Peruvian Navy

Peruvian Navy Marina de Guerra del Perú
Coat of arms of the Peruvian Navy
Active	October 8, 1821 - today
Country	Peru
Allegiance	Ministry of Defense
Branch	Navy
Size	25,988 active personnel 51 ships, 33 aircraft
Headquarters	Callao naval base
Patron	Miguel Grau Seminario
Anniversaries	October 8 - Navy's Foundation Day and Anniversary of the Battle of Angamos
Engagements	Gran Colombia-Peru War War of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation Chincha Islands War War of the Pacific
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief	Admiral Jorge De La Puente Ribeyro
Insignia
Naval Ensign
Naval Jack

The Peruvian Navy (Spanish: Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the Peruvian littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations. The Marina de Guerra del Perú celebrates on October 8 the anniversary of its creation (1821) and of the Battle of Angamos (1879).

History

Battle of Angamos, October 8, 1879.

The Marina de Guerra del Perú was established on October 8, 1821 by the government of general José de San Martín. Its first actions were undertaken during the War of Independence (1821–1824) using captured Spanish warships. Shortly afterwards it was engaged in the war against the Gran Colombia (1828–1829) during which it conducted a blockade against the seaport of Guayaquil and then helped with the occupation of this city by Peruvian forces. It saw further action during the wars of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839) and during the Chincha Islands War with Spain (1866). The breakout of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) caught the Peruvian Navy unprepared and with inferior forces in comparison with the Chilean Navy. Even so, hit-and-run tactics carried out by Peruvian Admiral Miguel Grau, commander of the ironclad Huáscar, delayed the Chilean advance by six months until his death and defeat at the Battle of Angamos.

After the war, the Peruvian Navy had to be rebuilt from the ground up. In 1900 the force amounted to only one cruiser of 1,700 tons displacement, a screw-driven steamer, and ten smaller ships - the latter described by a contemporary British publication as "of no real value".^[1] The lengthy process of expansion and rebuilding started in 1907 with the acquisition in the United Kingdom of the protected cruisers Almirante Grau and Coronel Bolognesi, followed by the arrival of two submarines, Ferré and Palacios, from France in 1911. During the Presidency of Augusto B. Leguía (1919–1930) a Navy Ministry was established as well as a Navy Aviation Corps, both in 1920. Border conflicts with Colombia in 1911 and 1932 and a war with Ecuador in 1941 saw Peruvian warships involved in some skirmishes in support of the Army. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought World War II to the Pacific and even though Peru did not declare war on the Axis until 1945, its Navy was involved in patrol missions against possible threats by the Imperial Japanese Navy from early 1942 up to mid-1945. During the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s the Peruvian Navy carried out a major buildup programme^[2] which allowed it to take advantage over its traditional rival, the Chilean Navy. This proved to be temporary because the economic crisis of the second half of the 1980s forced the decommissioning of several warships and resulted in a general lack of funds for maintenance. The economic upturn of the 1990s and 2000s has permitted some improvement although at a reduced force level compared to the early 1980s.

Organization

Peruvian Navy Marina de Guerra del Perú

History History of the Peruvian Navy Battles of the Peruvian Navy Ships Current ships Historic ships Personnel Senior officers Officer rank insignia Enlisted rate insignia Other Naval School

The current Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Navy is Admiral Jorge De La Puente Ribeyro^[3]. Naval Forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense and ultimately to the President as Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Armed Forces. They are organized as follows:

• Comandancia General de la Marina (Navy General Command)
  • Estado Mayor General de la Marina (Navy General Staff)
  • Inspectoría General de la Marina (Navy General Inspectorate)

Operational units are divided between three commands:

Comandancia General de Operaciones del Pacífico

Pacific Operations General Command, it comprises the following units:

• Fuerza de Superficie (Surface Force)
• Fuerza de Submarinos (Submarine Force)
• Fuerza de Aviación Naval (Naval aviation Force)
• Fuerza de Infantería de Marina (Naval Infantry Force)
• Fuerza de Operaciones Especiales (Special Operations Force)

Comandancia General de Operaciones de la Amazonía

Amazon Operations General Command, tasked with river patrolling in the Peruvian portion of the Amazon Basin.

Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas

Main article: Peruvian Coast Guard

Coast Guard, tasked with law enforcement on Peruvian territorial waters, rivers and lakes.

Bases

Callao naval base.

• Ancón - Naval Infantry headquarters and base
• Callao - Main naval base, dockyard and naval aviation base
• Chimbote - Minor base and dockyard
• Iquitos - On the Amazon river
• Paita - Minor base
• Pisco - Minor base
• Puno - On Lake Titicaca
• San Juan de Marcona - Naval aviation base

Although most of the fleet is based at Callao, this is not considered an ideal location because it is also the main outlet for Peruvian trade, causing space and security problems. During the 1980s the building of a new naval base at Chimbote was considered but high costs and a bad economic situation made the project unfeasible.^[4]

Personnel

Standing watch on BAP Mariátegui (FM-54).

Personnel (as of 2001) [5]
Commissioned Officers	2,107
Non-commissioned officers	16,863
Cadets	620
NCO in training	1,533
Enlisted	4,855
Civilians	5,079
Total	25,988 (excl. civilians)

Ranks

• Ranks of the officers of the Navy [1]
• Ranks of the sub-officers of the Navy [2]
• Ranks of the enlisted of the navy [3]

Ships

Current ships

Vessel	Origin	Type	Class	In service	Notes
Guided missile cruiser (1 in service)
BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81)	Netherlands	De Zeven Provinciën-class cruiser	De Zeven Provinciën class	Yes	ex- Germany	Type 209/1200	Angamos class	Yes	ex-BAP Casma
BAP Antofagasta (SS-32)	Germany	Type 209/1200	Angamos class	Yes
BAP Pisagua (SS-33)	Germany	Type 209/1200	Angamos class	Yes
BAP Chipana (SS-34)	Germany	Type 209/1200	Angamos class	Yes	ex-BAP Blume
BAP Islay (SS-35)	Germany	Type 209/1100	Islay class	Yes	locally upgraded in 2008
BAP Arica (SS-36)	Germany	Type 209/1100	Islay class	Yes	locally upgraded in 2008
Guided missile frigates (7 in service, 1 being upgraded)
BAP Carvajal (FM-51)	Italy	Lupo-class frigate	Carvajal class	Yes
BAP Villavisencio (FM-52)	Italy	Lupo-class frigate	Carvajal class	Yes
BAP Montero (FM-53)	Peru	Lupo-class frigate	Carvajal class	Yes
BAP Mariátegui (FM-54)	Peru	Lupo-class frigate	Carvajal class	Yes
Italy	Lupo-class frigate	Aguirre class	Yes	ex-Orsa (F-567)
Italy	Lupo-class frigate	Aguirre class	Yes	ex-Lupo (F-564)
Italy	Lupo-class frigate	Aguirre class	No	ex-Perseo (F-566) currently being overhauled and upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard, including locally-made CMS and ESM systems, a Kronos NV 3D radar, MASS countermeasure system and 4 MM40 Block III Exocet missiles replacing Otomat[6].
Italy	Lupo-class frigate	Aguirre class	Yes	ex-Sagittario (F-565)
Guided missile corvettes (6 in service)
BAP Velarde (CM-21)	France	PR-72P-class corvette	Velarde class	Yes
BAP Santillana (CM-22)	France	PR-72P-class corvette	Velarde class	Yes
BAP De los Heros (CM-23)	France	PR-72P-class corvette	Velarde class	Yes
BAP Herrera (CM-24)	France	PR-72P-class corvette	Velarde class	Yes
BAP Larrea (CM-25)	France	PR-72P-class corvette	Velarde class	Yes
BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26)	France	PR-72P-class corvette	Velarde class	Yes
Amphibious (4 in service)
BAP Paita (DT-141)	United States	Tank landing ship	Terrebonne Parish class	Yes	ex-USS Walworth County (LST-1164)
United States	Tank landing ship	Terrebonne Parish class	Yes	ex-USS Waldo County (LST-1163)
United States	Tank landing ship	Terrebonne Parish class	Yes	ex-USS Washoe County (LST-1165)
United States	Tank landing ship	Terrebonne Parish class	Yes	ex-USS Traverse County (LST-1160)
River gunboats vessels (5 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Loreto (CF-11)	United States	River gunboat	Loreto class	Yes
BAP Amazonas (CF-12)	United States	River gunboat	Loreto class	Yes
BAP Marañón (CF-13)	United Kingdom	River gunboat	Marañón class	Yes
BAP Ucayali (CF-14)	United Kingdom	River gunboat	Marañón class	Yes
BAP Clavero (CF-15)	Peru	River gunboat	Clavero class	No	severely damaged by an uncontrolled fire in her first operational deployment on May 25, 2010; leaving two crewmen badly injured.[7]
BAP Putumayo (CF-16)	Peru	River gunboat	Clavero class	No	laid down on April 9, 2010 under construction in the SIMA Iquitos shipyard.
Auxiliaries (11 in service, 2 in construction)
BAP Unión (ABE-161)	Peru	Transport ship	Mollendo class	Yes	ex-BAP Mollendo (ATC-131). Used as training ship
BAP Marte (ALY-313)	Canada	Sailing yacht	Marte class	Yes	used as training ship
BAP Unanue (AMB-160)	United States	Diving support ship	Sotoyomo class	Yes	ex-USS Wateree (ATA-174)
BAP San Lorenzo (ART-323)	Germany	Torpedo recovery vessel	San Lorenzo class	Yes
BAP Caloyeras (ACA-111)	United States	Water harbour tanker	YW type	Yes	ex-US YW-128
BAP Noguera (ACP-118)	United States	Oil harbour tanker	YO type	Yes	ex-US YO-221
BAP Gauden (ACP-119)	United States	Oil harbour tanker	YO type	Yes	ex-US YO-171
BAP Guardian Rios (ARB-123)	United States	Offshore tugboat	Cherokee class	Yes	ex-USS Pinto (ATF-90)
BAP Dueñas (ARB-126)	United States	Harbour tugboat	YTB	Yes
BAP Selendón	Peru	Harbour tugboat	20 TBP class tug	No	Currently under construction in SIMA Callao shipyard[8].
BAP Medina	Peru	Harbour tugboat	20 TBP class tug	No	Currently under construction in SIMA Callao shipyard[8].
BAP Bayovar (ATP-154)	Russia	Oil tanker	Grigoriy Nesterenko type	Yes	ex-Petr Schmidt
BAP Zorritos (ATP-155)	Russia	Oil tanker	Grigoriy Nesterenko type	Yes	ex-Grigoriy Nesterenko
Hospital vessels (5 in service)
BAP Morona (ABH-302)	Peru	River hospital ship	Morona class	Yes
BAP Corrientes (ABH-303)	Peru	Small river hospital craft	-	Yes
BAP Curaray (ABH-304)	Peru	Small river hospital craft	-	Yes
BAP Pastaza (ABH-305)	Peru	Small river hospital craft	-	Yes
BAP Puno (ABH-306)	United Kingdom	Lake hospital ship	Yavarí class	Yes	ex-Yapura operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
Scientific research vessels (6 in service)
BIC Humboldt	Peru	Oceanographic research ship	Humboltd class	No	Currently being overhauled in the SIMA Callao shipyard since February 19, 2011, the works include new propulsion and auxiliary engines, and a major upgrade on the ship's scientific equipment[8].
BAP Carrasco (AH-171)	Netherlands	Hydrographic survey ship	Dokkum class	Yes	ex-HNLMS Abcoude minesweeper
BAP Stiglich (AH-172)	Peru	Hydrographic survey ship	Morona class	Yes
BAP La Macha (AEH-174)	Peru	Hydrographic survey ship	-	Yes
BAP Carrillo (AH-175)	Netherlands	Hydrographic survey ship	van Straelen class	Yes	ex-HNLMS van Hamel minesweeper
BAP Melo (AH-176)	Netherlands	Hydrographic survey ship	van Straelen class	Yes	ex-HNLMS van der Wel minesweeper

Museum Ships

Vessel	Origin	Type	Class	Decommissioned	Notes
United Kingdom	River gunboat	América class		currently being restored at SIMA Iquitos shipyard
BAP Abtao (SS-42)	United States	Sierra-type submarine[9]	Abtao class	1998	become a museum ship in 2004

Recently Decommissioned Ships

Vessel	Origin	Type	Class	Decommissioned	Notes
BAP Ferré (DM-74)	United Kingdom	Destroyer	Daring class	July 13, 2007[10]	ex-HMS Decoy (D106)
BAP Talara (ATP-152)	Peru	Replenishment tanker	Talara class	August 12, 2008[11]	capable of underway replenishment at sea from the stern
BAP Lobitos (ATP-153)	United States	Oil tanker	Sealift Pacific class	July 20, 2008[12]	ex-USNS Sealift Caribbean (T-AOT-174)

Naval Aviation

Main article: Peruvian Naval Aviation

The Naval Aviation Force ((Spanish): Fuerza de Aviación Naval, AVINAV) is the air branch of the Peruvian Navy, its roles include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, maritime surveillance, reconnaissance and transport of marine personnel. It is also responsible for airborne operations of the Peruvian Marines.

Naval infantry

Main article: Peruvian Naval Infantry

Peruvian Naval Infantry conducting exercises on the Amazon river.

Naval Infantry Brigade

• 1st Naval Infantry Battalion - Ancón
• 2nd Naval Infantry Battalion - Ancón
• Amphibious Support Group
• Fire support Group
• Commando Grouping
• Engineers Unit

Other units

• 3rd Naval Infantry Battalion - Tumbes
• 4th Naval Infantry Battalion - Puno
• 1st Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion - Iquitos
• 2nd Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion - Pucallpa
• Naval Infantry Detachment Litoral Sur - Mollendo

Equipment

Name	Origin	Type	Version	Used by	Notes
Naval artillery
Bofors 152 mm gun	Sweden	dual-purpose naval gun	152/53 model 1942	De Zeven Provinciën class cruiser
Oto Melara 127/54 Compact Gun	Italy	dual-purpose naval gun	127/54 Compact	Lupo class frigate
Oto Melara 76/62 Compact Gun	Italy	dual-purpose naval gun	76/62 Compact	PR-72P class corvette
Oto Melara Twin 40 Compact Gun	Italy	Close-in weapon system (CIWS)	Twin 40L70	De Zeven Provinciën class cruiser Lupo class frigate PR-72P class corvette
Anti-ship missiles
MBDA Otomat	Italy	anti-ship missile (AShM)	Otomat II Block 3	De Zeven Provinciën class cruiser Lupo class frigate	on December 8, 2008 an updated Otomat II Block 3 missile successfully launched from the BAP Aguirre, hit a target at a range in excess of 150 kilometers.[13]
MBDA Exocet	France	anti-ship missile (AShM)	MM40 Block 3	Lupo class frigate	four fire control systems and sixteen missiles ordered on December 15, 2010.[14] Scheduled to be installed in the 4 Aguirre class frigates.
MBDA Exocet	France	anti-ship missile (AShM)	MM38	PR-72P class corvette
MBDA Exocet	France	anti-ship missile (AShM)	AM39 Block 1	ASH-3D Sea King	currently not embarked in any surface unit of the Peruvian Navy
Surface-to-air missile
MBDA Aspide	Italy	surface-to-air missile (SAM)	Aspide 1A	Lupo class frigate
9K38 Igla	Russia	MANPADS	9K310 Igla-1	PR-72P class corvette Peruvian Naval Infantry	used in MGP-86 mount for close air defence to be replaced with the FN-6 missile system
FN-6	China	MANPADS	FN-6	Peruvian Naval Infantry	a small batch acquired in July, 2009 for US$ 1.1 million[15]
Torpedoes
Atlas Elektronik SUT	Germany	533 mm heavyweight torpedo	SUT 264	Type 209 submarine
Atlas Elektronik SST	Germany	533 mm heavyweight torpedo	SST-4 mod 0	Type 209 submarine
Mark 44 torpedo	United States	324 mm lightweight torpedo	Mk 44 mod 1	Lupo class frigate AB-212ASW ASH-3D
Alenia-Whitehead A244/S	Italy	324 mm lightweight torpedo	A244/S	Lupo class frigate AB-212ASW ASH-3D

Peacekeeping operations

The Peruvian Navy has been actively involved in several United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. As of June 2006 Naval Infantry and Special Operations troops have been deployed to United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (embedded in the Argentine forces [4] ) and United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Peruvian naval officers have also been deployed to United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI), United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) as United Nations Militar Observers (UNMOs).

Future plans

According to current plans,in the near future the fleet is expected to be composed of 8 frigates, 6 corvettes, 6 submarines and two replenishment oilers. They will be supported by 3 maritime patrol aircraft and 8 antisubmarine warfare helicopters.

The Almirante Grau is currently the only operating gun cruiser in any navy, and Peru is one of only three nations to operate any cruisers at all, along with the United States and Russia.

Gallery

• 

  BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) firing its guns.

• 

  BAP Carvajal (FM-51).

• 

  BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26).

• 

  Submarines BAP Pisagua (SS-33), BAP Chipana (SS-34), and BAP Islay (SS-35).

• 

  Naval Infantry coming ashore from BAP Callao (DT-143).

• 

  BAP Mollendo (ATC-131).

• 

  Otomat Mk.2 on display.

Notes

1. ^ Keltie, J.S., ed. The Statesman's Year Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900. New York: MacMillan, 1900. p 887. (Retrieved via Google Books 3/4/11.)
2. ^ "Armed Forces Strength in selected years, 1829 - 1992". http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/peru/pe_appen.html#table25. Retrieved 2011-11-08. 
3. ^ MGP - Commandante General
4. ^ "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 1985.
5. ^ http://www.resdal.org/art-rial.htm, based on Supreme Decree DS No. 69 DE/SG of 2001.
6. ^ Fish, Tim (June 29, 2011). "Briefing: South America Naval Capabilities". Jane's Defence Weekly: 289. 
7. ^ "Dos heridos deja incendio de BAP "Clavero" en el río Putumayo, informan". Andina. 21 May 2010. http://www.andina.com.pe/Espanol/Noticia.aspx?Id=VL3roBxxIys=. Retrieved 21 May 2010. 
8. ^ ^{a b c} NotiSIMA Año 5, Edición 31PDF, July 17, 20011.
9. ^ Historic Naval Ships Association BAP ABTAO (SS-42)
10. ^ Supreme Decree No. 014-2007-DE/MGPPDF (1.33 MB). July 13, 2007.
11. ^ Supreme Decree No. 018-2008-DE/MGPPDF (361 KB). August 23, 2009.
12. ^ Supreme Decree No. 014-2008-DE/MGPPDF (84.9 KB). August 23, 2009.
13. ^ "Peruvian Navy Carries Out Record Breaking Launch". Jean Dupont. MBDA. 17 December 2008. http://www.mbda-systems.com/mbda/site/ref/scripts/newsFO_complet.php?lang=EN&news_id=266. Retrieved 7 September 2009. 
14. ^ Andina: (Spanish) PCM transfiere más de S/. 114 millones para adquisición de material militar
15. ^ "Perú: Adquisición de misiles MANPADS". Alejo Marchessini. Defensa.com. 27 July 2009. http://www.defensa.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=820:peru-adquisicion-de-misiles-manpads&catid=55:latinoamerica&Itemid=163. Retrieved 11 September 2009. ^{[dead link]}

Sources

• Baker III, Arthur D., The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 2002-2003.
  Naval Institute Press, 2002.
• Basadre, Jorge, Historia de la República del Perú. Editorial Universitaria, 1983.
• "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 855: 31 (June 17, 1985).
• Marchessini, Alejo, "La Comandancia de Operaciones del Pacifico".
  Defensa 315/316: 68-69 (July / August 2004).
• Marchessini, Alejo, "El proceso de Reforma Militar".
  Defensa 318: 24-29 (October 2004).
• Marchessini, Alejo, "Las patrulleras de los Guardacostas".
  Defensa 342: 48-50 (October 2006).
• Marchessini, Alejo & Javier Taibo, "La Marina de Guerra del Perú".
  Defensa 267/268: 36-59 (July / August 2000).
• Ortiz Sotelo, Jorge, Apuntes para la historia de los submarinos peruanos. Biblioteca Nacional, 2001.
• Rial, Juan, Los militares tras el fin del régimen de Fujimori-Montesinos.
  http://www.resdal.org/art-rial.htm

See also

• Battle of Angamos
• Battle of Iquique
• Battle of Pacocha
• Ironclad Huáscar
• Miguel Grau
• SIFOREX
• War of the Pacific

External links

• Official Peruvian Navy Website
• Maquina de Combate — Photo gallery.
• Servicio Industrial de la Marina — Peruvian Navy Shipyards. In English and Spanish.
• The Peruvian Navy: the XIX Century Maritime Campaigns — a series of articles covering the history of the 19th century Peruvian Navy by Juan del Campo.