New Covenant Theology

New Covenant Theology (or NCT) is a Christian theological system which teaches that the Old Testament Laws have been fulfilled and abrogated^[1] or cancelled^[2] with Christ's death, and replaced with the Law of Christ of the New Covenant. It shares similarities and yet is distinct from Dispensationalism and Covenant Theology and attempts to eliminate the perceived weak points of the two.^[3] New Covenant theologians, however, understand many of the Old Covenant laws as reinstituted under the New Covenant.

Theology

New Covenant Theology is a recently expressed Christian theological view of redemptive history which claims that all Old Covenant laws have been cancelled^[4] in favor of the Law of Christ or New Covenant law of the New Testament. This can be summarized as the ethical expectation found in the New Testament. New Covenant Theology does not reject all religious law, they only reject Old Covenant law. NCT is in contrast with other views on Biblical law in that most other do not believe the Ten Commandments and Divine laws of the Old Covenant have been cancelled, and may prefer the term "Supersessionism" for the rest.

New Covenant theologians see the Law of Christ or New Testament Law as actually including many of the Divine Laws, thus, even though all Old Covenant laws have been cancelled, many have been renewed under the Law of Christ. This is a conclusion similar to older Christian theological systems on this issue, in that some Old Covenant laws are seen as still valid or renewed, but this conclusion is reached in a different way.

On the issue of the law, Dispensationalism is most similar to NCT but their core belief is that the age of the Old Covenant is in the past, not that it has simply been cancelled. But NCT rejects the idea that the Bible can be divided into dispensations or ages. Richard Barcellos has criticized NCT for proposing that the Ten Commandments have been cancelled.^[5]

Theological Background

New Covenant Theologians view their theology as a middle-ground between a Reformed and Dispensationalist view of how the Old Testament, and in particular the Mosaic Covenant, apply to the Christian today. On balance, though, the New Covenantal position probably holds a lot more in common with Reformed Covenant Theology than it does with Dispensationalism.^[6]

Theological distinctiveness

New Covenant Theology is an Evangelical position,^{[citation needed]} but within evangelicalism there are divergent views on a number of topics. One of those topics is how the salvation history fits together, and the relationship of the covenants within salvation history.

Some logical deductions of New Covenant Theologians and advocates^[7] have been that since "the whole Old Covenant is obsolete", "none of the commands of the Mosaic Law are binding on believers today."^[8]. Covenant Theologians, on the other hand, believe that at least portions of the Old Testament law is binding on Christians, though there is some variation on which parts and how they apply.

The Cross, and the New Heart

By his death on the cross Jesus purchased both complete forgiveness of sins past, present, and future as well as a changed life or new heart for all those for whom He died. Believers love Christ more than sin and are characterized by repentance when they sin. Christ’s work on the cross is the New Covenant.

Abrahamic covenant

See also: Covenant (biblical)#Abrahamic covenant

New Covenant theologians believe that this covenant reveals God's plan to save a people and take them into his land. The Old Covenant with the nation of Israel and the promised land is a temporary picture of what is accomplished by the New Covenant where Jesus actually purchased a people and will take them to be with him forever in the "new heavens and new earth"(Rev 21-22).

Old Covenant

Main article: Old Covenant

The Old or Mosaic Covenant is a legal or works covenant that God made with Israel on Mount Sinai. This covenant is brought to an end and is fulfilled at the cross. It was never intended to save people, but instead its purpose was to increase sin and guilt until the coming of the Savior. Israel, under the Mosaic Covenant, was the physical fulfillment of the Abrahamic Covenant.

New Covenant

Main article: New Covenant

The New Covenant is the spiritual fulfillment of the Abrahamic Covenant.

Adherents believe that the New Covenant came into effect with ministry of Jesus, such as at the Last Supper when Jesus said in Luke 22:20 "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you." The New Testament also states,

“	This is the covenant I will establish with the people of Israel after that time, declares the Lord. I will put my laws in their minds and write them on their hearts. I will be their God, and they will be my people.	”
—Hebrews 8:10, NIV

Thus, the New Covenant is a gracious covenant. Those included in the covenant are reconciled to God by grace alone apart from anything they do. Jesus purchased a people by His death on the cross so that all those for whom He died receive full forgiveness of sins and become incurable God-lovers by the Holy Spirit.

Israel and the Church

Israel in the Old Covenant era was a temporary, unbelieving picture of the true people of God, the church. There always existed a small remnant of believers within unbelieving Israel. When Jesus Christ came, the picture of the people of God gave way to the true people of God consisting of both Jews and Gentiles.

Law

See also: Biblical law in Christianity

The NCT believes that the version of law in the Old Covenant era was the Mosaic Law, which included the Ten Commandments. The version of law in the New Covenant era is the Law of Christ, which includes the commands of Christ that pertain to the New Covenant era and the commands of his Apostles, but not the Apostolic Decree.

Circumcision and baptism

See also: Circumcision controversy in early Christianity

The NCT believes that circumcision was the physical picture of regeneration. It signified that you were physically born into the unbelieving (non-Christian) people of God, Israel. It was given to all Israelites, irrespective of repentance and faith. Baptism is the outward sign that regeneration has occurred. It signifies that you have been spiritually born into the believing people of God, the church. It is given to all those who give evidence of regeneration, which is repentance and faith.

Critics

See also: Jewish Christians and Antinomianism

Critics claim NCT does not have any historical writings to help validate their system of theology.

Many critics find fault with NCT treatment of the Ten Commandments as having been abrogated.

They also claim that NCT makes the mistake of claiming a different form of salvation between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. One such example would be from the book "New Covenant Theology" by Tom Wells and Fred Zaspel. Page 31 deals with the gospel preached to Abraham it says that it was not “the gospel” but the “promise of the gospel”. Referring to Romans 1:2, it states, “Paul looks on the gospel as “promised beforehand through his prophets in the Holy Scriptures” plainly implying that it had not yet come in OT times.”

See also

• Biblical law in Christianity
• Sabbath in Christianity
• Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
• Dual-covenant theology
• Paul the Apostle and Judaism
• Antithesis of the Law

Resources

• Lehrer, Steven, New Covenant Theology: Questions Answered (2006)
• Reisinger, John G., Abraham’s Four Seeds (Frederick, MD: New Covenant Media, 1998).
• Scarborough, C., The New Covenant and the Law of Christ: A Biblical Study Guide. (Published privately and available from New Covenant Media/1-800-376-4146).
• Wells, Tom and Zaspel, Fred. New Covenant Theology: Description, Definition, Defense (Frederick, MD: New Covenant Media, 2002).
• Journal of New Covenant Theology, Steven Lehrer editor
• The Law, the Gospel, and the Modern Christian: Five Views Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993. ISBN 978-0310533214, (also republished as Five Views on Law and Gospel). One of the authors, Douglas J. Moo, presents what he refers to as a "modified Lutheran View", but it is basically a New Covenant Theology view.^[9]

Notes

1. ^ Moo, page 375; Gibson, ALL Old Testament Laws Cancelled, pages 48, 143, 144
2. ^ ALL Old Testament Laws Cancelled: 24 Reasons Why All Old Testament Laws Are Cancelled and All New Testament Laws Are for Our Obedience, Greg Gibson, 2008, page 7: "New Covenant Theology ...[has]... a better priest, better sacrifice, and better covenant (containing a better law)."
3. ^ TMS.EDU: TMSJ 18/1 (Fall 2007) 149-163: Introduction to New Covenant Theology
4. ^ ALL Old Testament Laws Cancelled: 24 Reasons Why All Old Testament Laws Are Cancelled and All New Testament Laws Are for Our Obedience, Greg Gibson, 2008, page 7: "New Covenant Theology ... [has]... a better priest, better sacrifice, and better covenant (containing a better law)."
5. ^ In Defense of the Decalogue : A Critique of New Covenant Theology, Richard Barcellos, Founder's Press, 2001. Barcellos is an associate professor of New Testament Studies at the Midwest Center for Theological Studies.
6. ^ Vlach, Michael J., "New Covenant Theology Compared with Covenantalism" TMSJ 18/1 (2007):201, http://www.tms.edu/tmsj/tmsj18i.pdf (accessed October 6th, 2011).
7. ^ Truth Ministries
8. ^ New Covenant Theology: Questions Answered, pp. 155, 181-182
9. ^ Page 343: "The entire Mosaic law comes to fulfillment in Christ, and this fulfillment means that this law is no longer a direct and immediate source of, or judge of, the conduct of God's people. Christian behavior, rather, is now guided directly by "the law of Christ". This "law" does not consist of legal prescriptions and ordinances, but of the teaching and example of Jesus and the apostles, the central demand of love, and the guiding influence of the indwelling Holy Spirit."
   Page 376: "The content of all but one of the Ten Commandments is taken up into "the law of Christ", for which we are responsible. (The exception is the Sabbath commandment, one that Heb. 3-4 suggests is fulfilled in the new age as a whole.)"

External links

Books:

• New Covenant Theology Book Steve Lehrer - 235 pages - defines the NCT understanding of scripture, and answers questions about it.

Directories:

• NewCovenantTheology.org

Articles:

• What is New Covenant Theology
• A Brief Explanation of "New Covenant Theology" Fred G. Zaspel
• "But I Say Unto You" John Reisinger
• History of New Covenant Theology Kevin Hartley (from the Internet Archive)
• Getting the Big Picture Michael W. Adams
• The Abrahamic Covenant Michael W. Adams
• Circumcision and Baptism Michael W. Adams
• The Sabbath Michael W. Adams
• The Old Covenant and the Law of Moses Michael W. Adams
• The Nature of the Ten Commandments Michael W. Adams
• John 15: The Dilemma of an Old Covenant Jew Michael W. Adams
• Rethinking Our Use of "Moral Law" Michael W. Adams

Comparative Theology:

• Theological Systems Compared
• "A New Covenant Critique of Dispensationalism" Regan Ewing
• Covenant Theology vs. New Covenant Theology Tony Warren
• "An Analysis of the Seed of Abraham in New Covenant Theology" (Ph.D. Dissertation) Jeremy Benbrooks

New Covenant Statements of Faith:

• The New Covenant Confession of Faith
• Solo Christo Statement of Faith
• The Statement of Faith for Christ Fellowship of Kansas City

Web Site Ministries:

• Sound of Grace
• In-Depth Studies
• Solo Christo
• The Gospel in Real Life