Plantar fibromatosis

Plantar fibromatosis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	M72.2
ICD-9	728.71
eMedicine	derm/874

Plantar fascial fibromatosis, also known as Ledderhose's disease, Morbus Ledderhose, plantar fibromatosis, and plantar aponeurosis, is a relatively uncommon^[1] non-malignant thickening of the feet's deep connective tissue, or fascia. In the beginning, where nodules or cords start growing along tendons of the foot, the disease is minor, can be painful. Eventually, however, the cords thicken, the toes stiffen and bend, and walking becomes painful. The disease is named after Dr. Georg Ledderhose, a German surgeon who described the condition for the first time in 1894.^[2][3] A similar disease is Dupuytren's disease, which affects the hand and causes bent hand or fingers.

As in most forms of fibromatosis, it is usually benign and its onset varies with each patient.^[4] The nodules are typically slow growing^[1][4] and most often found in the central and medial portions of the plantar fascia^[1]. Occasionally, the nodules may lie dormant for months to years only to begin rapid and unexpected growth.^[4] It need only be surgically removed if discomfort hinders walking.^[5]

Symptoms

Plantar fibromatosis is most frequently present on the medial border of the sole, near the highest point of the arch.^[5] The lump is usually painless^[5] and the only pain experienced is when the nodule rubs on the shoe or floor.^[4] The overlying skin is freely movable, and contracture of the toes does not occur in the initial stages.^[5]

The typical appearance of plantar fibromatosis on Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a poorly defined, infiltrative mass in the aponeurosis next to the plantar muscles.^[6]

Only 25% of patients show symptoms on both feet (bilateral involvement). The disease may also infiltrate the dermis or very rarely the flexor tendon sheath^[7]

Risk Factors

See also: Dupuytren's contracture#Risk factors and possible causes

The histological and ultrastructural features of Ledderhose and Dupuytren's disease are the same, which supports the hypothesis that they have a common etiology and pathogenesis.^[7] As with Dupuytren's disease, the root cause(s) of Ledderhose's disease are not yet understood. It has been noted that it is an inherited disease and of variable occurrence within families, ie. the genes necessary for it may remain dormant for a generation or more and then surface in an individual, or be present in multiple individuals in the same generation with varying degree.^[8]

There are certain identified risk factors. The disease is more commonly associated with -

• A family history of the disease^[8]
• Higher incidence in males^[6]
• Palmar fibromatosis 10-65% of the time.^[6]
• Peyronie's disease^[7]
• Epilepsy patients^[5]
• Patients of diabetes mellitus^[7]

There is also a suspected, although unproven, link between incidence and alcoholism, smoking, liver diseases, thyroid problems, and stressful work involving the feet.

Treatment

Although the origin of the disease is unknown, there is speculation that it is an aggressive healing response to small tears in the plantar fascia, almost as if the fascia over-repairs itself following an injury.^[4]

In the early stages, when the nodule is single and/or smaller, it is recommended to avoid direct pressure to the nodule(s). Soft inner soles on footwear and padding may be helpful.^[4]

MRI and sonography (diagnostic ultrasound) are effective in showing the extent of the lesion, but cannot reveal the tissue composition. Even then, recognition of the imaging characteristics of plantar fibromatoses can help in the clinical diagnosis.^[1]

Surgery of Ledderhose's disease is difficult because tendons, nerves, and muscles are located very closely to each other. Additionally, feet have to carry heavy load, and surgery might have unpleasant side effects. If surgery is performed, the biopsy is predominantly cellular and frequently misdiagnosed as fibrosarcoma.^[5] Since the diseased area (lesion) is not encapsulated, clinical margins are difficult to define. As such, portions of the diseased tissue may be left in the foot after surgery. Inadequate excision is the leading cause of recurrence.^[1][6]

Post-surgical radiation treatment may decrease recurrence.^[6] There has also been variable success in preventing recurrence by administering gadolinium.^[6] Skin grafts have been shown to control recurrence of the disease.^[8]

In few cases shock waves also have been reported to at least reduce pain and enable walking again.^{[citation needed]} Currently in the process of FDA approval is the injection of collagenase.^{[citation needed]} Recently successful treatment of Ledderhose with cryosurgery (also called cryotherapy) has been reported.^{[citation needed]}

Cortisone injections, such as Triamcinolone,^[3] and clobetasol ointments^[8] have been shown to stall the progression of the disease temporarily, although the results are subjective and large-scale studies far from complete. Injections of superoxide dismutase have proven to be unsuccessful in curing the disease ^[8] while radiotherapy has been used successfully on Ledderhose nodules ^[9].

See also

• Fibromatosis
• Dupuytren's contracture
• Plantar fasciitis
• Calcaneal fat pad atrophy
• List of cutaneous conditions

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Sharma S, Sharma A (2003). "MRI diagnosis of plantar fibromatosis—a rare anatomic location". The Foot 13: 219–22. doi:10.1016/S0958-2592(03)00045-2. 
2. ^ Ledderhose G (1894). "Über Zerreisungen der Plantarfascie". Arch Klin Chir 48: 853–856. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Dupuytren's contracture - Patient UK". http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40001213/. Retrieved 2007-12-27. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Bunion Busters. "Plantar fibromatosis". http://www.bunionbusters.com/footcare/plantar_fibromatosis.asp. Retrieved 2007-12-27. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Flatt AE (2001). "The Vikings and Baron Dupuytren's disease". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 14 (4): 378–84. PMID 16369649.  Full text at PMC: 1305903
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Valentine W. Curran. "Plantar fibromatosis MedPix -- Case - 4777". Dept of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University. http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/tf_case.html?&imageid=11390&pt_id=4777&topic_id=3914&quiz=no#discuss. Retrieved 2007-12-28. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Jan Van Der Bauwhede MD. "Ledderhose Disease: plantar fibromatosis - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics". http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/ledderhose_disease_plantar_fibromatosis. Retrieved 2007-12-28. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d e} Alan Greene MD FAAP. "Dupuytren's Contracture and Plantar Fibromatosis". http://www.drgreene.org/body.cfm?id=21&action=detail&ref=649. Retrieved 2007-12-28. 
9. ^ http://www.dupuytren-online.info/ASTRO_2006/Poster_Ledderhose_ASTRO_06.JPG

External links

• International Dupuytren Society Website Describes treatments for Ledderhose's disease.
• Peer-reviewed write-up of the disease and associated conditions
• Wheeless' textbook of orthopaedics: Ledderhose disease