen, H. V.
title = Enzymatic reduction of acrylamide formation using asparaginase from Aspergillus oryzae
booktitle = World Grains Summit: Foods and Beverages
date = September 17-20, 2006
location = San Francisco, California USA
url = http://www.aaccnet.org/meetings/2006/abstracts/o-94.htm
]

Published articles on the potential health risks to humans

Inhaled, absorbed or ingested acrylamide

There is evidence that exposure to large doses can cause damage to the male reproductive glands. Direct exposure to pure acrylamide by inhalation, skin absorption, or eye contact irritates the exposed mucous membranes, e.g., the nose, and can also cause sweating, urinary incontinence, nausea, myalgia, speech disorders, numbness, paresthesia, and weakened legs and hands. In addition, the acrylamide monomer is a potent neurotoxin, causing the disassembly or rearrangement of intermediate filaments.cite journal | author = Kuperman AS. | title = Effects of acrylamide on the central nervous system of the cat | journal = J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. | volume = 123 | issue = 3 | pages = 182-192 | year = 1958 | id = PMID 13564393] [Alberts, Lewis, Johnson, Raff, Roberts, and Walter ,"Molecular Biology of the Cell", 4th Edition, Routledge, March, 2002, ISBN 0-8153-3218-1] Ingested acrylamide is metabolised to a chemically reactive epoxide, glycidamide. [Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives, Sixty-fourth meeting, Rome, 8-17 February 2005, Summary and conclusions. [http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/summaries/summary_report_64_final.pdf] Retrieved on 2008-01-01]

British Journal of Cancer

In 2003, the British Journal of Cancer published an article titled [http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v88/n1/abs/6600726a.html;jsessionid=31631C9FC1A840221144DD1ECDC2EBE0 “Dietary acrylamide and cancer of the large bowel, kidney, and bladder: Absence of an association in a population-based study in Sweden.”]

The article was based on a study led by L A Mucci that reanalysed a population-based Swedish case-control study encompassing cases with cancer of the large bowel, bladder and kidney, and 538 healthy controls. Researchers assessed the impact of dietary acrylamide “by linking extensive food frequency data with acrylamide levels in certain food items recorded by the Swedish National Food Administration. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios, adjusting for potential confounders.” Dr. Mucci’s group “found consistently a lack of an excess risk, or any convincing trend, of cancer of the bowel, bladder, or kidney in high consumers of 14 different food items with a high (range 300-1200 mug kg-1) or moderate (range 30-299 mug kg-1) acrylamide content.”

Dr. Mucci’s group was surprised by one finding, writing “Unexpectedly, an inverse trend was found for large bowel cancer (P for trend 0.01) with a 40% reduced risk in the highest compared to lowest quartile.” Sounding a note of cautious optimism, the article concludes “We found reassuring evidence that dietary exposure to acrylamide in amounts typically ingested by Swedish adults in certain foods has no measurable impact on risk of three major types of cancer. It should be noted, however, that relation of risk to the acrylamide content of all foods could not be studied.” [ [http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v88/n1/abs/6600726a.html;jsessionid=31631C9FC1A840221144DD1ECDC2EBE0 “Dietary acrylamide and cancer of the large bowel, kidney, and bladder: Absence of an association in a population-based study in Sweden.”] ]

Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention

A number of studies pertaining to acrylamide have appeared in various issues of Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Two of the more germane are [http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/11/2304“A Prospective Study of Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk of Endometrial, Ovarian, and Breast Cancer”] and [http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/266 “Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide in Humans after Ingestion of a Defined Dose in a Test Meal to Improve Risk Assessment for Acrylamide Carcinogenicity.”]

The first study was led by Dr. Janneke G. Hogervorst and included 62,573 women, aged 55-69 years. The acrylamide intake of subcohort members and cases was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and was based on chemical analysis of all relevant Dutch foods. Subgroup analyses were done for never-smokers to eliminate the influence of smoking, an important source of acrylamide.

After 11.3 years of follow-up, the researchers observed 327, 300, and 1,835 cases of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer, respectively. Hogervorst’s group concluded that his subjects faced “increased risks of postmenopausal endometrial and ovarian cancer with increasing dietary acrylamide intake, particularly among never-smokers. Risk of breast cancer was not associated with acrylamide intake.” [ [http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/11/2304) “A Prospective Study of Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk of Endometrial, Ovarian, and Breast Cancer”] ]

The second study was led by Dr. Uwe Fuhr and sought to evaluate the how much of the acrylamide humans eat is absorbed into the body. The study consisted of six young healthy volunteers consuming a meal containing 0.94 mg of acrylamide and then providing urine was for up to 72 hours thereafter. Fuhr’s group concluded that “most of the acrylamide ingested with food is absorbed in humans.” [ [http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/266 “Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide in Humans after Ingestion of a Defined Dose in a Test Meal to Improve Risk Assessment for Acrylamide Carcinogenicity”] ]

Heat-generated Food Toxicants (HEATOX)

The Heat-generated Food Toxicants ( [http://www.slv.se/default.aspx?id=1379&epslanguage=EN-GB HEATOX] ) Project was a “multidisciplinary research project involving 24 partners in 14 countries.” It ran from late 2003 to early 2007. Its objectives were to “estimate health risks that may be associated with hazardous compounds in heat-treated food [, and] find cooking/processing methods which [sic] minimise the amounts of these compounds, thereby providing safe, nutritious and high-quality food-stuffs.”http://www.slv.se/upload/heatox/documents/D62_final_project_leaflet_.pdf] Its final report is located [http://www.slv.se/upload/heatox/documents/Heatox_Final%20_report.pdf here] .Unlike more academic studies, HEATOX sought also to provide consumers with advice on how to lower their intake of acrylamide. The group recommends that national authorities highlight the following:

Potatoes low in sugar
*Low sugar potato varieties
*Maintenance of suitable storage temperature during the supply chain
*Low sugar levels in prefabricated potato products for domestic frying.

Best frying temperature
*Frying temperature in the range 145 to 170 °C (293 to 338 °F) for deep frying potatoes.
*Clear and accurate cooking instruction on the package of pre-fried products.
*Clear and accurate instruction for fryers for domestic use.

Golden, not brown!
*French fries and roast potatoes cooked to a golden-yellow rather than golden-brown colour.
*Bread toasted to the lightest colour acceptable.

International Journal of Cancer

In March, 2003, the International Journal of Cancer published an article with the forthright title [http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ijc.11118 “Fried potatoes and human cancer.”] The article reported on a study conducted between 1991 – 2000 in Italy and Switzerland that analyzed the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, larynx, large bowel, breast and ovaries. It was led by Claudio Pelucchi whose team found “reassuring evidence for the lack of an important association between consumption of fried/baked potatoes and cancer risk.” [ [http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ijc.11118 “Fried potatoes and human cancer”] ]

More recently, in January, 2008, one of the HEATOX members published [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/medline/pmid;18183576?FIRSTINDEX=850&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=850&resourcetype=HWCIT “Acrylamide exposure and incidence of breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study.”] The article addresses a study led by Dr. PT Olesen of the National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark. The abstract to the study states “So far, epidemiological studies have not shown any association between human cancer risk and dietary exposure to acrylamide. The purpose of this study was to conduct a nested case control study within a prospective cohort study on the association between breast cancer and exposure to acrylamide using biomarkers.” The study found that “ [a] fter adjustment for smoking behavior. . . a positive association was seen between acrylamide-hemoglobin levels and estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. . . . A weak association between glycidamide hemoglobin levels and incidence of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer was also found, this association, however, entirely disappeared when acrylamide and glycidamide hemoglobin levels were mutually adjusted.” [ [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/medline/pmid;18183576?FIRSTINDEX=850&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=850&resourcetype=HWCIT “Acrylamide exposure and incidence of breast cancer among postmenopausal women in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study.”] ]

Journal of the American Medical Association

The March 15, 2005 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) contained an article titled [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/11/1326 “Acrylamide Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Swedish Women,”] written by Lorelei A. Mucci, ScD, MPH. The study cohort consisted of 43,404 Swedish women in the Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort. The women’s greatest single source of acrylamide was from coffee (54% of intake), fried potatoes (12% of intake), and crisp bread (9% of intake).

The study concluded “Compared with the lowest quintile of acrylamide intake, there was no significantly increased risk of breast cancer in the higher quintiles and no evidence of a linear dose response. For quintile 5 compared with quintile 1, the relative risk was 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.55). Furthermore, there was no association between breast cancer risk and higher intake of any specific foods including coffee, fried potatoes, and crisp bread.” [ [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/11/1326 “Acrylamide Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in Swedish Women,”] ]

World Health Organization

The World Health Organization WHO has set up a [http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/chemicals/acrylamide/en/ clearinghouse] for information about acrylamide that includes database of researchers/data providers; References for research published elsewhere; Information updates about the current status of research efforts; and updates on information relevant to the health risk of acrylamide in food.

One question the site’s FAQ addresses is whether there can be an acceptable level of acrylamide in food. The WHO states that “Acrylamide belongs to the group of chemicals thought to have no reliably identifiable ‘threshold’ of effects, meaning that very low concentrations will also result in very low risks, but not in zero risk: some risk is always present when the chemical is ingested. However, for these carcinogens, risk is thought to increase with increasing exposure.Very low risks (even of cancer), such as those that are less than one in one million, are considered to be acceptable to some consumers. To others this is unacceptable. The important pre-requisite for any decision is, however a clear picture of the nature and level of the risk, as well as the potential for lowering this level. This clear picture does not exist for acrylamide at present.” [ [http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/acrylamide_faqs/en/index1.html WHO | Frequently asked questions - acrylamide in food ] ]

afe levels of Acrylamide

In June of 2002, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a report about the health implications of acrylamide in food. After study, the Consultation concluded that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for acrylamide neuropathy is 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day and the NOAEL for fertility changes is four times higher than for peripheral neuropathy. The study continued, “On the basis of current knowledge, controlling for peripheral neuropathy is expected to control for effects on fertility. The estimated average chronic human dietary intake is in the order of 1 μg/kg body weight/day. This provides a margin between exposure and the NOAEL of 500.” [ [http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/en/acrylamide_summary.pdf FAO/WHO Consultation on the Health Implications of Acrylamide in Food; Geneva, 25-27 June 2002, Summary Report] ]

Hence, a woman weighing 132 pounds (about 60 kg) could safely consume 30mg of acrylamide daily; a man weighing 180 pounds (about 82 kg), about 41 mg; a child weighing 40 pounds (about 18 kg), 9 mg. [for these and all other unit conversions, see [http://www.convertworld.com/en/weight/Kilogram.html this] )]

Referring to the chart below for the amount of acrylamide in foods, in a single day, the child can eat 13 KG (28 pounds) of French fried potatoes, the woman can drink 86 KG (23 gallons) of prune juice, and the man can eat 29 KG (63 pounds) of oven baked potatoes, and each of them will have ingested less than 50 percent of the NOAEL of acrylamide.

(adapted from [http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/presentations/acry2004/acry_2004_dinovihoward.pdf Table: Top Eight Foods by Acrylamide Per Portion] , page 17)

Public awareness

On April 24, 2002, the Swedish National Food Administration (Livsmedelsverket) announced that acrylamide can be found in baked and fried starchy foods, such as potato chips, breads and cookies. Concern was raised mainly because of the carcinogenic effects of acrylamide. This was followed by a strong but short-lived interest from the press. On 2005-08-26, California attorney general Bill Lockyer filed a lawsuit against top makers of french fries and potato chips to warn consumers of the potential risk from consuming acrylamide. [Office of the attorney general, State of California, Department of justice [http://ag.ca.gov/newsalerts/release.php?id=1207] Retrieved on 2008-01-01] The lawsuit was settled on 2008-08-01 with the food producers agreeing to cut acrylamide levels in half. [Lawsuit over potato chip ingredients settled [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/02/BAFE1244HA.DTL] Retrieved on 2008-08-02]

In 2007, more than 100 articles were written about acrylamide, according to Nexis and Factiva, including pieces in the LA Times [ [http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-me-kfc25apr25,0,683258.story KFC to tell diners of chemical in potatoes - Los Angeles Times ] ] , the Boston Globe [ [http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/fitness/articles/2007/09/24/does_a_chemical_formed_in_cooking_french_fries_really_cause_cancer/ Does a chemical formed in cooking french fries really cause cancer? - The Boston Globe ] ] , the Guardian [ [http://lifeandhealth.guardian.co.uk/food/story/0,,2221538,00.html The question: Is cooked food dangerous? | Science | The Guardian ] ] , and the Wall Street Journal, among others. Of these articles, nearly half appeared in November and December, when people were frying potatoes for latkes, and roasting pigs and turkeys.

On August 1, 2008, four food manufacturers - H.J. Heinz Co., Frito-Lay, Kettle Foods Inc., and Lance Inc. - agreed to reduce levels of acrylamide in their products (such as potato chips and French fries) over a three-year period and pay a combined $3 million in fines as a settlement with the California attorney general's office. California had sued these four companies in 2005, alleging they violated a state requirement that companies post warning labels on products with carcinogens. [cite web| url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080802/ap_on_bi_ge/potato_chip_lawsuit |title=Settlement will reduce carcinogens in potato chips |work=Associated Press |accessdate=2008-08-02]

However recent research shows that acrylamide levels in most foods are far to low to cause cancer. And even food industry workers, who ecounters twice as much acrylamide as other people, do not have a higher risk of cancer. Many scientists now believe that the public scare was based on missinterpreted results.

ee also

*Acrydite- research on this compound casts light on Acrylamide
*Deep-frying
*Deep fryer
*Vacuum fryer

References

External links

* [http://www.acrylamide-food.org/ Acrylamide Infonet]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/business/21chips.html California Wants to Serve a Warning With Fries]
* [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/acryfaq.html Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (cfsan.fda.gov) FAQ]
* [http://www.crime.co.nz/c-files.asp?ID=46 Court case about a suspected acrylamide poisoning]
* [http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/dw_contamfs/acrylami.html Environmental Protection Agency] "Acrylamide and Food"
* [http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/iris/recordisplay.cfm?deid=187729 EPA releases a Toxicological Review of Acrylamide (External Review Draft) for public comment - 01/2008]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8122-1740864,00.html Girls who eat chips more likely to get breast cancer]
* [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press01282003.html Harvard School of Public Health press release; baked and fried food does not increase risk of certain cancers in humans]
* [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/press03152005.html Harvard School of Public Health press release; no breast cancer risks from acrylamide via food]
*IARC Monograph " [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol60/volume60.pdf Acrylamide.] "
* [http://www.foodrisk.org/hazard/chemical/contaminants/acrylamide/index.cfm Information about Acrylamide from www.foodrisk.org]
*ICSC|0091|00
*INRS|title=Acrylamide|number=119|year=1992
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/5.html National Pollutant Inventory - Acrylamide]
*PGCH|0012
* [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110559266/ABSTRACT Prospective study of dietary acrylamide and risk of colorectal cancer among women]
* [http://www.konsumentverket.se/html-sidor/livsmedelsverket/enginformationakryl.htm Report about acrylamide in food and cancer risks]
* [http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/chemicals/acrylamide/en/ World Health Organization]


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