Niantic (whaling vessel)

Career (United States)
Name:	Niantic
Builder:	Connecticut
In service:	1832
Out of service:	1849
Renamed:	Niantic Hotel, 1849
Fate:	Converted to storeship and hotel 1849; destroyed by fires 1850-1852
Status:	Artifacts in San Francisco Maritime Museum; some unexcavated at Clay and Sansome Streets, San Francisco, California
General characteristics
Type:	ship or barque
Tons burthen:	"could probably take eight or nine hundred tons in storage"[1]
Length:	120 ft (37 m)
Beam:	"extremely broad for her very short length"[1]
Propulsion:	Sail
Complement:	28
Notes:
Niantic (Storeship)
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Location:	NW corner of Clay and Sansome Sts., San Francisco, California
Coordinates:	37°47′42.3″N 122°24′8″W / 37.795083°N 122.40222°W / 37.795083; -122.40222Coordinates: 37°47′42.3″N 122°24′8″W / 37.795083°N 122.40222°W / 37.795083; -122.40222
Area:	0.1 acres (0.040 ha)
Architect:	Childs,Thomas
Governing body:	Private
NRHP Reference#:	91000563 [2]
Added to NRHP:	May 16, 1991

Niantic was a whaleship that brought fortune-seekers to Yerba Buena later renamed San Francisco during the California Gold Rush of 1849. Run aground and converted into a storeship and hotel, she was a prominent landmark in the booming city for several years. The site of Niantic beside the Transamerica Pyramid is now a California Historical Landmark. Artifacts excavated in 1978 and the ship's log from her last voyage are on display in the San Francisco Maritime Museum.

Early years

1832—Niantic built in Connecticut. Originally intended for trade with China, she was later converted to a sperm whaler. Owners in 1840 appear to have been N. L. and G. Griswold of New York.^[1]

1840—Niantic, Captain Doty in command (Captain Robert Bennett Forbes acting), sailed with tea and silk from Port of Canton to an unstated destination (perhaps New York) via Anjer (Anyer), Indonesia, just missing a blockade by the British in Canton as part of the Opium Wars. "Probably this was the last and most profitable voyage of Niantic as a merchant ship."^[1]

The China trade painting of Niantic at right shows her at the Whampoa anchorage near Canton. Although the date is unknown, 1840 seems likely.

1844—Niantic bought by C. T. Deering for whaling.^[1]

June 4, 1844—Niantic sailed from Sag Harbor, Captain Slate in command, for Pacific whaling cruise, including New Zealand whaling grounds.^[1]

February 1, 1847—Niantic returned to Sag Harbor after voyage of nearly three years.^[1]

1847—Niantic purchased by Burr & Smith of Warren, Rhode Island.^[1]

September 16, 1848—Niantic sailed from Warren, Captain Henry Cleaveland of West Tisbury, Massachusetts (Martha's Vineyard) in command,^[3] headed for northwest Pacific. His sons James and Daniel Cleaveland were first and second mates, respectively.^[1]

Peru, Panama, and the race to California, 1849

After rounding Cape Horn in January 1849, Niantic put into Paita (Payta), Peru on March 8, and received a letter there from the American consul in Panama requesting them to carry passengers from Panama to San Francisco. Large numbers of people (in some accounts referred to as Argonauts) had crossed the Isthmus of Panama and were waiting on the Pacific coast for transportation to California; the gold rush had begun. The vessel was immediately modified to carry passengers above and below the weather deck. They departed Paita for Panama on March 25, taking 150 mules, perhaps 200 barrels of potatoes, a large amount of lumber, and other supplies.

Arriving on the Panama coast April 8, Niantic spent nearly four weeks in preparations. She departed for San Francisco May 2 with 246 passengers; 20 are reported to have been accommodated in the captain's cabin alone. Sixteen passengers paid $250 each, and the remaining paid $150, or an unrecorded amount. Thus, the total passenger fees probably amounted to $38,500. One slave was included among the passengers. Two passengers died en route.

Experience whaling in the Pacific and familiarity with its winds gave Cleaveland an advantage over other ships in the race to San Francisco; for 28 days he headed generally southwest, against the vocal objections of dismayed passengers, before catching the southeast trade winds beginning May 24, and finally turning northwest May 30. Niantic was thus one of the first ships to bring gold seekers to San Francisco, arriving at 11 pm July 5, 1849.

Storeship and hotel

The Niantic Hotel in 1850

In San Francisco harbor, most of the crew deserted to join the gold rush. Niantic's log records that five of the crew deserted the first day, nine the second day, three more deserted the fourth day and two were arrested by the US Sloop of War Warren for assaulting Captain Cleaveland with a knife, and five were released the sixth day (including one released by the Warren). This may have left a crew as small as five to finish unloading the ship. The Niantic's log ends the next day, July 12, 1849.

Without a crew to sail, and with more ships arriving daily, the officers of Niantic were instructed by her owners, probably through an agent in San Francisco, to sell the vessel. With the aid of her empty whale oil barrels tied to her hull for extra buoyancy, the ship was floated on a high tide into shallow water, just offshore from the intersection of Clay and Montgomery Streets. Now hard aground, Niantic was converted for use variously as a warehouse, store,^[4] offices, and hotel.

"Over the gaping wound in her stout oaken side, where a doorway was cut for a public entrance, was inscribed the hospitable legend, 'Rest for the weary and storage for trunks.'"^[5]

Access was first by a pier or footbridge, but later, the sandy bluffs along Montgomery Street were flattened and the shallows around the ship were filled.

The Cleavelands appear to have purchased the smaller vessel Mary Wilder, and were able to sail out of San Francisco with a crew of just six.^{[citation needed]}

Fires, 1850-1852

The converted vessel burned repeatedly in the fires that devastated the new city of San Francisco over the next several years, but was repeatedly rebuilt as the Niantic Hotel, looking less like a ship each time. The Niantic Hotel was described in about 1852 as the finest hotel in San Francisco.

1872, 1907, 1919

The hull of Niantic was rediscovered when the old Niantic Hotel was demolished in 1872. Thirty-five baskets of champagne were found in the ruins.

In 1907, Niantic was again discovered during rebuilding from the San Francisco Fire of 1906. A new Niantic Building was constructed.

A plaque was placed at 505 Sansome at Clay by the Historic Landmarks Committee of the Native Sons of the Golden West, on September 19, 1919.

Excavation, 1978

Niantic was rediscovered once again in 1978 during excavation for the Mark Twain Plaza Complex next to the Transamerica Building, now about six blocks from the waterfront. Excavations were hurried, and there was little time for preservation or study.

One last basket of intact bottles of champagne (Jacquesson et Fils) was found deep in the charred remnants of the hull. One of these bottles was later given to Dionis Coffin Riggs, the great granddaughter of Captain Cleaveland, in appreciation for donating the ship's log to investigators.^{[citation needed]}

Although some of the Niantic's remains were removed to a landfill, a portion of the bow remains undisturbed under a parking lot, perhaps to be "rediscovered" yet again in the future.

California Historic Landmark

The site of Niantic is designated as California Historical Landmark #88.

San Francisco Maritime Museum

A portion of the Niantic's hull and rudder, with several related artifacts, is in the San Francisco Maritime Museum. The display includes the ship's log kept by First Mate James Cleaveland, recording the arrival in San Francisco. A diorama shows the ship as she is believed to have appeared in 1850, converted to a storeship but not yet landlocked.^[6]

Notes and references

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} William M'Collum, M. D.; Dale L. Morgan (1960). "California as I Saw It; Pencillings by the Way of its Gold and Gold Diggers! and Incidents of Travel by Land and Water" (Introduction, by Dale L. Morgan). Los Gatos, California: The Talisman Press. pp. 51–81. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/calbk:@field(DOCID+@lit(calbk079div7)). Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
3. ^ "Henry Cleaveland (aka Henry Cleveland)", entry at The Maritime Heritage Project
4. ^ The Bay of San Francisco : the metropolis of the Pacific Coast and its suburban cities : a history. Chicago, IL: Lewis Publishing Co.. 1892. pp. 208. http://books.google.com/books?id=COUBAAAAMAAJ&dq=ship%20hulks%20%22san%20francisco%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=4&pg=PA208&ci=156%2C796%2C377%2C35&source=bookclip. 
5. ^ Farwell, Willard B. (1891), "Cape Horn and Cooperative Mining in '49. Gray Rocks and Grayer Sea", The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine 42: 594, http://books.google.com/books?id=PWkiAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA594&dq=ship+hulks+%22san+francisco%22&lr=&num=100&as_brr=4&cd=52#v=onepage& 
6. ^ Photographs of exhibit

External links

• Buried Ships Notes by Ron Filion
• Men and memories of San Francisco, in the "spring of '50." By T.A. Barry and B.A. Patten Includes details of later history of Niantic to 1870s
• California illustrated; including a description of the Panama and Nicaragua routes. By J.M. Letts. An account of the voyage from Panama.
• "High And Dry", Greg Pabst's HIST 660 Page. Short account and several illustrations.
• The Niantic Uncovered..., Excavation in 1978
• San Francisco Diggin's - Detailed account from someone who took part in the 1978 excavation; photos of the dig and artifacts
• California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation, San Francisco Historical Landmarks
• NoeHill: Site of Niantic Storeship and Niantic Hotel
• National Park Service, Reflections of the Gold Rush, A survey of the park's collections, by Stephen Canright