St Nazaire Raid

"Operation Chariot" redirects here. For the proposed construction of a harbour by nuclear weapons, see Operation Chariot (1958).

St Nazaire Raid "Operation Chariot" Part of North West Europe Campaign St Nazaire on the Loire estuary Date 28 March 1942 Location St Nazaire, France 47°16′29.28″N 2°11′47.76″W / 47.2748°N 2.1966°W / 47.2748; -2.1966Coordinates: 47°16′29.28″N 2°11′47.76″W / 47.2748°N 2.1966°W / 47.2748; -2.1966 Result All British objectives completed, all targets destroyed Belligerents  United Kingdom  Nazi Germany Commanders and leaders Robert Ryder Augustus Charles Newman Karl-Konrad Mecke Edo Dieckmann Herbert Sohler Georg-Wilhelm Schulz Units involved Royal Navy HMS Campbeltown HMS Tynedale Motor Gun Boat 314 Motor Torpedo Boat 74 28th Motor Launch flotilla 7th Motor Launch flotilla 20th Motor Launch flotilla British Army No. 2 Commando Selected troops from the Special Service Brigade Royal Air Force No. 51 Squadron RAF No. 58 Squadron RAF No. 77 Squadron RAF No. 103 Squadron RAF No. 150 Squadron RAF[1] German Navy 22nd Naval Flak Brigade 280th Naval Artillery Battalion 6th U-Boat flotilla 7th U-Boat flotilla 16th Minesweeper flotilla 42nd Minesweeper flotilla Torpedo boat Jaguar armed trawler Sperrbrecher 137 Harbour Defence Companies German Army 333rd Infantry Division Strength 346 Royal Navy 265 Commandos[nb 1] 5,000 troops Casualties and losses 169 dead * 215 prisoners of war * 1 Motor Gun Boat 1 Motor Torpedo Boat 13 Motor Launches 1 Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 1 Bristol Beaufighter Normandie dock 360 dead ^ 2 Junkers 88 2 Tankers 2 Tugs * Does not include aircraft crews ^ Those on board HMS Campbeltown when she exploded. The numbers killed during the raid are not known.

The St Nazaire Raid or Operation Chariot was a successful British amphibious attack on the heavily defended Normandie dry dock at St Nazaire in German-occupied France during the Second World War. The operation was undertaken by the Royal Navy and British Commandos under the auspices of Combined Operations Headquarters on 28 March 1942. St Nazaire was targeted because the loss of its dry dock would force any large German warship in need of repairs, such as the Tirpitz, to return to home waters rather than having a safe haven available on the Atlantic coast.

The obsolete destroyer HMS Campbeltown, accompanied by 18 smaller craft, crossed the English Channel to the Atlantic coast of France and was rammed into the Normandie dock gates. The ship had been packed with delayed-action explosives that detonated later that day, putting the dock out of service for the remainder of the war. A force of commandos landed to destroy machinery and other structures. Heavy German gunfire sank or immobilised all the small craft intended to transport the commandos back to England; the commandos had to fight their way out through the town to try to escape overland. They were forced to surrender when their ammunition was expended and they were surrounded.

After the raid only 228 men returned to Britain; 169 were killed and 215 became prisoners of war. German casualties were over 360 dead, mostly killed after the raid when Campbeltown exploded. To recognise their bravery, 89 decorations were awarded to members of the raiding party, including five Victoria Crosses. After the war St Nazaire was one of 38 battle honours awarded to the Commandos; the operation has since become known as The Greatest Raid of All.

Background

St Nazaire is on the north bank of the Loire 250 miles (400 km) from the nearest British port, it had a population of 50,000 in 1942. The St Nazaire port has an outer harbour known as the Avant Port, formed by two piers jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean. This leads to two lock gates before the Basin de St Nazaire. These gates control the water level in the basin so that it is not affected by the tide. Beyond the basin is the larger inner dock called the Basin de Penhoët, which can accommodate ships up to 10,000 long tons (10,160 t). There is also an old entrance to the Basin de St Nazaire located northwest of the Normandie dry dock. Built to house the ocean liner SS Normandie, this dock was the largest dry dock in the world when it was completed in 1932.^[3] The "Old Mole" jetty juts into the Loire halfway between the southern pier of the Avant Port and the old entrance into the basin.^[4]

On 24 May 1941, the Battle of the Denmark Strait was fought between the German ships Bismarck and Prinz Eugen and the British ships HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Hood. The Hood was sunk and the damaged Prince of Wales was forced to retire. The Bismarck, also damaged, ordered her consort to proceed independently while she headed for the French port of St Nazaire, which was the only port on the Atlantic coast with a drydock able to accommodate a ship of her size. She was intercepted by the British and sunk en route.^[3]

Britain's Naval Intelligence Division first proposed a commando raid on the dock in late 1941.^[5] When the German battleship Tirpitz was declared operational in January 1942, the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Air Force (RAF) were already drawing up plans to attack her. Planners from Combined Operations Headquarters were looking at potential scenarios if the Tirpitz escaped the naval blockade and reached the Atlantic.^[6] They decided the only port able to accommodate her was St Nazaire, especially if, like the Bismarck, she was damaged en route and needed to pull in for repairs. They came to the conclusion that if the dock at St Nazaire was unavailable the Germans were unlikely to risk sending Tirpitz into the Atlantic.^[6]

SS Normandie in her namesake dock

Combined Operations examined a number of options while planning the destruction of the dock. At this stage of the war the British government still tried to avoid civilian casualties. This ruled out a bombing attack by the RAF, which at the time did not possess the accuracy needed to destroy the dock without serious loss of civilian life.^[7] The Special Operations Executive were approached to see if its agents could destroy the dock gates. They decided that the mission was beyond their capabilities because the weight of explosives required too many agents just to carry them.^[8] The RN were also unable to mount an operation, as St Nazaire is 5 miles (8.0 km) up the Loire Estuary. Any naval ships large enough to cause sufficient damage would be detected well before they were within range.^[7]

The planners then examined whether a commando force could be used. There was an unusually high spring tide due in March 1942, which would allow a light ship to pass over the sand banks in the estuary and approach the docks, bypassing the dredged and presumably well-defended channel. It would still be too shallow for infantry landing ships, but specially lightened destroyers might succeed.^[9]

Plan

St Nazaire docks, 1942

The raid had three objectives: the destruction of the Normandie dock, the destruction of the old gates into the Basin de St Nazaire together with the water pumping machinery and other installations, and any U-boats or other shipping in the area.^[10] The initial Combined Operations plan required two specially lightened destroyers to carry out the raid. The first would be packed with explosives and rammed into the dock gates. Commandos on board would subsequently disembark and use demolition charges to destroy nearby dock installations, searchlights and gun emplacements.^[11] The destroyer would then be blown up and the second ship would come in and evacuate the ship's crew and the commandos. At the same time the RAF would carry out a number of diversionary air raids in the area.^[9]

When the plan was presented to the Admiralty, they refused to support it. The certain loss of one or both destroyers to eliminate the dry dock was out of the question. They suggested they could provide an old Free French ship, the Ouragan and a flotilla of small motor launches to transport the commandos and evacuate them afterwards.^[9] Approval for the mission, codenamed Operation Chariot, was given on 3 March 1942. Using a French ship would involve using the Free French forces and increase the number of people aware of the raid. Consequently it was decided the navy would have to provide a ship of their own. The RAF complained that the raid would draw heavily on their resources; the number of aircraft assigned by RAF Bomber Command was reduced time and again before the day of the raid. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill further complicated matters when he ordered that bombing should only take place if targets were clearly identified.^[8]

Combined Operations Headquarters worked closely with several intelligence organisations to plan the raid. The Naval Intelligence Division compiled information from a variety of sources. A detailed plan of the town of St Nazaire was provided by the Secret Intelligence Service, information on the coastal artillery nearby was sourced from the War Office's Military Intelligence branch. Intelligence about the dock itself came from pre-war technical journals. The RN's Operational Intelligence Centre selected the route and timing for the raid based on intelligence about the location of minefields and German recognition signals sourced from Enigma decrypts and knowledge of Luftwaffe patrols compiled by the Air Ministry's Air Intelligence Branch.^[5] When all the plans had been pulled together and the timing worked out, the raid was expected to last no longer than two hours. The commandos and crew from Campbeltown would board the motor launches at the Old Mole jetty and then return to base.^[12]

Composition of the raiding force

HMS Campbeltown being converted for the raid. There are twin lines of armour plate down each side of the ship and the Oerlikon mountings. Two of her funnels have been removed, with the remaining two cut at an angle

The revised Combined Operations plan required one destroyer to ram the dock gates and a number of smaller craft to transport the Commandos. The Royal Navy would therefore provide the largest contingent for the raid, under the overall command of the senior naval officer, Commander Robert Ryder. The ship selected to ram into the dock gates was HMS Campbeltown, commanded by Lieutenant Commander Stephen Halden Beattie. The Campbeltown was a First World War destroyer and had previously been the USS Buchanan in the United States Navy. She had come into RN service in 1940 as one of 50 destroyers transferred to the United Kingdom under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement.^[12]

Converting Campbeltown for the raid took ten days. She had to be lightened to raise her draught to get over the sand banks in the estuary. This was achieved by completely stripping all her internal compartments.^[13] The dockyard removed her three 4 inch (100 mm) guns, torpedoes and depth charges from the deck and replaced the forward gun with a light quick–firing 12 pounder. Eight 20 mm Oerlikons were installed on mountings raised above deck level.^[14] The bridge and wheelhouse were given extra armour-plate protection and two rows of armour were fixed along the sides of the ship to protect the Commandos on the open deck.^[15] Two of her four funnels were completely removed and the forward two were cut at an angle to resemble those of a German destroyer.^[16] The bow was packed with 4.5 tons of high explosives, which were set in concrete.^[13] It was decided that the explosive charge would be timed to detonate after the raiders had left the harbour. To prevent the Germans towing her away, the crew would open the ship's scuttles before abandoning the ship.^[12] Should she become disabled or sunk before getting to the dock, four motor launches had been detailed to take off the crew and put the commandos ashore. The charge would be reset to explode after the last boat had left.^[17]

Other naval units involved were two Hunt class destroyers, HMS Tynedale and Motor Gun Boat (MGB 314) was the headquarters ship for the raid, with Commander Ryder and the commanding officer of the Commandos on board.^[18] A Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB 74), commanded by Sub-Lieutenant Michael Wynn,^[19] had two objectives: If the outer Normandie dock gates were open, she had to torpedo the inner dock gates. If the gates were closed she would instead torpedo the gates at the old entrance into the St Nazaire basin.^[12] To assist in transporting the Commandos, 12 motor launches (ML)s were assigned from the 20th and 28th Motor Launch flotillas. These boats were re-armed with two Oerlikon 20 mm guns mounted forward and aft to complement their twin Lewis guns.^{[20][nb 2]} At the last minute another four MLs were assigned from the 7th Motor Launch flotilla (see Footnotes for flotilla details). These four boats were also armed with two torpedoes each. Instead of transporting the Commandos, these boats were to engage any German shipping found in the estuary.^[11] All the MLs had a 500 gallon auxiliary fuel tank fixed to the upper deck to increase their range.^[22] The S class submarine HMS Sturgeon would leave before the rest of the convoy and be in position to act as a navigational beacon to guide the convoy into the Loire estuary.^[12]

British Commandos, 1942

The man selected to lead the Commando force was Lieutenant Colonel Charles Newman; his own No. 2 Commando would provide the largest Commandos contingent, 173 men, for the raid.^[12][18] The Special Service Brigade headquarters used the raid to provide experience for their other units and 92 men were drawn from Nos 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, and 12 Commandos.^[18][23][24] The Commandos were divided into three groups; One and Two would travel in the MLs, three would be in the Campbeltown. Under the command of Captain Hodgeson, Group One had the objectives of securing the Old Mole and eliminating the anti-aircraft gun positions around the southern quays. They were then to move into the old town and blow up the power station, bridges and locks for the new entrance into the basin from the Avant port.^[25] The capture of the mole was a major objective, as it was to be the embarkation point for the evacuation after the mission.^[26] Group Two, under the command of Captain Burn, would land at the old entrance to the St Nazaire basin. Their objectives were to take out the anti-aircraft positions in the area and the German headquarters, to blow up the locks and bridges at the old entrance into the basin and then to guard against a counter-attack from the submarine base.^[25] Group Three was under the command of Major William 'Bill' Copland, who was also the Commandos' second in command. They were to secure the immediate area around the Campbeltown, destroy the dock's water-pumping and gate-opening machinery and the nearby underground fuel tanks.^[26] All three groups were subdivided into assault, demolition and protection teams. The assault teams would clear the way for the other two. The demolition teams carrying the explosive charges only had sidearms for self defence, so the protection teams, armed with Thompson submachine guns, were to defend them while they completed their tasks.^[26] The Commandos were aided in their planning for the operation by Captain Bill Pritchard of the Royal Engineers, who had pre-war experience as an apprentice in the Great Western Railway dockyards and his father was the dock master of Cardiff Docks. In 1940, while part of the British Expeditionary Force in France, his duties had included examining how to disable the French dockyards if they were captured. One of the dockyards he had studied was St Nazaire and he had submitted a report detailing how to put the dock out of action.^[24]

German forces

German 20 mm anti-aircraft gun

The Germans had around 5,000 troops in the immediate area of St Nazaire.^[27] The port was defended by the 280th Naval Artillery Battalion under the command of Kapitän zur See Edo Dieckmann. The battalion was composed of 28 guns of various calibres from 75 mm to 280 mm railway guns,^[28] all positioned to guard the coastal approaches. The heavy guns were supplemented by the guns and searchlights of the 22nd Naval Flak Brigade^{[nb 3]}under the command of Kapitän zur See Karl-Konrad Mecke. The brigade was equipped with 43 anti-aircraft guns ranging in calibre from 20 to 40 mm. These guns had a dual role as both anti-aircraft and coastal defence weapons. Many were in concrete emplacements on top of the submarine pens and other dockside installations of the St Nazaire submarine base.^[28][29]

The harbour defence companies were responsible for local defence and for the security of the ships and submarines moored in the harbour. These companies and the harbour defence boats used to patrol the river were under the command of Harbour Commander Korvettenkapitän Kellerman. The 333rd Infantry Division was the German Army unit responsible for the defence of the coast between St Nazaire and Lorient. The division had no troops based in the town, but some were located in villages nearby and would be able to respond to any attack on the port.^[30]

The German Navy had at least three surface ships in the Loire estuary: a destroyer, an armed trawler and a Sperrbrecher (minesweeper), the latter being the guard ship for the port.^[31] On the night of the raid there were also four harbour defence boats and ten ships from the 16th and 42nd Minesweeper flotillas berthed in the basin, while two tankers were berthed inside the Normandie dock.^[28] The 6th and 7th U-Boat flotillas, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Georg-Wilhelm Schulz and Korvettenkapitän Herbert Sohler respectively, were permanently based in the port. It is not known how many submarines were present on the day of the raid. The submarine base had been inspected by the U-Boat Commander in Chief, Vizeadmiral Karl Dönitz, the day before the raid. He asked what would they do if the base was subject to an attack by British Commandos. Sohler replied that "an attack on the base would be hazardous and highly improbable".^[32]

The raid

Outward journey

The three destroyers and 16 small boats left Falmouth, Cornwall at 14:00 on 26 March 1942.^[2] They formed into a convoy of three lanes, with the destroyers in the middle. On arrival at St Nazaire the portside MLs were to head for the Old Mole to disembark their Commandos, while the starboard lane would make for the old entrance to the basin to disembark theirs. Not having the range to reach St Nazaire unaided, the MTB and MGB were taken under tow by the Campbeltown and Atherstone.^[26] On 27 March at 07:20 Tynedale reported a U-Boat on the surface and opened fire.^[33] The two escort destroyers left the convoy to engage the U-Boat, later identified as U-593. The U-Boat promptly dived and was unsuccessfully attacked by depth charges. The two destroyers returned to the convoy at 09:00.^[27] The convoy next encountered two French fishing trawlers. Both crews were taken off and the ships sunk for fear they might report the composition and location of the convoy.^[27] At 17:00 the convoy received a signal from Commander-in-Chief Plymouth that five German torpedo boats were in the area. Two hours later another signal informed them that another two Hunt class destroyers,German naval ensign in an attempt to deceive any German lookouts into thinking she was a German destroyer.^[27]

At 23:30 on 27 March, five RAF squadrons (comprising 35 Whitleys and 27 Wellingtons) started their bombing runs. The bombers had to stay above 6,000 feet (1,800 m) and were supposed to remain over the port for 60 minutes to divert attention toward themselves and away from the sea. They had orders to only bomb clearly identified military targets and to drop only one bomb at a time. As it turned out, poor weather over the port (10/10ths cloud) meant that only four aircraft bombed targets in St Nazaire. Six aircraft managed to bomb other nearby targets.^[27][38]

The unusual behaviour of the bombers concerned Kapitän zur See Mecke. At 00:00 on 28 March, he issued a warning that there might be a parachute landing in progress. At 01:00 on 28 March, he followed up by ordering all guns to cease firing and searchlights to be extinguished in case the bombers were using them to locate the port. Everyone was placed on a heightened state of alert. The harbour defence companies and ships' crews were ordered out of the air raid shelters. During all this a lookout reported seeing some activity out at sea, so Mecke began suspecting some type of landing and ordered extra attention to be paid to the approaches to the harbour.^[39]

The run-in

HMS Campbeltown wedged in the dock gates. Note the exposed forward gun position on Campbeltown and the German anti-aircraft gun position on the roof of the building at the rear.

The convoy had just entered the Loire at 01:22 on 28 March when searchlights on both banks of the estuary highlighted the ships and a naval signal light demanded their identification. Before they could reply to the challenge, some shore batteries opened fire. A German-speaking signaller replied to the challenge using German signals:

"Urgent—have two damaged ships following enemy engagement. Demand immediate entry" and "ship considering herself to be under fire from friendly forces"

This deception lasted only a few minutes before the German guns opened fire again.^[31] At 01:28, with the convoy under sporadic fire and only 1 mile (1.6 km) from the dock gates, Beattie ordered the German flag lowered and the White Ensign raised, the intensity of the German fire increased. The guard ship opened fire but was quickly silenced when every ship in the convoy responded, shooting into her as they passed.^[40] By now all the ships in the convoy were within range to engage targets ashore and were firing at the gun emplacements and searchlights. Despite being hit a number of times Campbeltown had increased speed to 19 kn (35 km/h). The helmsman on her bridge was killed and his replacement was wounded, he was also replaced.^[41] Blinded by the searchlights, Beattie only knew they were close to their objective when the MGB turned into the estuary. Still under heavy fire, Campbeltown cleared the end of the Old Mole, crashed through an anti-torpedo net strung across the entrance, and at 01:34 rammed the dock gates, only three minutes later than scheduled. The force of the impact drove the ship 33 feet (10 m) onto the gates.^[31]

Disembarkation from the Campbeltown and the MLs

Commando prisoners under German escort

The Commandos on Campbeltown now disembarked: two assault teams, five demolition teams with their protectors and a mortar group.^[37] Three demolition teams were tasked with destroying the dock pumping machinery and other installations associated with the drydock. Another team successfully destroyed four gun emplacements, losing four men. The fifth team also succeeded in completing all their objectives but almost half its men were killed. The other two Commando groups were not as successful. The MLs transporting Groups One and Two had almost all been destroyed on their approach. ML 457 was the only boat to land its Commandos on the Old Mole and only ML 177 had managed to reach the gates at the old entrance to the basin.^[42] That team succeeded in planting charges on two tugboats moored in the basin.^[43] There were only two other MLs in the vicinity: ML 160 had continued past the dock and was engaging targets upriver, ML 269 appeared to be out of control and was running in circles. By this time the crew of the Campbeltown had detonated the scuttling charges and gathered at the rear of the ship to be taken off. ML 177 came alongside the destroyer and took 30 men on board including Beattie and some of the wounded. Major Copland went through the Campbeltown and evacuated the wounded towards the Old Mole, not knowing that there were no other boats there to take the Commandos off.^[42]

Lt Col Newman aboard the MGB, need not have landed, but he was one of the first ashore. One of his first actions was to direct mortar fire onto a gun position on top of the submarine pens that was causing heavy casualties among the Commandos. He next directed machine-gun fire onto an armed trawler, which was forced to withdraw upriver. Newman organised a defence that succeeded in keeping the increasing numbers of German reinforcements at bay until the demolition parties had completed their tasks.^[44]

Some 100 Commandos were still ashore when Newman realised that evacuation by sea was no longer an option. He gathered the survivors and issued three orders:

To do our best to get back to England;
Not to surrender until all our ammunition is exhausted;
Not to surrender at all if we can help it.^[45]

Newman and Copland led the charge from the old town across a bridge raked by machine gun fire and advanced into the new town. The Commandos attempted to get through the narrow streets of the town and into the surrounding countryside, but were eventually surrounded. When their ammunition was expended they were forced to surrender.^[42][44][46] Not all the Commandos were captured; five men reached neutral Spain, from where they eventually returned to England.^[47]

Small ships

Motor Torpedo Boat 74

Most of the MLs had been destroyed on the run in and were burning. The first ML in the starboard column was the first boat to catch fire; her captain managed to beach her at the end of the Old Mole. Some starboard boats managed to reach their objective and disembark their Commandos. ML 443, the leading boat in the port column, got to within 10 feet (3.0 m) of the mole in the face of heavy direct fire and hand grenades before being set on fire. The crew were rescued by ML 160, one of the torpedo MLs which had been looking for targets of opportunity such as the two large tankers reported to be in the harbour.^[48] The commanders of MLs 160 and 443, Lieutenants T Boyd and T D L Platt, were awarded the Distinguished Service Order for their bravery.^{[49][nb 5]} The rest of the port column had been destroyed or disabled before reaching the mole.^[51] MLs 192 and 262 were set on fire, there were only six survivors. ML 268 was blown up, one man survived.^[52] ML 177, the launch that had successfully taken off some of the crew from Campbeltown, was sunk on her way out of the estuary.^[53] ML 269, another torpedo armed boat, had the unenviable task of moving up and down the river at high speed to draw German fire away from the landings. Soon after passing Campbeltown it was hit and its steering damaged. It took ten minutes to repair the steering. They turned and started in the other direction, opening fire on an armed trawler in passing. Return fire from the trawler set their engine on fire.^[54]

German torpedo boat Jaguar

ML 306 also came under heavy fire when it arrived near the port. Sergeant Thomas Durrant of No. 1 Commando, manning the aft Lewis gun, engaged gun and searchlight positions on the run in. He was wounded but refused to leave the gun for treatment. The ML reached the open sea but was attacked at short range by the German torpedo boat Jaguar. Durrant returned fire, aiming for the destroyer's bridge. He was wounded again but remained at his gun even after the German commander asked for their surrender. Firing drum after drum of ammunition, he refused to give up until after the ML had been boarded. Durrant died of his wounds and was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross.^[34][55]

After the Commando headquarters group had landed, Commander Ryder went to check for himself that Campbeltown was firmly stuck in the dock. Some of her surviving crewmen were being taken on board the MGB. Ryder returned to the boat and ordered the MTB to carry out its alternative objective and torpedo the lock gates at the old entrance to the basin. After a successful torpedo attack, Ryder ordered the MTB to leave. On their way out of the estuary they stopped to collect survivors from a sinking ML and were hit and set on fire.^[56] Back at the docks the MGB had positioned itself in midriver to engage enemy gun emplacements. The forward 2 pounder was manned by Able Seaman William Alfred Savage. Commander Ryder reported that

"The rate of supporting fire had evidently been felt, and the Commandos in the area of the Tirpitz dock had undoubtedly overcome the resistance in that area. There was an appreciable slackening in the enemy's fire."^[57]

Motor Gun Boat 314

Ryder could see no ships other than seven or eight burning MLs. He then realised that the landing places at the Old Mole and the entrance to the basin had both been recaptured by the Germans.^[2] There was nothing more they could do for the Commandos, so they headed out to sea. On their way they were continuously illuminated by German searchlights and were hit at least six times by the German guns. Passing ML 270, they ordered her to follow and made smoke to hide both boats. When they reached the open sea the smaller calibre guns were out of range and stopped firing but the heavier artillery continued to engage them. The boats were about 4 miles (6.4 km) off-shore when the last German salvo straddled them and killed Savage, who was still at his gun. He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for his exploits. His citation recognised both Savage and the bravery of "the many unnamed crews of the Motor Gun Boat, Motor Torpedo Boat and Motor Launches who continued to carry out their duties in exposed positions, in the face of close range enemy fire."^[49]

Return journey

Remains of an unidentified Motor Launch, 28 March 1942.

At 06:30 the five German torpedo boats that the convoy had evaded the previous day were sighted by HMS Atherstone and Tynedale. The two destroyers turned toward them and opened fire at a range of 7 miles (11 km). After ten minutes the German boats turned away, making smoke.^[57] The destroyers sighted the MGB and two accompanying MLs soon after and transferred their casualties to the Atherstone. Not expecting any more boats to arrive, they headed for home. Just after 09:00 the destroyers Brocklesby and Cleveland arrived, sent by Commander-in-Chief Plymouth. Shortly after this the ships were spotted by a Heinkel 115 floatplane of the Luftwaffe.^[2] The next aircraft on the scene, a Junkers 88, was engaged by a RAF Bristol Beaufighter which had appeared in the area earlier. Both machines crashed into the sea. Other German planes arrived but were driven off by Beaufighters and Hudsons from Coastal Command. The Atlantic weather conditions deteriorated. Amid concerns about the growing German threat and the realisation that the damaged small ships would not be able to keep up, Commander Sayer ordered the crews off the smaller boats and had them sunk.^[58]

Three of the small vessels managed to return to England: MLs 160, 307 and 443.^[59] They had reached the rendezvous and waited until 10:00 for the destroyers to appear. Having already been attacked once, they moved further out into the Atlantic to try and avoid the German Air Force, but a Junkers 88 appeared overhead at 07:30 and approached them at low level for a closer look. The ships opened fire and hit the Junkers in the cockpit. The plane went into the sea. The next aircraft to appear was a Blohm and Voss seaplane which attempted to bomb the ships, but left after being damaged by machine-gun fire. The surviving MLs eventually reached England unaided the following day.^[60]

Campbeltown explodes

Close up of HMS Campbeltown after the raid. Note the shell damage in the hull and upper works

The explosive charges in HMS Campbeltown detonated at noon on 28 March 1942, and the dry dock was destroyed.^[61] Both tankers that were in the dock were swept away by the wall of water and sunk.^[62] A party of 40 senior German officers and civilians who were on a tour of the ship were killed. In total, the explosion killed about 360 men.^[63] The wreck of the Campbeltown could still be seen inside the dry dock months later when RAF photo reconnaissance planes were sent to photograph the port.^[64]

The day after the explosion, Organisation Todt workers were assigned to clean up the debris and wreckage. On 30 March at 16:30 the torpedoes from MTB 74, which were on a delayed fuse setting, exploded at the old entrance into the basin. This raised alarms among the Germans. The Organisation Todt workers ran away from the dock area. German guards, mistaking their khaki uniforms for British uniforms, opened fire, killing some of them. The Germans also thought that some Commandos were still hiding in the town, and made a street by street search, during which some townspeople were also killed.^[61]

Aftermath

The Normandie Dock months after the raid. The wreck of HMS Campbeltown is dwarfed by the size of the dock

The explosion put the dry dock out of commission until the end of the war.^[65] The St Nazaire raid had been a success, but at a cost. Of the 622 men of the Royal Navy and Commandos who took part in the raid, only 228 men returned to England. Five escaped overland via Spain and Gibraltar. 169 men were killed (105 RN and 64 Commandos) and another 215 became prisoners of war (106 RN and 109 Commandos). They were first taken to La Baule and then sent to Stalag 133 at Rennes.^[13][46]

To recognise their achievement, 89 decorations were awarded for the raid. This total includes the five Victoria Crosses awarded to Lieutenant Commander Beattie, Lieutenant Colonel Newman and Commander Ryder, and posthumous awards to Sergeant Durrant and Able Seaman Savage. Other decorations awarded were four Distinguished Service Orders, four Conspicuous Gallantry Medals, five Distinguished Conduct Medals, 17 Distinguished Service Crosses, 11 Military Crosses, 24 Distinguished Service Medals and 15 Military Medals. Four men were awarded the Croix de Guerre by France, another 51 were mentioned in dispatches.^[13][66]

Adolf Hitler was furious that the British had been able to sail a flotilla of ships up the Loire unhindered. His immediate reaction was to dismiss Generaloberst Carl Hilpert, chief-of-staff to the Commander in Chief West.^[67] The raid refocused German attention on the Atlantic Wall, and special attention was given to ports to prevent any repeat of the raid. By June 1942 the Germans began using concrete to fortify gun emplacements and bunkers in quantities previously only used in U-boat pens. Hitler laid out new plans in a meeting with Armaments Minister Albert Speer in August 1942, calling for the construction of 15,000 bunkers by May 1943 to defend the Atlantic coast from Norway to Spain.^[68]

The battleship Tirpitz never entered the Atlantic. She was bombed and capsized by the RAF in a Norwegian fjord on 12 November 1944 during Operation Catechism.^[69]

Legacy

The St Nazaire memorial at Falmouth

St Nazaire was one of the 38 battle honours presented to the Commandos after the war.^[70] The raid has since been called The Greatest Raid of All.^[29] The survivors formed their own association, the St Nazaire Society, which is a registered charity in the United Kingdom.^[71]

A memorial to the raid erected in Falmouth bears the following inscription:^[72]

“

OPERATION CHARIOT FROM THIS HARBOUR 622 SAILORS AND COMMANDOS SET SAIL FOR THE SUCCESSFUL RAID ON ST. NAZAIRE 28th MARCH 1942  168 WERE KILLED 5 VICTORIA CROSSES WERE AWARDED ———— · ———— DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF THEIR COMRADES BY THE ST. NAZAIRE SOCIETY

”

A new HMS Campbeltown, a Type 22 Frigate, was launched on 7 October 1987.^[73] She carries the ship's bell from the first Campbeltown which was rescued during the raid and had been presented to the town of Campbelltown, Pennsylvania at the end of the Second World War. In 1988 the people of Campbelltown voted to lend the bell to the present ship for as long as she remained in Royal Navy service.^[74] HMS Campbelltown being decommissioned, the bell was returned to Campbelltown, PA on 21 June 2011

On 4 September 2002, a tree and seat at the National Memorial Arboretum were dedicated to the men of the raid. The seat bears the inscription:

In memory of the Royal Navy Sailors and Army Commandos killed in the raid on St Nazaire on 28 March 1942^[75]

Notes

Footnotes

1. ^ Sources differ on the numbers. In the London Gazette account of the raid the Admiralty states there were 353 Royal Navy and 268 Commandos.^[2]
2. ^ Motor Launches were normally armed with an Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers gun forward, twin Lewis guns aft, and 12 depth charges.^[21]
3. ^ The brigade had three battalions, the 703rd, 705th, and 809th Naval Flak Battalions.^[28]
4. ^ Called torpedo boats by the Germans, they were the equivalent in firepower to a small destroyer; indeed, Allied forces referred to them as destroyers.^[35]
5. ^ The total awards for the crews of the small boats were 44 decorations and 19 Mention in Dispatches.^[50]

Organisation of the Motor Launch Flotillas of the St Nazaire Raid

28th Motor Launch flotilla	20th Motor Launch flotilla	7th Motor Launch flotilla
ML 447 Lieutenant Commander F N Woods	ML 192 Lieutenant Commander Bill Stephens	ML 156 Lieutenant Leslie Fenton
ML 298 Lieutenant Bob Nock	ML 262 Lieutenant Ted Burt	ML 160 Lieutenant Ton Boyd
ML 306 Lieutenant Ian Henderson	ML 267 Lieutenant E H Beart	ML 177 Sub Lieutenant Mark Rodier
ML 307 Lieutenant Norman Wallis	ML 268 Lieutenant Bill Tillie	ML 270 Lieutenant Charles Stuart Bonshaw Irwin
ML 341 Lieutenant Douglas Briault
ML 443 Lieutenant T D L Platt
ML 446 Lieutenant Dick Falconer
ML 457 Lieutenant Tom Collier		[76]

Citations

1. ^ Dorrian, p.114
2. ^ ^{a b c d} London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38086. pp. 4633–4640. 30 September 1947. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
3. ^ ^{a b} Ford, p. 7
4. ^ Mountbatten, p. 71
5. ^ ^{a b} Hinsley et al., p. 192
6. ^ ^{a b} Ford, p. 10
7. ^ ^{a b} Ford, p. 13
8. ^ ^{a b} Ford, p. 15
9. ^ ^{a b c} Ford, p. 14
10. ^ Mountbatten, p. 72
11. ^ ^{a b} Bradham, p. 33
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Bradham, p. 34
13. ^ ^{a b c d} "HMS Campbeltown Commemorates the Raid on St Nazaire 28 March 1942". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/type-22-frigates/hms-campbeltown/history/the-raid-on-st-nazaire/hms-campbeltown-commemorates-the-raid-on. Retrieved 6 August 2010. 
14. ^ Dorrian, p. 118
15. ^ Dorrian, p. 41
16. ^ Dorrian, p. 106
17. ^ Dorrian,p. 91
18. ^ ^{a b c} Bradham, p. 36
19. ^ Arthur, Max (28 October 1998). "Obituary: Lord Newborough". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-lord-newborough-1181076.html. Retrieved 11 August 2010. 
20. ^ Ford, p. 25
21. ^ Lambert & Ross, p. 29
22. ^ Neillands, p. 49
23. ^ Neillands, p. 46
24. ^ ^{a b} Ford, p. 17
25. ^ ^{a b} Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 78
26. ^ ^{a b c d} Bradham, p. 37
27. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bradham, p. 38
28. ^ ^{a b c d} Ford, p. 29
29. ^ ^{a b} Moreman, p. 66
30. ^ Ford, pp. 29–30
31. ^ ^{a b c} Bradham, p. 39
32. ^ Bradham, p. 31
33. ^ Dorian, p. 102
34. ^ ^{a b} Ford, p. 84
35. ^ Mountbatten, p. 76
36. ^ Ford, p. 36
37. ^ ^{a b} Moreman, p. 68
38. ^ "Campaign Diary March 1942". Royal Air Force. http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar42.html. Retrieved 7 August 2010. 
39. ^ Ford, p. 38
40. ^ Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 73
41. ^ Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 74
42. ^ ^{a b c} Bradham, p. 40
43. ^ Dorrian, pp. 189, 258
44. ^ ^{a b} London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37134. pp. 3171–3172. 15 June 1945. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
45. ^ Mountbatten, p. 94
46. ^ ^{a b} Bradham, p. 41
47. ^ Ford, p. 88
48. ^ Dorian, p. 143
49. ^ ^{a b} London Gazette: no. 35566. p. 2225. 19 May 1942. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
50. ^ "Medals Awarded". St Nazaire Society. http://www.stnazairesociety.org/Pages/index.html. Retrieved 12 August 2010. 
51. ^ St George Saunders, p. 96
52. ^ Neillands, p. 52
53. ^ Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 84
54. ^ Mountbatten, p. 85
55. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37134. pp. 3172–3172. 15 June 1945. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
56. ^ Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 83
57. ^ ^{a b} St George Saunders, Hilary (24 May 1943). "St Nazaire". Life. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lk4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79&dq=st+nazaire+raid+return#v=onepage&q=st%20nazaire%20raid%20return&f=false. Retrieved 15 August 2010. 
58. ^ Mountbatten, p. 89
59. ^ Bradham, p. 44
60. ^ Mountbatten, p. 90
61. ^ ^{a b} Bradham p. 42
62. ^ Ford, p. 85
63. ^ "Campbeltown pays tribute to the Greatest Raid of All". Navy News. 4 April 2001. http://www.navynews.co.uk/articles/2001/0104/1001040401.asp. Retrieved 14 August 2010. 
64. ^ Imperial War Museum, collections reference number: C3398
65. ^ Zetterling, & Tamelander, p. 86
66. ^ Ford, p. 89
67. ^ Harrison, p. 135
68. ^ Zaloga, pp. 7–9
69. ^ Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 326
70. ^ Moreman, p. 94
71. ^ "Homepage of the St Nazaire Society". St. Nazaire Society. http://www.stnazairesociety.org/Pages/index.html. Retrieved 7 August 2010. 
72. ^ "Remembering the St Nazaire raid". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2005/07/04/coast05_walk_stage5_feature.shtml. Retrieved 11 August 2010. 
73. ^ "HMS Campbeltown". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/type-22-frigates/hms-campbeltown/. Retrieved 7 August 2010. 
74. ^ "Ship's Bell". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/type-22-frigates/hms-campbeltown/history/. Retrieved 7 August 2010. 
75. ^ "The National Memorial Aboretum". St. Nazaire Society. http://www.stnazairesociety.org/Newsletter/memorial.html. Retrieved 11 August 2010. 
76. ^ Bradham, pp.35–36

References

• Bradham, Randolph (2003). Hitler's U-boat fortresses. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0275981339. 
• Dorrian, James (1998). Storming St. Nazaire: the Gripping Story of the Dock-Busting Raid, March, 1942. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557508496. 
• Ford, Ken (2001). St. Nazaire 1942: The Great Commando Raid; Osprey Campaign series #92. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841762318. 
• Harrison, Gordon A (1951). United States Army in World War II: European Theater of Operations, Cross-Channel Attack. Washington: Defense Dept., Army, Center of Military History. ISBN 8029002876. 
• Hinsley, F.H.; et al. (1981). British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. Volume Two. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office. ISBN 0116309342. 
• Lambert, John; Ross, Al (1990). Allied Coastal Forces of World War II: Fairmile Designs and US Submarine Chasers Volume 1 of Allied Coastal Forces of World War II. London: Conway. ISBN 0851775195. 
• Moreman, Timothy Robert (2006). British Commandos 1940–46. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 184176986X. 
• Mountbatten, Louis (2007). Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos. Verona: Read Books. ISBN 1406759570. 
• Neilands, Robin (2005). The Dieppe Raid. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347815. 
• St. George Saunders, Hilary Aidan (1949). The Green Beret: the Story of the Commandos, 1940–1945. Sevenoaks: New English Library. ISBN 0450010074. 
• Zaloga, Stephen J (2007). The Atlantic Wall (1): France, Volume 1. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 184603129X. 
• Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Tirpitz: The Life and Death of Germany's Last Super Battleship. Havertown: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 1935149180. 

External links

• After action report by Commander Ryder; includes detailed maps
• St Nazaire: Operation Chariot, Combined Operations
• I Was There! – We Went With the Raiders to St. Nazaire, The War Illustrated
• St Nazaire Society