Chalcedon

This article is about an ancient town in Asia Minor. For the Ecumenical Council of the year 451, see Council of Chalcedon. For the American religious/political organization, see Chalcedon Foundation. For the mineral, see Chalcedony. For municipality in Greece, see Chalkidona.

Chalcedon

Chalcedon

The small church of St Euphemia that serves as the cathedral of Chalcedon.

Chalcedon ( /kælˈsiːdən/ or /ˈkælsɨdɒn/;^[1] Greek: Χαλκηδών, sometimes transliterated as Chalkedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). It is now a district of the city of Istanbul named Kadıköy. The name is a variant of Calchedon (Greek: Καλχήδων), found on all the coins of Chalcedon as well as in manuscripts of Herodotus's Histories, Xenophon's Hellenica, Arrian's Anabasis, and other works. Almost no aboveground vestiges of the ancient city survive in Kadıköy today; artifacts uncovered at Altıyol and other excavation sites are on display at the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

The site of Chalcedon is located on a small peninsula on the north coast of the Sea of Marmara, near the mouth of the Bosphorus. A stream, called the Chalcis or Chalcedon in antiquity^[2] and now known as the Kurbağalıdere (Turkish: stream with frogs), flows into Fenerbahçe bay. There Greek colonists from Megara in Attica founded the settlement of Chalcedon in 685 BC, some seventeen years before Byzantium.

The Greek name of the ancient town is from its Phoenician name, meaning "New Town",^[3] as is the name of Carthage.

Prehistory

The mound of Fikirtepe has yielded remains dating to the Chalcolithic period (5500-3500 BC) and attest to a continuous settlement since prehistoric times. Phoenicians were active traders in this area.

Pliny states that Chalcedon was first named Procerastis, a name which may be derived from a point of land near it: then it was named Colpusa, from the form of the harbour probably; and finally Caecorum Oppidum, or the town of the blind.^[4]

Megarian colony

Funerary stele from the 1st century BC.

It was a Megarian colony founded on a site that was viewed at the time as so obviously inferior to that which was within view on the opposite shore (these being the small Lygos and Semistra settlements on Seraglio point), that the Persian general Megabazus is said to have remarked that Chalcedon's founders must have been blind.^[5] Indeed, Strabo and Pliny relate that the oracle of Apollo had told the Athenians and Megarians who founded Byzantium to build their city opposite to the blind, and that the story was interpreted to mean Chalcedon, the 'City of the Blind'.^[6][7]

Chalcedon, however, was a flourishing town in which trade thrived. It contained many temples, including one of Apollo, which had an oracle. Chalcedonia, the territory dependent upon Chalcedon,^[8] stretched up the Anatolian bank of the Bosphorus at least as far as the temple of Zeus Urius, now the site of Yoros Castle, and may have included the north bank of the Bay of Astacus which extends towards Nicomedia. Important villages in Chalcedonia included Chrysopolis^[9] (the modern Üsküdar) and Panteicheion (Pendik). Strabo notes that "a little above the sea" in Chalcedonia, there lies "the fountain Azaritia, which contains small crocodiles."^[10]

In its early history it shared the fortunes of Byzantium, was taken by the satrap Otanes, vacillated long between the Lacedaemonian and the Athenian interests. Darius' bridge of boats, built in 512 BC for the Scythian campaign, extended from Chalcedonia to Thrace. Chalcedon was included within the kingdom of Bithynia, whose king Nicomedes willed Bithynia to the Romans upon his death in 74 BC.

Roman city

Bithynia as a province of the Roman Empire, 120 AD

The city was partly destroyed by Mithridates. The governor of Bithynia, Cotta, had fled to Chalcedon for safety along with thousands of other Romans. Three thousand of them were killed, sixty ships captured, and four ships destroyed in Mithridates' assault on the city.^[11]

During the Empire, Chalcedon recovered, and was given the status of a free city. It fell under the repeated attacks of the barbarian hordes who crossed over after having ravaged Byzantium, including some referred to as Scythians who attacked during the reign of Valerian and Gallienus in the mid 3rd century.^[12]

Byzantine and Ottoman suburb

Small silver jug from Chalcedon.

Chalcedon suffered somewhat from its proximity to the new imperial capital at Constantinople. First the Byzantines and later the Ottoman Turks used it as a quarry for building materials for Constantinople's monumental structures.^[13] Chalcedon also fell repeatedly to armies attacking Constantinople from the east.

In 361 AD it was the location of the Chalcedon tribunal, where Julian the apostate brought his enemies to trial.

In 451 AD an ecumenical council of Christian leaders convened here. The Council of Chalcedon defined the human and divine natures of Jesus and provoked the schism with the churches composing Oriental Orthodoxy.

The general Belisarius may have spent his years of retirement on his estate of Rufinianae in Chalcedonia.

Beginning in 616 and for at least a decade thereafter, Chalcedon furnished an encampment to the Persians under Chosroes II^[14] (cf. Siege of Constantinople (626)). It later fell for a time to the Arabs under Yazid (cf. Siege of Constantinople (674)).

Chalcedon was badly damaged during the Fourth Crusade (1204). It came definitively under Ottoman rule under Orhan Gazi a century before the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople.

Ecclesiastical history

Nicetas of Chalcedon

Chalcedon was an episcopal see at an early date.

Several Christian martyrs are associated with Chalcedon:

• The virgin St. Euphemia and her companions in the early fourth century; the cathedral of Chalcedon was consecrated to her.
• St. Sabel the Persian and his companions.

The Fourth Ecumenical Council, known as the Council of Chalcedon, was convened in 451.

After the council, Chalcedon became a metropolitan see, but without suffragans. There is a list of its bishops in Le Quien,^[15] completed by Anthimus Alexoudes,^[16] revised for the early period by Pargoire.^[17] Among others are:

• St. Adrian, a martyr;
• St. John, Sts. Cosmas and Nicetas, during the Iconoclastic period;
• Maris, the Arian;
• Heraclianus, who wrote against the Manichæans and the Monophysites;
• Leo, persecuted by Alexius Comnenus.

The Orthodox Metropolitan of Chalcedon holds senior rank (currently third position) within the Greek Orthodox patriarchal synod of Constantinople. The incumbent is Metropolitan Athanasios Papas. The cathedral is that of St. Euphemia.

After the Great Schism, Latin church retained Chalcedon as a titular see, suffragan of Nicomedia. Le Quien^[18] mentions eight Latin bishops, from 1345 to 1443; Eubel^[19] has ten names, from 1293 to 1525. Five other titular bishops of the sixteenth century are mentioned in the Revue bénédictine.^[20][21] The titular see of Chalcedon was officially given to the Roman Catholic Bishop of England and Wales after 1623. The first two such bishops were William Bishop (1623–24) and Richard Smith (1624–32). The last appointment to this Latin titular see dates to 1967.

The Armenian Catholic titular see has been suppressed. Its last occupant as also that of the Syrian Catholic titular see dates to the 1950s.^[21]

Notable people

• Boethus (2nd century BC), Greek sculptor
• Herophilos (2nd century BC), Greek physician
• Phaleas of Chalcedon (4th century BC), Greek statesman
• Thrasymachus (5th century BC), Greek sophist
• Xenocrates (4th century BC), Greek philosopher

See also

• List of traditional Greek place names

References

1. ^ "Chalcedon". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. (accessed: September 21, 2008).
2. ^ William Smith, LLD, ed. (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. "Chalcedon".
3. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Chalcedony". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Chalcedony. Retrieved 2010-05-19. 
4. ^ Pliny. Nat. 5.32
5. ^ Herodotus. Histories. 4.144.
6. ^ Strabo (p. 320).
7. ^ Pliny. Nat. 9.15
8. ^ Herodotus. Histories. 4.85.)
9. ^ Xenophon, Xen. Anab. 6.6, 38-Z1.
10. ^ Strabo 1.597.
11. ^ Appian. Mithrid. 71; Plut. Luc. 8.
12. ^ Zosimus 1.34.
13. ^ Ammian. 31.1, and the notes of Valesius.
14. ^ Gibbon. Decline, &c. 100.46.
15. ^ Michel Le Quien I, 599.
16. ^ In Anatolikos Aster XXX, 108.
17. ^ In Echos d'Orient III, 85, 204; IV, 21, 104.
18. ^ Michel Le Quien III, 1019.
19. ^ Konrad Eubel I, 199; II, 141.
20. ^ Revue bénédictine (1904), 144-45, 155-56.
21. ^ ^{a b} "Chalcedon", Catholic Encyclopedia.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed (1854–57). "^{article name needed}". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. 

Coordinates: 40°59′N 29°02′E / 40.983°N 29.033°E / 40.983; 29.033