- Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
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Louis Philippe Joseph Duke of Orléans Spouse Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon Issue Louis Philippe I
Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier
Adélaïde, Princess of Orléans
Louis Charles, Count of BeaujolaisFull name Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans Father Louis Philippe d'Orléans Mother Louise Henriette de Bourbon Born 13 April 1747
Château de Saint Cloud, Saint-Cloud, FranceDied 6 November 1793 (aged 46)
Paris, FranceBurial Madeleine Cemetery, Paris Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans (13 April 1747, – 6 November 1793) commonly known as Philippe, was a member of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the ruling dynasty of France. He actively supported the French Revolution and adopted the name Philippe Égalité, but was nonetheless guillotined during the Reign of Terror. His son Louis-Philippe became King of the French after the July Revolution of 1830. Following his career, the term Orléanist came to be attached to the movement in France that favoured constitutional monarchy.
Contents
Early life
Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans was the son of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres, and Louise Henriette de Bourbon.
His mother came from the royal dynasty (the Bourbons) and Philippe himself was cousin to King Louis XVI. He was born at the Château de Saint Cloud, one of the residences of the Duke of Orléans a few miles west of Paris.
His eldest sister, born in 1745, had died when six months old. When he was three, his parents had another daughter:
- Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans (9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822).
After his grandfather's death in 1752, Philippe d'Orléans inherited the title, Duke of Chartres. 1769, he married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon (1753–1821), daughter of his cousin, the Duke of Penthiêvre, a grand Admiral of France and the richest man in the country at the time. Since it was certain that his wife would become the richest woman in France upon the death of her father, Louis Philippe was able to play a political role in court equal to that of his great-grandfather Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who had been the Regent of France during the minority of King Louis XV.[1]
As Duke of Chartres, he opposed the plans of René de Maupeou in 1771 when Maupeou successfully upheld royal interests in a confrontation with the Parlement de Paris, and was promptly exiled to his country estate of Villers-Cotterêts in the former Picardy province, now in the modern Aisne in northern France. When Louis XVI became king in 1774, Philippe was still suspected of anti-royalist sentiment in the eyes of the court. Marie Antoinette hated him for what she viewed as treachery, hypocrisy and selfishness, and he, in turn, scorned her for her lavish and immoral lifestyle.
Duke of Orléans
In November 1785, upon his father's death, Philippe, the new Duke of Orléans, became the head of the House of Orléans, one of the wealthiest families of France, and Premier Prince du Sang, addressed as Monsieur le Prince, the most important personage of the kingdom after the king's immediate family, and, as such, next in line to the throne should the main Bourbon line die out.
From his father, he also inherited the titles of:
- Duke of Nemours
- Prince of Joinville
Marriage
On 6 June 1769, Louis Philippe married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon at the Chapel of the Palace of Versailles. Louise Marie Adélaïde brought to the already wealthy House of Orléans a considerable dowry of six million livres, an annual income of 240,000 livres (later increased to 400,000 livres), as well as lands, titles, residences and furniture.[2]
Excepting their first child, a stillborn daughter, they had five children:
- Louis-Philippe d'Orléans (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850),
- became King of the French (1830–1848);
- Louis Antoine Philippe d'Orléans (3 July 1775 – 18 May 1807), who died in exile in Salthill, England;
- Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans;
- Françoise d'Orléans Mademoiselle d'Orléans (twin sister of Adélaïde) (1777–1782);
- Louis Charles d'Orléans (17 October 1779 – 30 May 1808), who died in exile in Malta.
The Duke was a well-known womaniser and, like his ancestors Louis XIV of France and Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, had several illegitimate children.
During the first few months of their marriage, the couple appeared devoted to each other, but the duke went back to the life of "libertinage" he had led before his marriage. It is during the summer of 1772, a few months after his wife had given birth to a stillborn daughter, that began Philippe’s secret liaison with one of her ladies-in-waiting, Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Albin, comtesse de Genlis, the niece of Madame de Montesson, the Morganatic wife of Philippe’s father. Passionate at first, the liaison cooled within a few months and, by the spring of 1773, was reported to be "dead".[3] After the romantic affair was over, Félicité remained in the service of Marie-Adélaïde at the Palais-Royal, a trusted friend to both Marie-Adélaïde and Philippe. They both appreciated her intelligence and, in July 1779, she became the governess of the couple twin daughters born in 1777.[4]
It was the custom in the French royal and noble families to "turn the boys over to the men" when they were seven years old. In 1782, the young Louis-Philippe was already nine and in dire need of discipline. The Duke of Chartres could not think of a man better qualified to "turn his sons over to" than… Mme de Genlis. This is how, nine years after their passionate liaison had ended and turned into deep friendship, Félicité became the "gouverneur" of the Duke and Duchess of Chartres’ children. Teacher and pupils left the Palais-Royal and went to live in a house built specially for them on the grounds of the Bellechasse convent (couvent des Dames de Bellechasse) in Paris.[4][5]
It is alleged that Lady Edward FitzGerald, born Stephanie Caroline Anne Syms, also known as Pamela, was a natural daughter of the Duke of Orléans and the Countess of Genlis. He recognised a son he had with Marguerite Françoise Bouvier de la Mothe de Cépoy, comtesse de Buffon:
- Victor Leclerc de Buffon (6 September 1792 – 20 April 1812),
- known as the chevalier de Saint-Paul and chevalier d'Orléans.
Military service
In 1778, Philippe served in the squadron of the Count of Orvilliers and was present in the Battle of Ushant, a naval battle against the British during the American War of Independence on 27 July 1778. He was removed from the navy due in part to the queen's hatred of him and also to his own incompetence and alleged cowardice. As compensation, he was given the honorary post of colonel-general of hussars.
Role in the French Revolution
Louis Philippe, a member of the Jacobin club, used his wealth and family connections to help spread the revolutionary ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu. Cousin to King Louis XVI and thus a member of the Bourbon family line, Philippe opened the Palais-Royal to the Jacobins as a refuge from royalist censors. This palace, which was exempt from government censorship, allowed Jacobins to meet in Paris not only to discuss and debate revolutionary principles but also to print and distribute pamphlets to other Parisians. Although the philosophies of Rousseau and Montesquieu could not provide a concrete system for creating a moral government, the free exchange of ideas along with rising literacy rates fueled the changing social and political ideologies of Parisians. Because of his social, economic, and political power, Philippe was able to create a center for revolutionary ideology that played a large part in the undermining of the crown.[6]
Liberal Ideology
Philippe, like most Jacobins during the French Revolution, strongly adhered to the principles of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and was interested in creating a more moral and democratic form of government in France.[7] As he grew more and more interested in Rousseau's ideas, he began to promote Enlightenment ideology. He often visited Great Britain, and became an intimate of the Prince of Wales. In France, he made anglomanie fashionable, with an admiration for anything British, from liberalism to jockeys. He was also the Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Orient de France from 1771–93, though he did not attend a meeting of the Grand Orient until 1777. He later distanced himself from Freemasonry in a letter dated January 1793, and the Grand Orient vacated his position on 13 December 1793.[8] He also made himself very popular in Paris by his large gifts to the poor during times of famine. To appear egalitarian, he opened up the gardens of the Palais Royal to the public and allowed shops in the palace's arcades.
Revolutionary Politics
Philippe's inheritance of the Palais-Royal allowed him the ability to house a massive number of Jacobins. Only blocks away from the Tuileries Palace, where the King had been placed after being ousted from Versailles, the Palais-Royal became a place for wealthy nobles who had joined the Jacobin club to meet. There, nobles began to debate and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment and the King lost his access to some of the most influential aristocrats. Without Louis XVI's ability to keep the nobles in "constant attendance," it became impossible for him to monitor and reverse the growing anti-royalist sentiment.[9]
He hired people, such as the Marquis Duquesne, whose family took control of Philippe's political advisory service. Once Philippe spread power and positions to the people around him, his movement lost some of his original ideology. While it initially started to spread the word of anti-Bourbon liberalism, many people became interested in seeking power under a new form of government, which was something of little interest to the rich, quiet man.[citation needed] The movement, though somewhat altered by differing motives, still retained some of Louis Philippe's original beliefs. This became apparent when the Instructions and Deliberations were released by his administration. Though not written by Louis Philippe himself, the writings held values that were very close to his heart; the closest being that of the freedom to travel when and where he pleased.
Leadership in the Estates-General
At the Assembly of Notables in 1787, Philippe was very vocal in the anti-royalist, Enlightenment ideas, leading to suspicions that he was plotting to displace Louis XVI. In November, he again showed his liberalism during the lit de justice, which Étienne de Loménie de Brienne had made the king hold. For this transgression, he was again exiled to Villers-Cotterêts.
The approaching convocation of the Estates-General made his friends very active on his behalf. He circulated pamphlets, which the Abbé Sieyès had drawn up at his request, in every bailliage. He was elected in three districts, by the nobility of Paris, Villers-Cotterêts and Crépy-en-Valois. During the opening procession of the Estates-General, Philippe "seemed anxious to march as close to the Third Estate as possible," as a display of his desire for a more democratic and representative government. After the Third Estate broke from the Estates-General in the Tennis Court Oath and created the National Assembly, Philippe was one of the first to break from the Estates-General and join the National Assembly.[10] In the Second Estate he headed the liberal minority under the guidance of Adrien Duport, and led the minority of forty-seven noblemen who seceded from their own estate (June 1789) and joined the Third Estate.
The part Philippe d'Orléans played during the summer of 1789 is one of the most debated points in the history of the French Revolution. The royal court accused him of being at the bottom of every popular movement, and saw the "gold of Orléans" as the cause of the Réveillon riot and the storming of the Bastille (mirroring the subsequent belief held by the Jacobins that everything opposing them relied on the "gold of Pitt the Younger"). His hatred of Marie Antoinette, his previous disgrace at court, and his liberalism (alongside his friendship with Duport and Choderlos de Laclos), all seem to point towards his involvement. The Duke is also alleged to have deliberately withheld grain from the people of Paris, being a direct cause of the 5 October March on Versailles.[11] The Duke is also thought to have lied about his whereabouts when the Palace at Versailles was stormed in the early hours of the morning on the 6th of October, having stated he was at the General Assembly in Paris, yet several witness (including the Marquise de la Tour du Pin) saw him lead the bloodthirsty mob to a staircase leading to the Queen's bedroom, protected by Swiss Guard. The mob cried "Long live our King d'Orléans" during the raid.[12]
Grace Elliott, who was one of Philippe's mistresses at the time, attested to the fact that during the riot of 14 July,[2] the duke was on a fishing excursion, and that he was rudely treated by the king the next day when the duke went to offer his cousin his services. Supposedly, the duke was so disgusted by the accusation that he was seeking the crown, that he wanted to go to the United States. His favourite lover, the Countess of Buffon, however, would not go with him, so he decided to remain in Paris.
The Marquis de La Fayette, apparently jealous of Philippe's popularity, persuaded the king to send the duke to Britain on a mission, and he accordingly remained in England from October 1789 to July 1790. On 7 July 1790, he took his seat in the National Constituent Assembly. On 2 October, both he and Honoré Mirabeau were declared by the Assembly entirely free of any complicity in the events of 5–6 October 1789.
Citoyen Égalité
Philippe d'Orléans subsequently tried to keep himself distant from the political world, but he was still suspect to the King and subject to pressures from his partisans to replace Louis XVI. His lack of political aspirations could be proven by noting that he did not attempt to obtain any leading position after the King's flight to Varennes in June 1791. In fact, Louis Philippe attempted to reconcile with the King in January 1792, but was rejected, and refused to aid the King any further. In an attempt to show his support of democratic and Enlightenment philosophies, he changed his name to Philippe Citoyen Egalité, meaning Citizen Equality.
In the summer of 1792, he was present for a short time with the Army of the North, together with his two sons, the Duke of Chartres, future King of the French, and the Duke of Montpensier, but had returned to Paris before the insurrection of 10 August.
During the Grand Terror
After the fall of the monarchy, Philippe risked his own life by saving suspects of the revolutionary regime — in particular, and at the request of Grace Elliott, he saved the life of Louis René Quentin de Richebourg de Champcenetz, the governor of the Tuileries Palace, who was his personal enemy. He accepted the appellation Citoyen Égalité (Citizen Equality) conferred on him by the Commune. He was elected twentieth and last deputy for Paris to the National Convention, where he again made no notable contribution other than voting in the king's trial — he voted in favour of the death sentence for Louis XVI. Many citizens of Paris saw this as an attempt by Philippe to overthrow the crown and seize power himself.[13] They believed that not only was the Palais-Royal the center for revolutionary and philosophical debates, but that it was also his ground for recruiting and financing riots and rebellious activity.[14]
His compliance with republican rules did not save him from this suspicion, which was especially aroused by the friendship of his eldest son, the Duke of Chartres, with Charles François Dumouriez. When the news of the desertion of Chartres and Dumouriez reached Paris, all the Bourbons left in France, including Philippe-Égalité, were arrested on 5 April 1793. First imprisoned in Paris, he was later transferred to the Fort Saint-Jean in Marseille, then brought back to Paris in October, during the Reign of Terror, the second phase of which had begun the preceding June with the arrest of the Girondists (Girondins).
As a member of the House of Bourbon, Louis Philippe was shortlisted for a trial, and effectively tried and guillotined in the space of one day on 6 November 1793. Accounts of his incarceration and execution mention his exceptional courage.
Philippe d'Orléans was buried in the Madeleine cemetery (closed in 1794), in Paris, where Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and hundreds executed on the Place de la Révolution during the Terror had been buried. His remains were never found.
Popular culture
He was portrayed by Joseph Schildkraut in the 1938 film Marie Antoinette, and by Jean-Claude Dreyfus in the 2001 Eric Rohmer film The Lady and the Duke.
Ancestors
Titles and Succession
- 13 April 1747 – 4 February 1752 His Serene Highness the Duke of Montpensier (Monseigneur le duc de Montpensier)
- 4 February 1752 – 18 November 1785 His Serene Highness the Duke of Chartres (Monseigneur le duc de Chartres)
- 18 November 1785 – 6 November 1793 His Serene Highness the Duke of Orléans (Monseigneur le duc d'Orléans)[15]
- Succeeded to this style on the death of his father. Was entitled to this style and rank due to him being the First Prince of The Blood.
Titles and Succession Louis Philippe II, Duke of OrléansCadet branch of the House of BourbonBorn: 13 April 1747 Died: 6 November 1793French nobility Preceded by
Louis Philippe d'OrléansDuke of Montpensier
1747–1752Succeeded by
Louis Antoine Philippe d'OrléansPreceded by
Louis Philippe d'OrléansDuke of Chartres
1752–1785Succeeded by
Louis Philippe d'Orléans, King of the FrenchPreceded by
Louis Philippe d'OrléansDuke of Orléans
1785–1793Succeeded by
Louis Philippe d'Orléans, King of the FrenchPreceded by
Louis Philippe d'OrléansDuke of Nemours
1785–1793Succeeded by
Louis Philippe d'Orléans, King of the FrenchPreceded by
Louis Philippe d'OrléansPrince de Joinville
1785–1793Succeeded by
Louis Philippe d'Orléans, King of the FrenchRoyal titles Preceded by
Louis Philippe d'OrléansFirst Prince of the Blood
1785–1793Succeeded by
Louis Philippe d'Orléans, King of the FrenchReferences
- ^ 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ a b Marie Antoinette:Antonia Fraser
- ^ ib. Castelot, pp. 73–80 & 86–87
- ^ a b ib. Castelot, p. 124
- ^ http:::fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Bellechasse
- ^ Whitham, J. Mills. A Biographical History of the French Revolution. New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1968.
- ^ De Luna, Frederick A (Spring, 1991), "The Dean Street Style of Revolution: J-P. Brissot, Jeune Philsophe", French Historical Studies 17 (1): 159–90, http://www.jstor.org/stable/286283, retrieved February 3, 2010
- ^ MACKEY MD, Albert C, "Letter O", Encyclopedia of Freemasonry and its Kindred Sciences, http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/mackeys_encyclopedia/o.htm
- ^ Price, Munro. “Versailles Revisited: New Work on the World Regime.” The Historical Journal, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Jun., 2003): 437-447, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3133517> (accessed January 19, 2010).
- ^ Gottschalk, Louis R. The Era of the French Revolution 1715-1815). Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.
- ^ Nagel, Susan, Marie Thérèse: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter, pp. 63–4
- ^ Nagel, Susan, Marie Thérèse: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter, pp. 76–7
- ^ Gottschalk, Louis R. The Era of the French Revolution 1715-1815). Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.
- ^ Whitham, J. Mills. A Biographical History of the French Revolution. New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1968.
- ^ http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frroyal.htm#sang Style of HSH and further information on Princes of the Blood
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
French Revolution Significant civil and political events by year 1788 1789 Reveillon riot (28 Apr 1789) Convocation of the Estates-General (5 May 1789) · National Assembly (17 Jun to 9 Jul 1790) · Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789) · Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789) · Great Fear (20 Jul to 5 Aug 1789) · Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 Aug 1789) · Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)1790 Abolition of the Parlements (3 Feb 1790) · Abolition of the Nobility (19 Jun 1790) · Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790) · Abolition of the Parlements (12 Jul 1790)1791 Flight to Varennes (20 and 21 Jun 1791) · Champ de Mars Massacre (17 Jul 1791) · Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791) · The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791) · Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 to Sep 1792) · Self-denying ordinance (30 Sep 1791)1792 Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792) · Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792) · 10th of August (10 Aug 1792) · September Massacres (Sep 1792) · National Convention (20 Sep 1792 to 26 Oct 1795) · First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)1793 Louis Capet is guillotined (21 Jan 1793) · Revolutionary Tribunals (9 Mar 1793 to 31 May 1795) · Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 to 27 July 1794) · (Committee of Public Safety · Committee of General Security) · Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793) · Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793) · Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793) · Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793) · Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793) · Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)1794 Danton & Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794) · Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794) · Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794) · White Terror (Fall 1794) · Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)1795 1797 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII (18 Jun 1799) · The coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799) · Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799) · ConsulateRevolutionary wars 1792 1793 First Coalition · Siege of Toulon (18 Sep to 18 Dec 1793) · War in the Vendée · Battle of Neerwinden) · Battle of Famars (23 May 1793) · Capture of San Pietro and Sant'Antioco (25 May 1793) · Battle of Kaiserslautern · Siege of Mainz · Battle of Wattignies · Battle of Hondshoote · Siege of Bellegarde · Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) · First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793) · Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) Second Battle of Wissembourg (26 and 27 Dec 1793)1794 Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794) · Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr and 1 May 1794) · Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794) · Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794) · Chouannerie · Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794) · Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)1795 1796 Battle of Lonato (3 and 4 Aug 1796) · Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796) · Battle of Theiningen · Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796) · Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796) · Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796) · Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796) · First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796) · Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796) · Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796) · Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796) · Battle of Calliano (6 and 7 Nov 1796) · Battle of the Bridge of Arcole (15 to 17 Nov 1796) · The Ireland Expedition (Dec 1796)1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797) · Battle of Rivoli (14 and 15 Jan 1797) · Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797) · Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797) · Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797) · Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)1798 French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801) · Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798) · Quasi-War (1798 to 1800) · Peasants' War (12 Oct to 5 Dec 1798)1799 Second Coalition (1798-1802) · Siege of Acre (20 Mar to 21 May 1799) · Battle of Ostrach (20 and 21 Mar 1799) · Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799) · Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799) · Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799) · First Battle of Zürich (4-7 Jun 1799) · Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799) · Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799) · Second Battle of Zürich (25 and 26 Sep 1799)1800 Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800) · Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800) · League of Armed Neutrality (1800-1802)1801 Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801) · Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801) · Battle of Algeciras (8 Jul 1801)1802 Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)Military leaders French
army officersEustache Charles d'Aoust · Pierre Augereau · Alexandre de Beauharnais · Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte · Louis Alexandre Berthier · Jean-Baptiste Bessières · Guillaume Marie Anne Brune · Jean François Carteaux · Jean Étienne Championnet · Chapuis de Tourville · Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine · Louis-Nicolas Davout · Louis Charles Antoine Desaix · Jacques François Dugommier · Charles François Dumouriez · Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino · Louis-Charles de Flers · Paul Grenier · Emmanuel de Grouchy · Jacques Maurice Hatry · Lazare Hoche · Jean-Baptiste Jourdan · François Christophe Kellermann · Jean-Baptiste Kléber · Pierre Choderlos de Laclos · Jean Lannes · Charles Leclerc · Claude Lecourbe · François Joseph Lefebvre · Jacques MacDonald · Jean-Antoine Marbot · Jean Baptiste de Marbot · François-Séverin Marceau · Auguste de Marmont · André Masséna · Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey · Jean Victor Marie Moreau · Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier · Joachim Murat · Michel Ney · fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten · Nicolas Oudinot · Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon · Charles Pichegru · Józef Antoni Poniatowski · Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr · Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer · Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier · Joseph Souham · Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult · Louis Gabriel Suchet · Belgrand de Vaubois · Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de BellunoFrench
naval officersOpposition
military figuresSir Ralph Abercromby (British) · József Alvinczi (Austrian) · Archduke Charles of Austria · Duke of Brunswick (Prussian) · Count of Clerfayt (Walloon fighting for Austria) · Luis Firmin de Carvajal (Spanish) · Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg (Russian) · Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (Prussian) · Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss in Austrian service) Count of Kalckreuth (Austrian) · Alexander Korsakov (Russian) · Pál Kray (Hungarian serving Austria) · Prince of Lambesc (French in the service of Austria) · Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon in the service of Austria) · Karl Mack von Leiberich (Austrian) · Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon fighting for Austria) · Antonio Ricardos (Spanish) · Sir James Saumarez (British admiral) · Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Austrian) · William V, Prince of Orange (Dutch) · Sir Edward Pellew (British admiral) · Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich (Austrian) · Prince Heinrich XV Reuss of Plauen (Austrian) · Alexander Suvorov (Russian) · Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian in Austrian service) · Karl Philipp Sebottendorf (Austrian) · Dagobert von Wurmser (Austrian) · Duke of York (British)Other important figures and factions Royals and
RoyalistsCharles X of France · Louis XVI · Louis XVII · Louis XVIII · Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien · Louis Henri, Prince of Condé · Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé · Louis Philippe of France · Marie Antoinette · Madame de Lamballe · Madame du Barry · Louis de Breteuil · Loménie de Brienne · Charles Alexandre de Calonne · Chateaubriand · Jean Chouan · Grace Elliott · Arnaud de Laporte · Jean-Sifrein Maury · Mirabeau · Jacques NeckerFeuillants Girondists Montagnards Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras · Georges Couthon · Georges Danton · Jacques Louis David · Camille Desmoulins · Roger Ducos · Jean Marie Collot d'Herbois · Jean-Paul Marat · Prieur de la Côte-d'Or · Prieur de la Marne · Maximilien Robespierre · Gilbert Romme · Jean Bon Saint-André · Louis de Saint-Just · Jean-Lambert Tallien · Bertrand Barère de VieuzacHébertists Bonapartists Napoléon Bonaparte · de Cambacérès · Jacques-Louis David · Jean Debry · Joseph Fesch · Charles François Lebrun · Philippe-Antoine Merlin de DouaiOthers: Jean-Pierre-André Amar · François-Noël Babeuf · Jean Sylvain Bailly · François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy · Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne · Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot · André Chénier · Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil · Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville · Olympe de Gouges · Father Henri Grégoire · Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas · Jacques-Donatien Le Ray · Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet · Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes · Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville · Jean Joseph Mounier · Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours · François de Neufchâteau · Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau · Pierre Louis Prieur · Jean-François Rewbell · Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux · Marquis de Sade · Antoine Christophe Saliceti · Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès · Madame de Staël · Talleyrand · Thérésa Tallien · Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target · Catherine Théot · Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier · Jean-Henri Voulland · EnragésInfluential thinkers The Bonapartes Cultural impact La Marseillaise · Fabre d'Églantine · French Tricolour · Liberté, égalité, fraternité · Bastille Day · Panthéon · French Republican Calendar · Cult of the Supreme Being · Cult of Reason · Sans-culottes · Metric system
Quatrevingt-treize · A Tale of Two Cities · The Scarlet Pimpernel · Scaramouche · La Révolution française · Orphans of the Storm · DantonCategories:- 1747 births
- 1793 deaths
- People from Saint-Cloud
- House of Orléans
- Dukes of Chartres
- Dukes of Orléans
- Dukes of Nemours
- Dukes of Montpensier
- Dukes of Valois
- Deputies to the French National Convention
- Regicides of Louis XVI
- Executed royalty
- People executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
- Executed French people
- Princes of France (Bourbon)
- Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
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