Economy of North America

Economy of North America During 2003 unless otherwise stated
Population	528,720,588 (8%)
GDP	PPP: US$16.981 trillion (2009)
GDP growth	Per capita: 1.84% (1990–2002)
GDP per capita	Currency: US$24,155 (2009) PPP: US$25,263 (2009)
Millionaires (US$)	3.1 million (0.62%)
Unemployment	10%
Income of top 10%	32.9%
Most numbers are from the UNDP from 2002, some numbers exclude certain countries for lack of information. See also: Economy of the world – Economy of Africa – Economy of Asia – Economy of Europe – Economy of North America – Economy of Oceania – Economy of South America

The economy of North America comprises more than 528 million people (8% of the world population) in its 23 sovereign states and 15 dependent territories. It is marked by a sharp division between the predominantly English speaking countries of Canada and the United States, which are among the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world, and the countries of Central America and the Caribbean that are less developed. Mexico lies in between these two extremes as a newly industrialized country (NIC), and is a part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the only Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The United States is by far the largest economy in North America and the largest national economy in the world.

The US, Canada and Mexico have significant and multifaceted economic systems.^[1] In 2011, the US has an estimated per capita gross domestic product (PPP) of $47,200, and is the most technologically developed economy in North America.^[1] The United States' services sector comprises 76.7% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 22.2% and agriculture comprises 1.2%.^[1]

Canada's economic trends and are similar to that of the United States, with significant growth in the sectors of services, mining and manufacturing.^[2] Canada's GDP (PPP) was estimated at $39,400 in 2010.^[2] Canada's services sector comprises 78% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 20% and agriculture comprises 2%.^[2]

Mexico has a GDP (PPP) of $13,900, and per capita income is estimated at approximately one-third of the United States'.^[3] The country has both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations,^[3] and is modernizing in sectors such as energy production, telecommunications and airports.^[3]

Economic development

Roaring Twenties

The 1920s were a time of economic growth and prosperity in North America. Increased incomes as well as the large increase in the ability of private citizens to obtain credit resulted in a surge of consumer spending after World War I.^[4]

Great Depression

The Great Depression began in North America in October 1929. The start is often dated to the stock market collapse of Black Tuesday although this was not the cause of the Great Depression.^[5] Canada and the United States experienced especially large declines, with the gross domestic product falling 37% from 1929 to 1933 in the United States, and 43% in Canada over the same period.^[6] The economy reached its lowest point in 1933, however recovery was slow. The outbreak of World War II in 1939 created demand for war materials that brought about the end of the depression.

The Great Depression spurred increased government intervention in the economy in North America. The United States introduced unemployment insurance, a minimum wage and standardised working hours under the New Deal.^[7] Canada introduced similar measures.^[8] Mexico nationalised some key industries during the Great Depression, with the railroads nationalised by 1937 and the oil industry nationalised in 1938.^[9]

World War II

The large scale enlistment of men into armed forces during World War II women entered the workforce en masse, filling many jobs in manufacturing and technical areas that had previously been closed to women. This led to the "We can do it!" campaign.^[10] The economic output in North America increased substantially, with unemployment practically eliminated in the United States.^[11] Rationing severely reduced the availability of consumer goods, with the increase in industrial production coming from the demand for war materials.

Cold War

US-Canada Free Trade Agreement and NAFTA - a new era of economic integration

The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1989 and the subsequent expansion to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) triggered a dramatic increase in trade between these three countries, with Mexican trade with the United States and Canada increasing threefold.^[12] Over 85% of Canadian exports in 2006 went to the United States.^[13]

Regional variation

With various climate zones, agricultural products vary from country to country. Job sectors are also different, with industrialized countries having more service workers, and developing countries relling on agriculture.

Trade blocs

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a group of Pacific Rim countries which meet with the purpose of improving economic and political ties. APEC's stated goals are aimed at free and open trade and investments by cutting tariffs between zero to five percent in the Asia-Pacific area for industrialised economies by 2010 and for developing economies by 2020.

The organisation has members from four continents, those from North America are Canada, Mexico and the United States.

Caribbean Community

The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) was created "To provide dynamic leadership and service, in partnership with Community institutions and Groups, toward the attainment of a viable, internationally competitive and sustainable Community, with improved quality of life for all".

- On January 1, 2006 six members: (Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago) un-officially ushered in the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy (CSME).

- At the official signing of the protocol on January 30, 2006 in Jamaica, A further six members: (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) announced their intention to join by the second quarter of 2006. Montserrat, a British Oversees territory is awaiting approval by the United Kingdom. Haiti and the Bahamas have no immediate plans to join.

Central American Free Trade Agreement

The Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) is an agreement between the United States and the Central American countries of Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The treaty is aimed at promoting free trade between its members. Canada and Mexico are negotiating membership.

North American Free Trade Agreement

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement between Canada, Mexico and the United States to eliminate tariffs on goods traded between themselves.

Although currently only a trade agreement, with no supranational bodies or laws as in the European Union, there have been various proposals to move towards a customs union or a North American currency union. It is unknown whether or not this may eventually develop into a North American Union similar to that of Europe.

Currency

Below is a list of the currencies of North America, with exchange rates between each currency and both the euro and US dollars ^{as of 12 April 2008}.

Country	Currency	worth in euro	worth in USD	Central bank
Antigua and Barbuda	EC dollar	0.24	0.38	Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Bahamas	Bahamian dollar	0.63	1.00	Central Bank of the Bahamas
Barbados	Barbadian dollar	0.32	0.50	Central Bank of Barbados
Belize	Belizean dollar	0.32	0.51	Central Bank of Belize
Canada	Canadian dollar	0.62	0.98	Bank of Canada
Costa Rica	Colón	0.001	0.002	Central Bank of Costa Rica
Cuba	Cuban convertible peso	0.847	1.08	Central Bank of Cuba
	Cuban peso	0.030	0.038
Dominica	EC dollar	0.24	0.38	Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Dominican Republic	Dominican Republic Peso	0.02	0.03	Central Bank of the Dominican Republic
El Salvador	US dollar	0.63	1.00	Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador
Greenland	Danish krone	0.13	0.19	Danmarks Nationalbank
Grenada	EC dollar	0.24	0.38	Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Guatemala	Quetzal	0.08	0.13	Bank of Guatemala
Haiti	Gourde	0.02	0.03	Central Bank of Haiti
Honduras	Lempira	0.03	0.05	Central Bank of Honduras
Jamaica	Jamaican dollar	0.009	0.01	Bank of Jamaica
Mexico	Mexican peso	0.06	0.09	Bank of Mexico
Nicaragua	Córdoba	0.03	0.05	Central Bank of Nicaragua
Panama	Balboa	0.63	1.00	National Bank of Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis	EC dollar	0.24	0.38	Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Saint Lucia	EC dollar	0.24	0.38	Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	EC dollar	0.24	0.38	Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago dollar	0.10	0.16	Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago
United States	US dollar	0.75	1.00	Federal Reserve System

Table correct as of 12 April 2008

Economic sectors

Agriculture

Agriculture is very important in Central American and Caribbean nations. In western Canada, in the provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia and Manitoba, wheat and other various main agricultural products are grown. The U.S. also has many states with significant agriculture production, mainly in the central continental U.S. Mexico produces many tropical fruits and vegetables as well as edible animals.

Manufacturing

North America has developed and its manufacturing sector has grown. In the beginning the European nations were the large manufacturing powers. At the start of the 1950s, the United States was a top manufacturing power, with Canada and Mexico also making significant progress.

Service

In Canada, the US and the Caribbean, service-based employment is a significant percentage of overall employment. Many people work in stores and other retail locations. In Canada more than 70% work in the services sector, with a similar percentage in the United States.

Investment and banking

The United States leads North America in investment and banking. Canada, Mexico and most recently^[when?] El Salvador is growing in this sector, and smaller economic powers such as Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama are also growing slowly in this sector.

Tourism

Tourism is extremely important for the Caribbean economies, as they contain many beaches and have warm climates. Skiing in Canada and the US is also important. Tourism of national parks and natural landmarks, such as Mount Rushmore and the Grand Canyon in the United States, and Niagara Falls and Moraine lake in Canada, contribute to the economy in these regions.

Global trade relations

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "United States, Economy. U.S. Central Intelligence Agence. Accessed June 2011.
2. ^ ^{a b c} "Canada, Economy. U.S. Central Intelligence Agence. Accessed June 2011.
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Mexico, Economy. U.S. Central Intelligence Agence. Accessed June 2011.
4. ^ "1920's Business and Economy". http://www.1920-30.com/business/. 
5. ^ "Outline of the U.S. Economy". U.S. Department of State. http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/oecon/chap3.htm. 
6. ^ "The Great Depression (1929-1939): historical context, economic impact and related links". Government of Canada. http://www.canadianeconomy.gc.ca/english/economy/1929_39depression.html. 
7. ^ "U.S. Department of Labor -- Brief History of DOL - The Department in the New Deal and World War II, 1933-1945". U.S. Department of Labor. http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/dolchp03.htm. 
8. ^ "Unemployment Insurance Act (1941): historical context, economic impact and related links". Government of Canada. http://www.canadianeconomy.gc.ca/english/economy/1941ui.html. 
9. ^ Clayton R Koppes (June 1982). "The Good Neighbor Policy and the Nationalization of Mexican Oil: A Reinterpretation". The Journal of American History (The Journal of American History) 69 (1): 62–81. doi:10.2307/1887752. JSTOR 1887752. 
10. ^ "American Experience | Tupperware! | Women and Work". Public Broadcasting Service. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tupperware/sfeature/sf_women.html. 
11. ^ "The National World War II Museum, New Orleans". The National World War II Museum. http://www.nationalww2museum.org/education/history_war.html. 
12. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Mexico". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/mx.html. 
13. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Canada". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html. 

Economy by country/territory

See also

• North America
• North American Industry Classification System
• List of North American countries by GDP (PPP)
• List of North American countries by GDP (nominal)
• List of North American countries by GDP per capita