- Princess Clémentine of Orléans
-
Princess Clémentine Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry
Duchess in Saxony
Spouse Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Issue Prince Philipp
Prince Ludwig August
Princess Clotilde, Archduchess of Austria
Princess Amalie, Duchess in Bavaria
Ferdinand I, Tsar of BulgariaHouse House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
House of OrléansFather Louis Philippe I Mother Marie Amalie of the Two Sicilies Born 6 March 1817 Died 16 February 1907 (aged 89) Religion Roman Catholicism Clémentine of Orléans (French: Marie Clémentine Léopoldine Caroline Clotilde d'Orléans) (6 March 1817 – 16 February 1907), princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and duchess in Saxony, was the sixth child of ten and youngest daughter of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, and his wife Marie Amalie of the Two Sicilies. She was the mother of Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria.
Contents
Early life
Marie Clémentine Léopoldine Caroline Clotilde of Orléans, styled Mademoiselle de Beaujolais, was born on 6 March 1817 at the Château de Neuilly, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, soon after the Bourbon Restoration. She became a royal princess, Princess of Orléans,[1] following her father's ascension to the French throne in 1830.
As a young woman, it was written that she "is represented to possess great beauty and accomplishments."[2] Clémentine was taught history by the radical historian Jules Michelet, who would spend lessons glorifying the French Revolution to his young student.[3]
Marriage
Princess Clémentine as a young woman. Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter
As a princess, Clémentine was sought after as a bride by royal families throughout Europe. In 1836, it was rumoured that Clémentine would marry her cousin, Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, when the period of his widowhood expired.[2]
King Leopold I of Belgium organised the marriage of Clémentine and Prince August of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary, who was closely connected to the royal houses of Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico and Austria-Hungary. August's cousin Albert married Queen Victoria and was Prince Consort in the United Kingdom.[4]
The contract of marriage between Clémentine and August was signed in Vienna on 24 February 1843 by the French Ambassador Charles Joseph, Comte de Flahaut, representing Clémentine and the Belgium Ambassador Baron O'Sullivan, representing August.[5]
Prior to the wedding, the couple sought to reside in Austria, and an application was made to Prince Metternich, to know on what footing the husband of Princess Clémentine would be received at the Court of Vienna.[6] The answer was that Princess Clémentine would be received as Princess of the Royal Family of the Bourbons but the Austrian Court would not recognise August as a Royal Highness.[6] In consequence, it was decided that Prince Augustus would reside in France, and that he would quit the Austrian service and enter that of France, although he was an Austrian subject.[6]
On 20 April 1843, Princess Clémentine married Prince August at the Château de Saint-Cloud, with much "of European royalty in attendance."[7] The couple had five children:
Children
Described as "a woman of formidable character and ambition... Clémentine dominated her husband and spoilt her children. Having herself married no more than a wealthy but undistinguished prince, she sought thrones for her sons."[8]
Name Birth Death Notes Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary 28 March 1844 3 July 1921 married his cousin, Princess Louise, daughter of King Léopold II of Belgium, on 4 February 1875; had issue Prince August of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary 8 August 1845 14 September 1907 married Leopoldina of Brazil, younger daughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, on 15 December 1864; had issue Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary 1846 1927 married Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria, Palatine of Hungary and became the foremother of the so-called Hungarian branch of the Habsburg dynasty, on 12 May 1864; had issue Princess Amelie of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary 1848 1894 married Duke Maximilian Emanuel in Bavaria, the youngest brother of Empress Elisabeth of Austria; had issue Ferdinand, Tsar of Bulgaria 26 February 1861 10 September 1948 married Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma, daughter of Robert I of Parma, on 20 April 1893 had issue 1848 and aftermath
The Revolutions of 1848 in France led to the end of her father's reign, forcing Clémentine and her family to flee France, although Clémentine and Auguste, after ensuring their children were safely away, mingled with the crowd on the Place de la Concorde during the abdication[9] before leisurely travelling to Versailles by train.[10] She then accompanied her father to the French Embassy in London[11] before heading to Coburg, and then onto Vienna, where her husband was an officer with the Austro-Hungarian army.
Clémentine campaigned to regain the assets taken by decree from the Orléans by Louis Napoleon, seeking the return of the ancestral inheritance by, amongst other things, a letter writing campaign to the French media.[12] She publicly refused the offer from Emperor Napoleon of 200,000 francs, demanding instead the heritage of her father.[13]
While staying with Queen Victoria in July 1851, Clémentine had to cut short her visit to return to Spain when news arrived that her sons' tutor "had gone off his head".[14] Victoria fretted that she would share Clémentine's fate and revolution would end the British monarchy, and feared what would happen to her children.[15]
August died in 1881[16] and Clémentine did not remarry.
Clémentine and the election to the Bulgarian throne
Realising that she would never be queen, Clémentine turned her efforts to instilling in Ferdinand, her favorite child, the idea that, as a direct descendant not only of Louis-Philippe but of the Sun King, he deserved to be a king, of which country was not an important matter.
Clémentine ensured that Ferdinand was widely educated; fluent in several languages, Ferdinand also gained a great interest in the natural sciences and nature,[17] all of which, Clémentine believed, would make Ferdinand an excellent king.
As it turned out, that country was Bulgaria and Clémentine actively lobbied for Ferdinand's election as Prince of Bulgaria.[18]
Clémentine then worked to ensure European recognition of Ferdinand, lobbying other heads of state, including Kaiser Wilhelm II and Ferdinand's suzerain, Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire. She was said to "cast a beneficent and civilizing glow around [Ferdinand], smoothing away many difficulties by her womanly tact and philanthropic activity."[citation needed]
Clémentine also found time to design a royal crown for Ferdinand, which included a "requisite number of jewels from her own dressing case".[19] Unfortunately, Ferdinand made a number of alterations to the design but decided not to pay the painter for painting a portrait of the new crown, leading him to be sued by the painter in a Munich court.[19]
Clémentine in Bulgaria
Clementine followed her son to Bulgaria, where she became an important person as the mother of the sovereign. Extremely wealthy, Clémentine made herself popular in her adopted homeland by showering money on Bulgaria, including a donation of four million francs towards the completion of a railway line linking Bulgaria to Europe's rail network.[20] She is considered have had a positive impact on Bulgarian society, and created good will for Ferdinand among the Bulgarian public by large donation to charitable and public causes: she financed the connection of several buildings and institutions, such as a school for the Blind and the Klimentinskata Hospital, and she was also one of the founders of the Bulgarian Red Cross.
Clémentine also gained a reputation for haughtiness and disdain for anyone not of royal blood, although she surprised many observers with her charm and good humour at times.[21] At official dinners, it is said she "smiled at the small incongruities committed during these meals by the uncouth Bulgarian notabilities of those days, and she contrived somehow by her tact, and without ever wounding any one among them, to teach them that peas are not to be eaten with one's knife, and that it is not altogether the thing to drink from the finger-bowl."[21]
A friend of Queen Victoria, Clémentine would lunch with Victoria, particularly at Coburg when Victoria would visit her German relatives.[22]
Said to be "one of the cleverest royal ladies in Europe",[23] Clémentine was known for her "shrewd mind and a remarkable understanding of European politics and diplomacy", and was often sent by Ferdinand as his representative on diplomatic missions around Europe.
Clémentine also sought a suitable bride for Ferdinand and was said to be "anxious" to arrange a marriage between Ferdinand and Princess Hélène of Orléans, the Comte de Paris's daughter, but Princess Hélène demurred.[23]
In February 1896, Clémentine was reported to have "broken off relations" with Ferdinand following Ferdinand's consent to have his son Boris baptised into the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.[24] They reconciled, however, and one of the highlights of her life was seeing Prince Ferdinand hailed as a recognized head of state during an official visit to Paris later that year. This was particularly poignant, as it recalled her father's forced abdication and flight from Paris in 1848.[25]
In 1899, her daughter-in-law Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma died following complications from the birth of daughter Nadezhda[26] (who was privately christened Clémentine in honour of her grandmother)[27] and Clémentine assumed responsibility for the education of the children.
Following the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 and the resultant increase in refugees, Clémentine co-ordinated the humanitarian response, gathering donations throughout Europe, including 2000 Francs from Kaiser Wilhelm II.[28]
In October 1903, Clémentine, along with Prince Boris, was on the Orient Express when it collided with a goods train near the Serbian border. Although shaken, they were not hurt.[29]
Increasingly deaf as she aged, Clémentine became dependent on an enormous ear trumpet and on people obligingly raising their voices for her. It became an occupational hazard of the Bulgarian court to be caught in long, loud conversations with Clémentine that she was reluctant to end. However, even well into her eighties, Clémentine often traveled to Paris to study the latest fashions.[23]
Death and legacy
Although she saw Ferdinand recognized internationally as Prince of Bulgaria (albeit under the nominal suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan), Clémentine died the year before the dream of seeing her son installed as an independent monarch was realized.
Clémentine suffered from inflammation of the right lung in February 1898 and, while there were fears for her health,[30] she was able to recover satisfactorily.[31]
In early February 1907, Clémentine was struck with a bout of influenza, which, considering her age, was feared to be terminal.[32] Clémentine was reported to have recovered from this bout "so that all danger has passed"[32] but remained weak.
Clémentine died in Vienna on 16 February 1907, at the age of eighty-nine.[33][34] Her influence on Ferdinand was so pronounced that people began to predict his downfall. She was buried in Coburg, with an inscription on her memorial, composed by Ferdinand after his installation as tsar in 1908, reading "King's daughter, no Queen herself, yet King's mother."[35]
Styles of
Princess Clémentine of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Reference style Her Royal Highness Spoken style Your Royal Highness Alternative style Ma'am Ancestry
Ancestors of Princess Clémentine of Orléans 16. Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans 8. Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 17. Auguste Marie Johanna of Baden-Baden 4. Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans 18. Louis Armand II de Bourbon, Prince of Conti 9. Louise Henriette de Bourbon 19. Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon 2. Louis-Philippe of France 20. Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse 10. Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre 21. Marie Victoire de Noailles 5. Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon 22. Francesco III d'Este 11. Maria Theresa Felicitas d'Este 23. Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans 1. Princess Clémentine of Orléans 24. Philip V of Spain 12. Charles III of Spain 25. Elisabeth of Parma 6. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 26. Augustus III of Poland 13. Maria Amalia of Saxony 27. Maria Josepha of Austria 3. Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies 28. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 14. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 29. Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans 7. Marie Caroline of Austria 30. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 15. Maria Theresa of Austria 31. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Sources
- Aronson, T. (1986) Crowns in conflict: the triumph and the tragedy of European monarchy, 1910–1918, J. Murray, London. ISBN 0-7195-4279-0.
- Barman, R. (2002) Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891, Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4400-9.
- Constant, S. (1979) Foxy Ferdinand, 1861–1948, Tsar of Bulgaria, Sidgwick and Jackson, London. ISBN 0-283-98515-1.
- de Saint-Amand, I. (1895) The Revolution of 1848, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
- Ilchev, I., Kolev, V. & Yanchev, V. (2005) Bulgarian parliament and Bulgarian statehood, St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, ISBN 9540721970.
- Jobson, D. (1848) Career of Louis-Philippe: with a full account of the late revolution, E. Churton.
- Longford, E. (1987) Victoria R.I., George Weidenfeld & Nicholson Ltd, London. ISBN 0-297-17001-5.
- Mansel, P. (2001) Paris Between Empires, Phoenix, London. ISBN 1 84212 656 3.
- Princess Catherine Radziwill (1916, reprinted 2010) Sovereigns and Statemen of Europe, Get Books, ISBN 1445568101.
- This page is a translation of its Bulgarian equivalent.
- This page is a translation of its French equivalent.
References
- ^ By an ordinance he signed on 13 August 1830, Louis Philippe I, King of the French, defined the manner in which his children, as well as his sister, would continue to bear the name and arms of Orléans:
- Ordonnance du roi qui détermine les noms et titres des princes et princesses de la famille royale.
- LOUIS PHILIPPE ROI DES FRANÇAIS, à tous présens et à venir, salut.
- Notre avènement à la couronne ayant rendu nécessaire de déterminer les noms et les titres que devaient porter à l'avenir les princes et princesses nos enfans, ainsi que notre bien-aimée sœur,
- Nous avons ordonné et ordonnons ce qui suit :
- Les princes et princesses nos bien-aimés enfans, ainsi que notre bien-aimée sœur, continueront à porter le nom et les armes d'Orléans.
- Notre bien-aimé fils aîné, le duc de Chartres, portera, comme prince royal, le titre de duc d'Orléans.
- Nos bien-aimés fils puînés conserveront les titres qu'ils ont portés jusqu'à ce jour.
- Nos bien-aimées filles et notre bien-aimée sœur ne porteront d'autre titre que celui de princesses d'Orléans, en se distinguant entre elles par leurs prénoms.
- Il sera fait, en conséquence, sur les registres de l'état civil de la Maison royale, dans les archives de la Chambre des Pairs, toutes les rectifications qui résultent des dispositions ci-dessus [...]
- ^ a b The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, "From the Latest London Papers", 13 September 1836, p. 3
- ^ Mansel, p. 311
- ^ The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, "Their Majesties will come to town on the 29th", 29 May 1838, p. 3
- ^ Courier (Hobart), "Isle of France", 15 September 1843, p. 4
- ^ a b c The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, Leavitt, Trow, & Co., v. 1 (Jan. – Apr. 1843), p 431
- ^ Court and Lady's Magazine, Monthly Critic and Museum, "MARRIAGE OF H.R.H. THE PRINCESS CLEMENTINE of ORLEANS, TO PRINCE AUGUSTUS OF SAXE-COBURG GOTHA", June 1843, p. 110
- ^ Barman, p. 156
- ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 211
- ^ de Saint-Amand, p. 277
- ^ Jobson, p. 71
- ^ The Moreton Bay Courier, "British and Foreign", 1 November 1856, p. 4
- ^ News of the World, "Protest of the Princess Clémentine", 13 July 1856, p. 2
- ^ Longford, p. 217
- ^ Longford, p. 197
- ^ The Advertiser (Adelaide), "Obituary: Princess Clementine", 19 February 1907, p. 7
- ^ Ilchev, I., Kolev, V. & Yanchev, V., p. 55.
- ^ Constant, pp. 41–43, 54
- ^ a b News of the World, "Gossip of the Day", 9 December 1900, p. 6
- ^ Constant, pp. 107–108
- ^ a b Radziwell, p. 137.
- ^ The Times, "The Queen at Coburg", 24 April 1894, p. 5
- ^ a b c The London Journal, "Princess Clementine of Orleans", 8 July 1893, p. 11
- ^ The Brisbane Courier, "Baptism of Prince Boris", 8 February 1896, p. 5
- ^ Constant, p. 183
- ^ Marlborough Express, "Death of a Princess", 3 February 1899, p. 2
- ^ New York Times, "Vienna, 31 January 1899", 1 February 1899, p. 2
- ^ Hawera and Normanby Star, "The Balkans", 3 December 1903, p. 2
- ^ The Advertiser (Adelaide), "Serious Railway Accident", 5 October 1903, p. 5
- ^ The Times, "Court Circular, 12 February 1898, p. 12
- ^ The Times, "Court Circular", 17 February 1898, p. 6
- ^ a b The Times, "Court Circular", 5 February 1907, p. 7
- ^ New York Times, "Princess Dead Aged 89", 17 February 1907, p. 9
- ^ the Star, "Princess Clementine of Saxe-Coburg", 18 February 1907, p. 3.
- ^ Constant, p. 207
Princesses of Orléans The first generation are the children of Gaston, Duke of Orléans, son of Henry IV; the second is from Philippe, Duke of Orléans, son of Louis XIII;1st Generation Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier^ · Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany^ · Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Guise^ · Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy^ · Princess Marie Anne^
2nd Generation Marie Louise, Queen of Spain^ · Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia^ · Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine^
3rd Generation Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Berry^ · Louise Adélaïde, Abbess of Chelles^ · Charlotte Aglaé, Duchess of Modena^ · Louise Élisabeth, Queen of Spain^ · Philippine Élisabeth, Mademoiselle de Beaujolais^ · Louise Diane, Princess of Conti^
4th Generation Princess Louise Marie^
5th Generation Mademoiselle d'Orléans^ · Bathilde, Princess of Condé^
6th Generation Françoise, Mademoiselle de Chartres^ · Adélaïde, Princess of Orléans
7th Generation Louise, Queen of the Belgians · Marie, Duchess of Württemberg · Princess Françoise · Clémentine, Princess of Kohary
8th Generation Marguerite Adelaide, Princess Czartoryska · Princess Blanche · Françoise, Duchess of Chartres · Marie Isabelle, Countess of Paris · Princess Amalia · Princess Cristina · Princess Maria de la Regla · Mercedes, Queen of Spain
9th Generation Amélie, Queen of Portugal · Hélène, Duchess of Aosta · Isabelle, Duchess of Guise · Louise, Princess Carlos of the Two Sicilies · Marie, Princess Valdemar of Denmark · Margherite, Duchess of Magenta · Louise, Princess Alfons of Bavaria
10th Generation Isabelle, Princess Pierre Murat · Françoise, Princess Cristopher of Greece and Denmark · Anne, Duchess of Aosta · Marie Louise, Princess Philip of the Two Sicilies · Princess Sophie · Genieviève, Marchioness of Chaponay
11th Generation Isabelle, Countess of Schönborn-Buchheim · Hélène, Countess Evrard of Limburg-Stirum · Anne, Duchess of Calabria · Diane, Duchess of Württemberg · Claude, Duchess of Aosta · Chantal, Baroness François Xavier de Sambucy de Sorgue · Gerarda, Marchioness of Marchelina · Beatriz, Countess Tomasso Farini
12th Generation Isabelle, Princess Gundakar of Liechtenstein · Princess Blanche · Princess Clothilde, Mrs. Edouard Crépy · Princess Adélaïde, Mrs. Pierre-Louis Dailly · Diane, Viscountess Alexis of Noailles · Princess Pilar, Mrs. Nicholas Henderson-Stewart · Princess Eulalia
13th Generation Princess Thérèse Isabelle · Princess Louise Marie · Princesse Hélène · Princess Isabelle
^never styled Princess of OrléansPrincesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, duchesses in Saxony by marriage 1st generation 2nd generation Princess Alexandrine of Baden · Queen Victoria · Maria II of Portugal · Princess Clémentine of Orléans · Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria** · Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen**3rd generation Princess Alexandra of Denmark*** · Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia*** · Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia*** · Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont*** · Princess Louise-Marie of Belgium · Princess Leopoldina of Brazil · Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria**4th generation Princess Mary of Teck*** · Alexandra, Duchess of Fife*** · Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg*** · Archduchess Karoline Marie of Austria · Princess Mathilde of Bavaria5th generation Countess Viktoria-Luise of Solms-Baruth · Denyse Henriette de Muralt^ · Johanna Károlyi de Károly-Patty^ · Edith de Kózolne^6th generation Carin Dabelstein^ · Freiin Gabrielle of Fürstenberg · Princess Mathilde of Saxony7th generation Kelly Rondesvedt^* princess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld by marriage until 1826
** also a princess of Belgium by marriage
*** also a princess by marriage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
^ did not have a royal or noble title by birthCategories:- 1817 births
- 1907 deaths
- People from Neuilly-sur-Seine
- Princesses of France (Orléans)
- House of Orléans
- House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
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