Curtiss P-36 Hawk

P-36 Hawk/Hawk 75/Mohawk
Role	Fighter
Manufacturer	Curtiss-Wright Corporation
Designer	Donovan Berlin
First flight	6 May 1935
Introduction	1938
Retired	1954, Argentina
Primary users	United States Army Air Corps Finnish Air Force French Air Force Royal Air Force Royal Thai Air Force
Number built	215 (P-36) plus 900 export Hawk 75 variants
Unit cost	$23,000[1]
Developed into	Curtiss P-40 Warhawk

The Curtiss P-36 Hawk, also known as the Curtiss Hawk Model 75, was an American-designed and built fighter aircraft of the 1930s and 40s. A contemporary of both the Hawker Hurricane and Messerschmitt Bf 109, it was one of the first of a new generation of combat aircraft—a sleek monoplane design making extensive use of metal in its construction and powered by a powerful radial engine. Obsolescent at the onset of World War II and best known as the predecessor of the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, the P-36 saw only limited combat with the United States Army Air Forces. It was used more extensively by the French Air Force, both during the Battle of France and by the Vichy French; and was used against French forces in the Franco-Thai War (October 1940–May 9, 1941.) It was also by the British Commonwealth (where it was known as the Mohawk), and by Chinese air units. Several dozen also fought in the Finnish Air Force against the Soviet Air Forces. With around 1,000 aircraft built, the P-36 was a major commercial success for Curtiss. This article also covers the YP-37 and the XP-42 prototypes based on the P-36.

Design and development

The Curtiss Model 75 was a private venture by the company, designed by former Northrop Aircraft Company engineer Donovan Berlin. The first prototype constructed in 1934 featured all-metal construction with fabric-covered control surfaces, a Wright XR-1670-5 radial engine developing 900 hp (670 kW), and typical United States Army Air Corps armament of one .30 in (7.62 mm) and one .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns firing through the propeller arc. Also typical of the time was the total absence of cockpit armor or self-sealing fuel tanks. The distinctive landing gear which rotated 90° to fold the main wheels flat into the thin trailing portion of the wing was actually a Boeing-patented design for which Curtiss had to pay royalties.

P-36 Hawk

The prototype first flew on 6 May 1935, reaching 281 mph (452 km/h) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) during early test flights. On May 27, 1935, the prototype was flown to Wright Field, Ohio, to compete in the USAAC fly-off for a new single-seat fighter but the contest was delayed because the Seversky entry crashed on the way to the contest. Curtiss took advantage of the delay to replace the unreliable engine with a Wright XR-1820-39 Cyclone producing 950 hp (710 kW) and to rework the fuselage, adding the distinctive scalloped rear windows to improve rear visibility. The new prototype was designated Model 75B with the R-1670 version retroactively designated Model 75D. The fly-off finally took place in April 1936. Unfortunately, the new engine failed to deliver its rated power and the aircraft attained only 285 mph (459 km/h).

Although its competitor, the Seversky P-35, also underperformed and was more expensive, it was still declared the winner and awarded a contract for 77 aircraft. However, on June 16, 1936, Curtiss received an order from USAAC for three prototypes designated Y1P-36. The USAAC was concerned about political turmoil in Europe and about Seversky's ability to deliver P-35s in a timely matter, and therefore wanted a backup fighter. The Y1P-36 (Model 75E) was powered by a 900 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1830-13 Twin Wasp engine and further enlarged scalloped rear canopy. The new aircraft performed so well that it won the 1937 USAAC competition with an order for 210 P-36A fighters.

Its extremely low wing loading of just 23.9 lb/ft² gave it outstanding turning performance, ^{[N 1]} and its high power-to-weight ratio of 0.186 hp/lb gave it superb climbing performance as well, especially for the time, although its lack of an engine supercharger handicapped it at high altitudes. Compared to the Allison-engined P-40, the P-36 shared the later P-40's traits of excellent high-speed handling, of roll rate that improved at high speed and of relatively light controls at high speed. However, it was underpowered affecting its acceleration and top speed and it did not accelerate in a dive as well as the P-40.^{[citation needed]}

Curtiss YP-37

Curtiss YP-37

Curtiss XP-42 (USAF Photo)

In early 1937, the USAAC ordered Curtiss to adapt one P-36 to the new liquid-cooled turbo-supercharged Allison V-1710 engine with 1,150 hp (860 kW). Designated XP-37, the aircraft used the original Model 75 airframe with radiators mounted on the sides of the fuselage around the engine. The cockpit was moved far to the rear to make room for the radiators and the bulky turbocharger system, and to balance the aircraft. The aircraft flew in April 1937, reaching 340 mph (550 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m). Although the turbo-supercharger was extremely unreliable and visibility from the cockpit on takeoff and landing was virtually nonexistent, the USAAC was sufficiently intrigued by the promised performance to order 13 service test YP-37s. Featuring improved aerodynamics and a more reliable turbo-supercharger, the aircraft first flew in June 1939. However, the powerplant remained unreliable and the project was cancelled in favor of another Curtiss design, the P-40.

Curtiss XP-42

In an attempt to improve the aerodynamics of the air-cooled piston engines, the fourth production P-36A (serial 38-004), designated the XP-42, was equipped with a long streamlined cowling resembling that of a liquid-cooled engine. Twelve different designs were tried with little success; although the aircraft was faster than a standard P-36A, engine cooling problems were never resolved. Since the new P-40 was faster, the project was canceled. Late in its service life, the sole XP-42 was fitted with a stabilator and used to study that control configuration.

Operational history

Argentina

Argentina bought a number of the simplified, fixed landing gear Hawk 75Os, (intended for rough-field operations and ease of maintenance) and purchased a manufacturing license for the type. These aircraft used the same engine, Wright Cyclone R-1820-G5 as the Martin 139WAA's (B-10) and Northrop 8A-2s used by the Argentine Army Aviation at the time. Usually armed with one 11.35 mm (0.45 in) Madsen machine gun and three 7.65 mm (0.30 in) Madsen light machine guns, there was provision for up to 10 30 lb (14 kg) on underwing pylons. The last Argentinian Hawks remained in service until November 1954.^[3]

Brazil

In March 1942, 10 USAAC P-36As were transferred to Brazil.

British Commonwealth

RAF Mohawk IVs in India in January 1943

The Royal Air Force (RAF) also displayed interest in the aircraft. Comparison of a borrowed French Hawk 75A-2 with a Supermarine Spitfire Mk I revealed that the Hawk had several advantages over the early variant of the iconic British fighter. The Hawk was found to have lighter controls than the Spitfire at speeds over 300 mph (480 km/h), especially in diving attacks, and was easier to maneuver in a dogfight (thanks to the less sensitive elevator) and better all-around visibility. The Hawk was also easier to control on takeoff and landing. Not surprisingly, the Spitfire's superior acceleration and top speed ultimately gave it the advantage of being able to engage and leave combat at will.

Although Britain decided not to purchase the aircraft, they soon came in possession of 229 Hawks by way of diverted shipments to occupied France and aircraft flown by escaping French pilots. The aircraft received the designations Mohawk I through IV, mirroring French Hawk 75A-1 through A-4, and were fitted with 0.303-cal. Vickers K machine guns and conventional throttles (forward to increase power).^[4]

Although they were considered obsolete, a number saw service with the RAF and Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) in India and Burma. In April 1941, the British government of India ordered 48 Cyclone-powered Mohawk IVz (Hawk 75A) for the RIAF, to be built by Hindustan Aircraft. The first such aircraft completed was test flown on 31 July 1942. However, only four additional aircraft were completed before the project was abandoned. The Indian-built series were used by RAF/RIAF units. Similarly, Chinese license production of the Hawk 75A-5 was moved to India, and these aircraft were also absorbed into RAF as Mohawk IVs. These aircraft were supplemented by 10 Hawk 75A-9s captured during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in August 1941,^[5] while 74 ex-French Mohawk IVs were shipped to India from the United Kingdom.^[4] The only RAF units to see combat in Mohawks were No. 5 Squadron RAF and No. 155 Squadron RAF, using the type mainly for Bomber escort and ground attack. The type was retired by the RAF/RIAF in 1944.^[6]

The South African Air Force received 72 Mohawks. Its first Mohawks were delivered to East Africa in mid-1941, where they were used by 3 Squadron SAAF to support operations in the East African Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Gondar which ended the campaign, and helping to patrol the border with Vichy French held Djibouti.^[7] These Mohawks were then sent to South Africa, where, supplemented by fresh deliveries, they were used for training and for home defence.^[8]

China

The prototype of the Hawk 75H—a simplified version with fixed landing gear, like the 75O—was eventually sold to the Chinese Nationalist government who presented it to Claire L. Chennault for personal use. China also received two similar demonstrators, the Hawk 75Q. They also used a number of simplified Hawk 75Ms against the Japanese. The Hawk 75A-5 was built under license in China, but production was later moved to India, and these aircraft were absorbed into the RAF as the Mohawk IV.

Finland

Curtiss Hawk 75A-3 in Finnish service

After the fall of France, Germany agreed to sell captured Curtiss Hawk fighters to Finland in October 1940. In total, 44 captured aircraft of five subtypes were sold to Finland with three deliveries from 23 June 1941-5 January 1944.^[9] Not all were from the French stocks, but some were initially sold to Norway and captured in their wooden crates when the Germans conquered the country. The aircraft were given serial codes CU-501 to CU-507 (A-4 submodel with Cyclone) and CU-551 to CU-587 (all other submodels with Twin Wasp).

In Finnish service, the Hawk was well liked, affectionately called Sussu ("Sweetheart").^[10] The Finnish Air Force enjoyed success with the type, credited with 190⅓ kills by 58 pilots, between 16 July 1941 and 27 July 1944, for the loss of 15 of their own.^[9] Finnish ace Kyösti Karhila scored 13¼ of his 32 victories in the Hawk, while the top Hawk ace K. Tervo scored 15¾ victories. The Hawks were flown by Lentolaivue 32 throughout their wartime operational service.

The Finnish Hawks were initially armed with either four or six 7.5mm machine guns. While sufficient during the early phase of the Continuation War, the increasing speeds and armor of Soviet aircraft soon showed this armament was not powerful enough. From 1942, the State Aircraft Factory replaced the fuselage machine guns with either one or two .50 in (12.7 mm) Colt machine guns and installed two or four .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in each wing. The 12.7mm Berezin UB or LKk/42 heavy machine guns were also used.^[9] The installation of heavier armament did not change the very good flying characteristics of the fighter, but the armament was much more effective against Soviet aircraft. The Finnish Hawks were also equipped with Revi 3D or C/12D gunsight.

Surviving Finnish aircraft remained in service with the FAF aviation units HLeLv 13, HLeLv 11 and LeSK until 1948.^[9]

France

Curtiss H75C-1

Even before the P-36A entered production, the French Air Force entered negotiations with Curtiss for delivery of 300 aircraft. The negotiating process ended up being very drawn-out because the cost of the Curtiss fighters was double that of the French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 and Bloch MB.150, and the delivery schedule was deemed too slow. Since the USAAC was unhappy with the rate of domestic deliveries and believed that export aircraft would slow things down even more, it actively opposed the sale. Eventually, it took direct intervention from U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to give the French test pilot Michel Detroyat a chance to fly the Y1P-36.

Detroyat's enthusiasm, problems with the MB.150, and the pressure of continuing German rearmament finally forced France to purchase 100 aircraft and 173 engines. The first Hawk 75A-1 arrived in France in December 1938 and began entering service in March 1939. After the first few examples, aircraft were delivered in pieces and assembled in France by the Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre. Officially designated Curtiss H75-C1 (the "Hawk" name was not used in France), the aircraft were powered by Pratt & Whitney R-1830-SC-G engines with 900 hp and had instruments calibrated for the metric system, a seat for French dorsal parachutes, a French-style throttle which operated in reverse from U.S. and British aircraft (full throttle was to the rear rather than to the front) and armament of four 7.5 mm FN-Browning machine guns. The aircraft evolved through several modifications, the most significant being the installation of the Wright R-1820 Cyclone engine. This variant, designated as Curtiss H751-C1, saw little operational use due to its late delivery and reliability problems with the new engine. A total of 416 H75s were delivered to France before the German occupation.^[11]

On 8 September 1939, aircraft from Groupe de Chasse II/4 were credited with shooting down two Luftwaffe Messerschmitt Bf 109Es, the first Allied air victory of World War II on the Western front. During 1939–1940, French pilots claimed 230 confirmed and 80 probable victories in H75s against only 29 aircraft lost in aerial combat. Of the 11 French aces of the early part of the war, seven flew H75s. The leading ace of the time was Lieutenant Edmond Marin la Meslée with 15 confirmed and five probable victories in the type. H75-equipped squadrons were evacuated to French North Africa before the Armistice to avoid capture by the Germans. While under the Vichy government, these units clashed with British aircraft over Mers el-Kébir and Dakar. During Operation Torch in North Africa, French H75s fought against U.S. Navy F4F Wildcats, losing 15 aircraft while shooting down seven American aircraft. From late 1942 on, the Allies started re-equipping the formerly Vichy-controlled French units with the H75s replaced by P-40s and P-39s.

Iran

A total of 10 Hawk 75A-9s were delivered to Persia, but were captured by the British while still in crates. These were then used by the RAF in India as Mohawk IVs.

Dutch East Indies

In October 1939, the Dutch East Indies government ordered 24 Hawk 75A-7s, powered by 1,200 hp (890 kW) Cyclones. The factory armament was one 0.5 in and one 0.303 in machine guns in the cowl and two 0.303 in machine guns in the wings; but the 0.5 in cowl guns were replaced after delivery to standardize parts and ammunition and could carry six50 lb (23 kg) bombs. The fighters were shipped in 1940 (and were almost rerouted to the Netherlands, when Germany invaded) and were used extensively leading up to the Japanese attack. However, by that time the aircraft had flown so many hours, the engines were worn out.

These Dutch Hawks formed 1-VlG IV, or Vliegtuiggroep IV, 1e afdeling (1st Squadron, Airgroup IV) of the ML-KNIL and some with 1-VlG V. They saw action over Malacca, Sumatra and Java, successfully bombing a railroad and intercepting bombers. They also participated in the extensive dogfights over Surabaya, where USAAC, RAF and ML-KNIL aircraft together fought Japanese bombers and fighters.

Norway

Norway ordered 24 Twin Wasp-powered Hawk 75A-6s, of which 19 were delivered and seven assembled at the time of the German invasion. None of the aircraft were combat-ready. The disassembled aircraft were disabled by a single customs employee who smashed the instruments and cut all the wires he could reach. Norwegian Hawks captured by the Germans were part of the batch sent to Finland. Norway also ordered 36 Cyclone-powered Hawk 75A-8s. Most of this batch (a total of 30) were delivered as advanced trainers to "Little Norway" near Toronto, Ontario, Canada, a Norwegian training base established by the London based government-in-exile. Still later, they were resold to the U.S. and redesignated the P-36G model.

Peru

In 1943, the U.S. sent 28 Hawks to Peru under the Lend-Lease agreement. These were ex-Norwegian P-36Gs that had served in Canada.

Portugal

Portugal was officially neutral during World War II, although the Allies were allowed to use or establish ports and airfields on various Portuguese territories. One result of these friendly relations was the transfer by the British government of 12 Hawk 75A variants to the Força Aérea Portuguesa (FAP), which assigned them to air defense duties in the Azores.

Thailand

A few Hawk 75Ns were used by Thailand during the French-Thai War. They also fought at the Battle of Prachuab Khirikhan against Japanese forces during the Japanese Invasion of Thailand.

United States

The first production P-36As were delivered to the 20th Pursuit Group at Barksdale Field in Louisiana in April 1938. The aircraft's service history was marred by numerous teething problems with the engine exhaust, skin buckling over landing gear, and weak points in the airframe, severely restricting the performance envelope. By the time these issues were resolved, the P-36 was considered obsolete and was relegated to training units and overseas detachments at Albrook Field in the Canal Zone, Elmendorf Field in Alaska, and Wheeler Field in Hawaii. The only combat by U.S.-operated P-36s took place during the Pearl Harbor attack. Five of the 39 P-36A Mohawks at Pearl Harbor were able to take off during the attack and were credited with shooting down two Japanese Mitsubishi A6M2 Zeros for the loss of one P-36, among the first U.S. aerial victories of World War II.^[12]

Variants

Model 75A

Company-owned demonstrator aircraft flown with several engine fits

Model 75B

Prototype with Wright R-1820 radial engine

Model 75D

First prototype, Wright Whirlwind R-1670 radial

Model 75I

Company designation for the P-37.

Model 75H

Internal company designation for a simplified export version with fixed landing gear, two slightly differing aircraft built, first sold to China, second to Argentina

Model 75J

Company-owned 75A temporarily fitted with an external supercharger

Model 75K

Unbuilt version, intended to use the Pratt & Whitney R-2180 Twin Hornet radial.

Model 75P

Production P-36A (serial 38-010) fitted with Allison V-1710 liquid-cooled engine, prototype for Curtiss P-40

Model 75R

Company-owned 75A temporarily fitted with R-1830-SC2-G with turbo-supercharger, attained 330 mph (530 km/h) but proved complex and unreliable

Y1P-36 (Model 75E)

USAAC prototype, Pratt & Whitney R-1830

P-36A (Model 75L)

USAAC version, P-36A-3 mounted four .30 in (7.62 mm) machine guns in the wings in addition to fuselage armament

P-36B

production P-36A fitted with an R-1830-25 producing 1,100 hp (820 kW), reached 313 mph (504 km/h), returned to original P-36A configuration

P-36C

An additional 0.30 in machine gun installed in each wing with external ammunition boxes under the wings, R-1830-17 of 1,200 hp (890 kW); last 30 production aircraft were completed as P-36Cs

XP-36D

Production P-36A modified with two .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in the nose and 4 0.30 in machine guns in the wings

XP-36E

Production P-36A armed with four 0.30 in machine guns in the wings, retained standard fuselage guns

XP-36F

Production P-36A fitted with two 23 mm (0.91 in) Madsen autocannons under the wings, reverted to P-36A because guns imposed an unacceptable performance penalty with top speed of only 265 mph (426 km/h).

P-36G

Hawk 75A-8 used by Norway for training in Canada; later delivered to Peru. R-1820-G205A of 1,200 hp.

Hawk 75A-1

First production batch for France, four 7.5 mm (0.295 in) machine guns, R-1830-SC-G of 900 hp (670 kW); 100 built

Hawk 75A-2

Second production batch for France, either R-1830-SC-G or 1,050 hp (780 kW) R-1830-SC3-G, six 7.5 mm machine guns; 100 built

Hawk 75A-3

Third production batch for France, similar with Hawk 75A-2;^[11] 135 built

Hawk 75A-4

Last production batch for France, Hawk 75A-2 with Wright R-1820-G205A Cyclone radial with 1,200 hp: 285 built, 81 delivered to France; others to Great Britain as Mohawk IV

Hawk 75A-5

Similar to Hawk 75A-4. Built under license in China (production was later moved to India), absorbed into RAF as Mohawk IV

Hawk 75A-6

Version for Norway; aircraft captured during the German invasion were eventually sold to Finland

Hawk 75A-7

Version for Netherlands East Indies: 1,200 hp Cyclone, one .5 in (12.7 mm) and one .303 in (7.7 mm)in cowl and two .303 in (7.7 mm)in wings; later four .303 in (7.7 mm) (two in nose, one in each wing) and six 50 lb (23 kg) bombs.

Hawk 75A-8

Export version for Norway. Later redesignated P-36G.

Hawk 75A-9

10 aircraft delivered to Persia, captured still in crates and used by RAF in India as Mohawk IVs

Hawk 75M

Simplified version with fixed landing gear and Wright R-1820 Cyclone for China, built by both Curtiss and Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company in China

Hawk 75N

Simplified version for Siam (Thailand) with non-retractable landing gear and wheel pants.

Hawk 75O

Simplified version for Argentine, 30 built and delivered by Curtiss with additional 200 to be built under license locally by Fabrica Militar de Aviones, however only 20 were completed.^[3]

Hawk 75Q

Two additional simplified demonstrators for China. At least one is reputed to have been given an armament similar to that of the XP-36F and to have engaged in combat over Shanghai during the Japanese attacks in September 1937, reportedly shooting down several bombers before being brought down with the loss of the American pilot.^{[citation needed]}

XP-37

Allison V-1710 inline, cockpit moved to the rear of the fuselage

YP-37

Service test version of XP-37, 13 built

XP-42 (Model 75S)

Testbed for streamlining cowlings around air-cooled engines

Survivors

P-36A (s/n 38-001) is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft was the first P-36 to be delivered to the Air Corps. It was donated by Edward S. Perkins of Anniston, Alabama in April 1959. For many years the aircraft was displayed in the markings of the "desert sand and spinach" camouflage markings of the 27th Pursuit Squadron.^[13] The aircraft is now displayed in the markings of the P-36A flown by Lt. Phil Rasmussen during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It is displayed in the Museum's Air Power gallery.^[1]

A complete and restored Hawk 75N survives in the Royal Thai Air Force Museum; unknown serial number.^[14]

A French H75C-1, has been restored to flying condition and is owned by The Fighter Collection at Duxford, United Kingdom. It has been flown and is shown in French camouflage with markings on either side, for the same example (n°82) at two different periods in its career.

A Hawk 75A-6, a Finnish aircraft, was being restored in New Zealand but that effort purportedly has been on hold; a photograph at the Preserved Axis Aircraft website, however, shows it with the German markings on the tail.

Specifications (P-36A)

Data from Curtiss Fighter Aircraft: A Photographic History 1917-1948^[15]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 28 ft 6 in (8.7 m)
• Wingspan: 37 ft 4 in (11.4 m)
• Height: 8 ft 5 in (2.6 m)
• Wing area: 235.94 ft² (21.92 m²)
• Empty weight: 4,567 lb^[16] (2,076 kg)
• Loaded weight: 5,650 lb (2,560 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 6,010 lb^[16] (2,732 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-1830-17 Twin Wasp air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,050 hp (783 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 313 mph (272 knots, 500 km/h) at 8,500 ft, 2,960 m
• Cruise speed: 270 mph (235 knots, 432 km/h)
• Range: 625 mi (543 nmi, 1,006 km) at 270 mph (419 km/h), 860 mi (748 nmi, 1,385 km) at 200 mph
• Service ceiling: 32,700 ft (9,967 m)
• Rate of climb: 3,400 ft/min (17 m/s)
• Wing loading: 23.9 lb/ft² (116.8 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.186 hp/lb (306w/kg)

Armament

• 1 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) M1919 Browning machine gun
• 1 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun
• later production variants had two .50 MGs synchronized with the propeller mounted in the engine cowl and two or four .30 MGs mounted in the wings just outside the propeller arc
• some were also later fitted with a single hardpoint under each wing that could carry a bomb of up to 100 lb (45 kg) or a light bomb rack for three 50 lb (23 kg), five 20 lb (9 kg) or 30 lb (14 kg) bombs

See also

Related development

• Curtiss P-40
  

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1
• Bloch MB.150
• Fiat G.50
• Hawker Hurricane
• IAR 80
• Macchi MC.200
• Mitsubishi A6M
• Nakajima Ki-43
• Reggiane Re.2000
• Seversky P-35
  

References

Notes

1. ^ According to Czech ace František Peřina, the P-36 was "terrific. It was not as fast as the Messerschmitt, but it could outmaneuver any German aircraft. If one got on your tail, in one 360-degree turn, you were behind him." Compared to the Hawker Hurricane, Peřina said the Hurricane was "a good aircraft, but heavier than the P-36 and, with a higher wing loading, not as easy to handle as a P-36."^[2]

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b} "Curtiss P-36 Hawk fact sheet." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 7 March 2009.
2. ^ Guttman, Jon. "World War II: Interview with Czech Ace František Peřina." Military History, October 1995.
3. ^ ^{a b} Padin 1999, pp. 9, 15.
4. ^ ^{a b} March 1995, p. 68.
5. ^ Shores Air Enthusiast 1983, p. 2.
6. ^ Shores Air Enthusiast 1983, pp. 2–9.
7. ^ Thomas 2003, pp.67-69.
8. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 69.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} "Curtiss Hawk 75A." Backwoods landing strip: Finnish Air Force aircraft. Retrieved: 28 October 2010.
10. ^ Crawford, Bruce. "Hawk 75: Promise unfulfilled?" curtisshawk75.bravepages.com, 2002. Retrieved: 9 August 2010.
11. ^ ^{a b} Persyn 2007^{[page needed]}
12. ^ "Aircraft at Pearl Harbor." World War II in the Pacific via www.ww2pacific.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2009.
13. ^ United States Air Force Museum Guidebook 1975, p. 23.
14. ^ Trirat (October 2007). "A Briefer History of the Royal Thai Air Force". This web site does not supply ownership information. http://blog.nationmultimedia.com/print.php?id=1611. "(Two photos above–top picture shows Japanese Nagoya in action, bottom shows American Hawk 75) On January 28, 1941, the RTAF dispatched nine Ki-30 Nagoyas, escorted by three Hawk 75s, to bomb Pailin and Sisophon in French Indochina. Thailand was perhaps the only country operating both Japanese and American aircraft just before WWII...." 
15. ^ Dean and Hagedorn 2007, p. 201.
16. ^ ^{a b} Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 185.

Bibliography

• Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft, 1907-1947. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979. ISBN 0-87021-152-8.
• Bowers, Peter M. The Curtiss Hawk 75: Aircraft in Profile No. 80. London: Profile Publications, 1966.
• Bridgwater, H.C. Combat Colours Number 3: The Curtiss P-36 and P-40 in USAAC/ USAAF Service 1939-1945. Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, UK: Guideline Publications Ltd., 2001. ISBN 0-9539040-5-9.
• Dean, Francis H. and Dan Hagedorn. Curtiss Fighter Aircraft: A Photographic History 1917-1948. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-7643-2580-9.
• Fleischer, Seweryn and Jiri Chodil. Curtiss P-36 Hawk, Cz.3 (Monograpfie Lotnicze 63) (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2000. ISBN 83-7237-038-9.
• Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (Sixth impression 1969). ISBN 0-356-01448-7.
• Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: US Army Air Force Fighters, Part 1. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1977. ISBN 0-356-08218-0.
• March, Daniel J., ed. British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-874023-92-1.
• Padin, Jorge Núñez, ed. Curtiss Hawk (Serie Fuerza Aérea Argentina: No. 5) (in Spanish). Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales, 1999.
• Persyn, Lionel. Les Curtiss H-75 de l'armée de l'Air (in French). Outreau, France: Éditions Lela Presse, 2007. ISBN 2-914017-46-4.
• Rys, Marek. Curtiss P-36 Hawk, Cz.1 (Monograpfie Lotnicze 61) (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2000. ISBN 83-7237-036-2.
• Rys, Marek and Seweryn Fleischer. Curtiss P-36 Hawk, Cz.2 (Monograpfie Lotnicze 62) (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2000. ISBN 83-7237-037-0.
• Shores, Chris. "The RAF's Little Indians". Air Enthusiast, Twenty-three, December 1983-March 1984. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 1–9.
• Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft Since 1909. London:Putnam, 1963.
• Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft Since 1909. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1989. ISBN 0-87474-880-1.
• Thomas, Andrew. "Indians Over Africa: Curtiss Mohawks in SAAF Service". Air Enthusiast, No. 107, September/October 2003, pp. 66–69.
• United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.

External links

• The Fighter Collection Curtiss 75-Hawk
• Curtiss YP-37
• Curtiss XP-42
• "Plane Speed Record Shattered In Power Dive" Popular Mechanics, April 1939