Charles Kingsford Smith

In this name, the family name is Kingsford Smith, not Smith.

Sir Charles Kingsford Smith
Kingsford Smith in his flying gear
Full name	Sir Charles Edward Kingsford Smith
Born	9 February 1897(1897-02-09) Hamilton, Brisbane, Queensland
Died	8 November 1935(1935-11-08) (aged 38) Sea off Burma
Cause of death	Crashed in the sea off Burma
Nationality	British subject[1][2] Australian
Aviation career
Known for	First non-stop crossing of the Australian mainland Trans-Pacific flight England to Australia air race
Air force	Australian Flying Corps Royal Flying Corps Royal Air Force
Battles	World War I Gallipoli Campaign Western Front
Rank	Captain (substantive) Air Commodore (honorary)
Awards	Knight Bachelor Military Cross Air Force Cross

Sir Charles Edward Kingsford Smith MC, AFC (9 February 1897 – 8 November 1935), often called by his nickname Smithy, was an early Australian aviator. In 1928, he earned global fame when he made the first trans-Pacific flight from the United States to Australia. He also made the first non-stop crossing of the Australian mainland, the first flights between Australia and New Zealand, and the first eastward Pacific crossing from Australia to the United States. He also made a flight from Australia to London, setting a new record of 10.5 days.

Early life

Charles Edward Kingsford Smith was born on 9 February 1897 in Hamilton (a suburb of Brisbane), Queensland, Australia, and was the youngest of seven children of William Charles Smith (1852–1930), a bank manager, and Catherine Mary Kingsford (1857–1938),^[3] daughter of Richard Ash Kingsford, a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. Like his siblings, Charles's birth was registered with the surname Smith. However, his parents found having such a common name as Smith too confusing and so adopted the use of "Kingsford Smith" as the family surname.^[4]

From 1903 to 1907, he and his family lived in Vancouver, Canada.

On 2 January 1907 young Charles Kingsford Smith was rescued from certain drowning at Sydney's famous Bondi Beach by bathers who, just seven weeks later, were responsible for founding the world's first official surf life saving group at Bondi Beach on 21 February 1907, at a meeting held at the Royal Hotel Bondi Beach.^[5]

Upon returning to Australia, he attended St Andrew's Cathedral School in Sydney where he was a treble chorister in the cathedral choir. He then studied electrical engineering at Sydney Technical College (now known as Sydney Technical High School).

Charles Kingsford Smith was twice married. His first marriage was to Thelma Eileen Corboy (1901–1990) on 6 June 1923 at the Marble Bar Registrar's Office in Western Australia. They were divorced in 1928. His second marriage was to Mary Powell (1910–1997) on 10 December 1930 at Scots' Church, Melbourne. Charles and Mary and had one son, Charles Arthur Kingsford Smith who was born on 22 December 1932. ^[6] The family resided at Darling Point in Sydney.

World War I and early flying experience

At 16, Kingsford Smith became an engineering apprentice with the Colonial Sugar Refining Company. In 1915, he enlisted for duty in the 1st AIF (Australian Army) and served at Gallipoli. Initially, he performed duty as a motorcycle despatch rider, before transferring to the Royal Flying Corps, earning his pilot's wings in 1917.

In August 1917, while serving with No. 23 Squadron,^[7] Kingsford Smith was shot down and received injuries which required amputation of a large part of his left foot. He was awarded the Military Cross for his gallantry in battle. As his recovery was predicted to be lengthy, Kingsford Smith was permitted to take leave in Australia where he visited his parents. Returning to England, Kingsford Smith was assigned to instructor duties and promoted to Captain.

On 1 April 1918, along with other members of the Royal Flying Corps, Kingsford Smith was transferred to the newly established Royal Air Force. On being demobilised in England, in early 1919, he joined Tasmanian Cyril Maddocks, to form Kingsford Smith, Maddocks Aeros Ltd., flying a joy-riding service mainly in the North of England, during the summer of 1919, initially using surplus DH.6 trainers, then surplus B.E.2s.^[8] Later Kingsford Smith worked as a barnstormer in the United States before returning to Australia in 1921.^[9] He did the same in Australia and also flew airmail services, and began to plan his record-breaking flight across the Pacific.^[10] Applying for a commercial pilot's licence on 2 June 1921 (in which he gave his name as 'Charles Edward Kingsford-Smith'),^[11] he became one of Australia's first airline pilots when he was chosen by Norman Brearley to fly for the newly formed West Australian Airways.

During the first World War, a man named Ken Richards was the observer in Kingsford Smith's plane in France. After the war, Richards moved to Cowra, New South Wales. Kingsford Smith owned an old Avro plane and in 1922 he flew up to Cowra to see Richards. While in Cowra, Kingsford Smith and Richards flew under the Cowra traffic bridge. The pair also attempted to fly under the nearby railway bridge but Richards noticed telephone lines seconds before the attempt and was able to pull the aircraft away from certain death.^[12]

1928 Trans-Pacific flight

The Southern Cross at an RAAF base near Canberra in 1943.

A photograph commemorating the first trans-Pacific flight.

Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm arrived in the United States and began to search for an aircraft. From the famed Australian polar explorer, Sir Hubert Wilkins, they purchased and equipped a Fokker F.VII/3m monoplane, which they named the Southern Cross.^[13]

At 8:54 am on 31 May 1928,^[13] Kingsford Smith and his crew left Oakland, California, to make the first trans-Pacific flight to Australia. The flight was in three stages. The first stage from Oakland to Wheeler Army Airfield^[14], Hawaii was 3,870 kilometres (2,400 mi), taking 27 hours 25 minutes and was uneventful. They then took off from Barking Sands on Mana, Kauai, as the runway at Wheeler was not long enough, proceeding to Suva, Fiji, 5,077 kilometres (3,155 mi) away, taking 34 hours 30 minutes. This was the most demanding part of the journey as they flew through a massive lightning storm near the Equator. They then flew on to Brisbane, 2,709 kilometres (1,683 mi) in 20 hours, where they landed on 9 June after approximately 11,566 kilometres (7,187 mi) total distance. On arrival, Kingsford Smith was met by a huge crowd of 26,000 at Eagle Farm Airport, and was feted as a hero.^[15][16][17] Australian aviator Charles Ulm was the relief pilot, and the other two crew members were Americans James Warner and Captain Harry Lyon (who were the radio operator, navigator and engineer).

A Screen Australia movie of the event is available.

A young aspiring New Zealander named Jean Batten attended a dinner in Australia featuring Kingsford Smith after the trans-Pacific flight and told him "I'm going to learn to fly." She later convinced him to take her for a ride in the Southern Cross and went on to become a record-setting aviatrix, following his example instead of his advice ("Don't attempt to break men's records – and don't fly at night", he told her in 1928 and remembered wryly later).^[18]

1928 Trans-Tasman flight

After making the first non-stop flight across Australia from Point Cook near Melbourne to Perth, in Western Australia in August 1928, Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm registered themselves as Australian National Airways (see below). They then decided to attempt the Tasman crossing to New Zealand not only because it had never yet been done, but also in the hope the Australian Government would grant Australian National Airways a subsidised contract to carry scheduled mail on a regular basis.^[19] The Tasman remained unflown after the failure of the first attempt in January 1928, when New Zealanders John Moncrieff and George Hood vanished without trace.

Kingsford Smith's flight was planned for takeoff from Richmond, near Sydney, on 2 September, with a landing around 9:00 a.m. on 3 September at Wigram Aerodrome, near Christchurch, the principal city in the South Island of New Zealand. This plan drew a storm of protest from New Zealand churchmen about ‘setting the sanctity of the Sabbath at nought’. The mayor of Christchurch supported the churchmen and cabled a protest to Kingsford Smith. As it happened, unfavourable weather developed over the Tasman and the flight was deferred, so it is not known if or how Kingsford Smith would have heeded the cable.^[19]

Accompanied by Charles Ulm, navigator Harold Arthur Litchfield, and radio operator Thomas H. McWilliams, a New Zealander made available by the New Zealand Government, Kingsford Smith left Richmond in the evening of 10 September, planning to fly overnight to a daylight landing after a flight of about 14 hours. The 1,600 mile / 2,600 km planned route was only just over half the distance between Hawaii and Fiji. After a stormy flight, at times through icing conditions, the Southern Cross made landfall in much improved weather near Cook Strait, the passage between New Zealand's two main islands. At an estimated 150 miles out from New Zealand the crew had dropped a wreath in memory of the two New Zealanders who had disappeared during their attempt to cross the Tasman earlier that year.^[20]

There was a tremendous welcome in Christchurch, where the Southern Cross landed at 0922 after a flight of 14 hours and 25 minutes. About 30,000 people made their way to Wigram, including many students from state schools, who were given the day off, and public servants, who were granted leave until 11 a.m.^[20] The event was also broadcast live on radio.^[21]

While the New Zealand Air Force overhauled the Southern Cross free of charge Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm were taken on a triumphant tour of New Zealand, flying in Bristol Fighters.^[19] The return to Sydney was made from Blenheim, a small city at the north of the South Island. Hampered by fog, severe weather and a minor navigational error, the flight to Richmond took over 23 hours; on touchdown the aircraft had only enough fuel for another 10 minutes flying.^[19]

Australian National Airways

Main article: Australian National Airways (1930)

'Coffee Royal' incident

On 31 March 1929, enroute from Sydney to England, the Southern Cross with Kingsford Smith at the helm made an emergency landing on a mudflat near the mouth of the Glenelg River, in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia. The Southern Cross was found and rescued after a fortnight's searching, with George Innes Beard, Albert Barunga and Wally from Kunmunya Mission the first overland party to reach the downed aircraft.^[22]

Two men (both old friends of Kingsford Smith) — Keith Vincent Anderson and Henry Smith 'Bobby' Hitchcock, in their Westland Widgeon plane named Kookaburra — crash landed in the Tanami Desert in Central Australia and died of thirst and exposure on 12 April 1929 while on their way to help with the search. Despite Kingsford Smith being exonerated by an official enquiry, many sections of the media and public felt that the forced landing, dubbed the 'Coffee Royal' incident after the brew of coffee and brandy which the crew had drunk while awaiting rescue, had been a publicity stunt and that Kingsford Smith was responsible for the deaths. His reputation within Australia never fully recovered during his lifetime.^[23]

The bodies of Anderson and Hitchcock were later recovered from the Tanani Desert. Hitchcock's body was returned to Perth for burial at Karrakatta Cemetery, while Anderson's body was returned to Sydney. Over 6000 mourners attended Keith Anderson's funeral. It was an elaborate affair befitting a national hero. Anderson was buried at Rawson Park, Mosman on 6 July 1929. A grand memorial was later erected at the gravesite in his honour. ^[24]

Later flights

Postage stamp, Australia, 1931.

In 1930, he competed in an England to Australia air race, and, flying solo, won the event taking 13 days. He arrived in Sydney on 22 October 1930. ^[25]

In 1931 he purchased an Avro Avian he named the Southern Cross Minor, to attempt an Australia to England flight. He later sold the aircraft to Captain W.N. "Bill" Lancaster who vanished on 11 April 1933 over the Sahara Desert; Lancaster's remains were not found until 1962. The wreck of the Southern Cross Minor is now in the Queensland Museum.^[26] Also in 1931, Smith began developing the Southern Cross automobile as a side project.

In 1933 Seven Mile Beach, New South Wales was used by Sir Charles Kingsford Smith as the runway for the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.

In 1934, he purchased a Lockheed Altair, the Lady Southern Cross, with the intention of competing in the MacRobertson Air Race. He was unable to make it to England in time for the start of the race, and so flew the Lady Southern Cross from Australia to the United States instead; the first eastward crossing of the Pacific Ocean by aircraft.

Disappearance and death

Sir Charles Kingsford Smith and co-pilot Tommy Pethybridge were flying the Lady Southern Cross overnight from Allahabad, India, to Singapore, as part of their attempt to break the England-Australia speed record held by C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black, when they disappeared over the Andaman Sea in the early hours of 8 November 1935. Their bodies were never recovered.

Eighteen months later, Burmese fishermen found an undercarriage leg and wheel (with its tyre still inflated) which had been washed ashore at Aye Island in the Gulf of Martaban, 3 km (2 mi) off the southeast coastline of Burma, some 137 km (85 mi) south of Mottama (formerly known as Martaban). Lockheed confirmed the undercarriage leg to be from the Lady Southern Cross.^[27] Botanists who examined the weeds clinging to the undercarriage leg estimated that the aircraft itself lies not far from the island at a depth of approximately 15 fathoms (90 ft; 27 m).^[28] The undercarriage leg is now on public display at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, Australia.^[29]

In 2009 a Sydney film crew claimed they were certain they had found the Lady Southern Cross.^[30] The location of the claimed find was widely mis-reported as "in the Bay of Bengal" – the 2009 search was at the same location where the landing gear had been found in 1937, at Aye Island, in the Andaman Sea.^[31]

Kingsford Smith was survived by his wife, Mary Kingsford Smith and their three year old son Charles Jnr. His autobiography My Flying Life, was published posthumously in 1937 and became a best seller. ^[32]

Honours and Legacy

Charles Kingsford Smith was honoured in the 1932 King's Birthday Honours List and was awarded the rank of Knight Bachelor. He was knighted on 3 June 1932 by the Australian Governor-General Sir Isaac Isaacs for services to aviation and later was appointed honorary Air Commodore of the Royal Australian Air Force. ^[33]

Kingsford Smith International Airport

The Kingsford Smith Memorial, Brisbane, housing the Southern Cross

The major airport of Sydney, located in the suburb of Mascot was named Kingsford Smith International Airport in his honour. The federal electorate surrounding the airport is named the Division of Kingsford Smith, and includes the suburb of Kingsford.

His most famous aircraft, the Southern Cross, is now preserved and displayed in a purpose-built memorial to Sir Charles Kingsford Smith near the International Terminal at Brisbane Airport. Kingsford Smith sold the plane to the Australian Government in 1935 for £3000 so it could be put on permanent display for the public. The plane was carefully stored for many years before the current memorial was built.

Kingsford Smith Drive in Brisbane passes through the suburb of his birth, Hamilton. Another Kingsford Smith Drive, which is located in the Canberra district of Belconnen, intersects with Southern Cross Drive.

Opened in 2009, Kingsford Smith School in the Canberra suburb of Holt was named after the famous aviator, as was Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith Elementary School in Vancouver, Canada.

He was pictured on the Australian $20 paper note (in circulation from 1966 until 1994, when the $20 polymer note was introduced to replace it) to honour his contribution to aviation and his accomplishments during his life. He was also depicted on the Australian one-dollar coin of 1997, the centenary of his birth.

Albert Park in Suva, where he landed on the trans-Pacific flight, now contains the Kingsford Smith Pavilion.

A memorial stands at Seven Mile Beach (New South Wales) commemorating the first commercial flight to New Zealand.

Qantas named its sixth Airbus A380 (VH-OQF) after Kingsford Smith.^[34]

KLM named one of its Boeing 747s (PH-BUM) after Kingsford Smith.

Popular culture

• The 1946 Australian film Smithy, with Ron Randell as Charles Kingsford Smith and John Tate as Charles Ulm.^[35]

• The 1985 Australian television mini-series A Thousand Skies, with John Walton as Kingsford Smith and Andrew Clarke as Ulm.^[36]

• Bill Bryson details Kingsford Smith's life in his book "Down Under"^{[citation needed]}

• Australian author Peter FitzSimons's book, CHARLES KINGSFORD SMITH and Those Magnificent Men, details an extensive exploration of Smithy's life and of aviation history – Published by Harper Collins, Australia. 2009. (ISBN 978 0 7322 8819 8).

See also

• List of firsts in aviation

References

1. ^ Citizenship in Australia — National Archives of Australia
2. ^ Australian nationality law
3. ^ Queensland Registrar-General of Births, Deaths & Marriages
4. ^ Descendants of John Kingsford
5. ^ Bondi Surf Club
6. ^ Peter FitzSimons. Charles Kingsford Smith (ISBN 978 0 7322 8819 8) page 489.
7. ^ Air Commodore Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, MC, AFC (1897–1935), — Australian War Memorial
8. ^ Aspin, Chris Dizzy Heights The Story of Lancashire's First Flying Men Helmshore Local History Society 1988 pp125-9 ISBN 0906881048
9. ^ Fifty Australians
10. ^ Charles Kingsford Smith biography Ace Pilots
11. ^ National Archives of Australia – Application for pilot's licence – Charles Edward Kingsford-Smith
12. ^ "Kingsford Smith flies under the Cowra traffic bridge". Cowra Tourism Corporation. February 2011. http://www.cowratourism.com.au/Experience_Cowra/History/Kingsford_Smith_Flight/. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
13. ^ ^{a b} 7.30 report story about Charles Ulm
14. ^ http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/hawaii-aviation-pioneers/sir-charles-kingsford-smith
15. ^ History of Eagle Farm (Our Brisbane)
16. ^ Photo of Southern Cross, and welcoming crowd, at Eagle Farm on 9 June 1928 (National Archives of Australia)
17. ^ Magnificent Machines – Home-grown Legends (Sydney Morning Herald)
18. ^ The New Zealand Edge bio of Batten
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Davis, P., 1977, Charles Kingsford Smith: Smithy, the World's Greatest Aviator, Summit Books, ISBN 0-7271-0144-7
20. ^ ^{a b} http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/timeline/11/9
21. ^ http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/highlighted-items/the-first-flight-across-the-tasman
22. ^ McKenzie, Maisie (1969). The Road to Mowanjum. Angus & Robertson. 
23. ^ Gwynn-Jones, Terry (1989). On a Wing and a Prayer. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-2193-7. 
24. ^ http://keithandersonaviator.blogspot.com
25. ^ Sydney Morning Herald. Page 1. – 23 October 1930
26. ^ The Pioneers – Chubbie Miller
27. ^ VH-USB "Lady Southern Cross" (Part 4)
28. ^ By Aye TIME 1938-06-06
29. ^ Aircraft undercarriage from the 'Lady Southern Cross', 1928 – 1938
30. ^ Sir Charles Kingsford Smith's final resting place found
31. ^ Kingsford Smith? Not likely, says Dick Smith
32. ^ Frederick Howard. Australian Dictionary Of Biography – Online Edition. Previously published in Australian Dictionary of Biography. Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983.
33. ^ Sydney Morning Herald. King's Birthday Honours List – 3 June 1932. – page 9.
34. ^ Qantas’s sixth A380 arrives, — Australian Aviation Magazine
35. ^ Smithy (1946) at the Internet Movie Database
36. ^ "A Thousand Skies" (1985) at the Internet Movie Database

• Howard, Frederick (1983). "Kingsford Smith, Sir Charles Edward (1897–1935)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090602b.htm.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-09. 
• Serle, Percival (1949). "Smith, Charles Edward Kingsford". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogSa-Sp.html#smith1. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 

External links

• The Pioneers – Charles Kingsford Smith
• Charles Kingsford Smith biography Ace Pilots
• Sir Charles Kingsford Smith Australian Heroes
• Charles Kingsford Smith about the Tasman flight
• Charles Kingsford Smith (includes photos of Sir Charles Kingsford Smith and his aeroplane, the Southern Cross)
• Sir Charles Kingsford Smith Sound Recordings and Newsreels
• Austin Byrne and the Kingsford Smith Southern Cross Memorial
• Sir Charles Kingsford Smith at the National Film and Sound Archive
• Old Newspaper Articles – various Australian newspaper reports and photos about the Pacific Ocean crossing in 1928
• National Museum of Australia: Fragment of the Southern Cross propeller that went into space

Persondata
Name	Kingsford Smith, Charles
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	9 February 1897
Place of birth	Hamilton, Brisbane, Queensland
Date of death	8 November 1935
Place of death	Sea off Burma