- Mode of transport
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Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a term used to distinguish substantially different ways to perform transport. The most dominant modes of transport are aviation, land transport, which includes rail, road and off-road transport, and ship transport. Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. Human-powered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own mode, but these normally also fall into the other categories.,
Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations, and often has unique regulations. Each mode also has separate subsystems. A subsystem is a group of many parts that make up one part. All modes of transportation have 6 subsystems. They are: Propulsion, Suspension, Control, Guidance, Structural, and Support. Transport using more than one mode is described as intermodal. Transportation that carries around many people and can be used by the public is known as Mass Transportation.
Contents
Air
Main article: Aviation
A fixed-wing aircraft, typically airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both a fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.
The shape of the wing causes air to travel faster over its upper surface. This reduces air pressure above the wing. It also helps increase the pressure on the wing’s lower surface, pushing it upward and creating lift.
The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after spacecraft. Commercial jets can reach up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), while single-engine piston aircraft may reach up to 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places, helicopters can be used.[1] WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.[2]
Land
See also: Off-road transportRail
Main article: Rail transport
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to[railroad train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.
Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[3] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.
Road
Main article: Road transport
A road is an identifiable route,through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[4]
The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.[citation needed]
Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[5] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.
Water
Main article: Ship transportWater transport is the process of transport that a watercraft, such as a large, boat, ship or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. If a boat or other vessel can successfully pass through a waterway it is known as a navigable waterway. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. When a boat is floating on the water the hull of the boat is pushing aside water where the hull now is, this is known as displacement.
In the 1800s, the first steamboats were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now, most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.
Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.[6] Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping;[7] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[8][9]
Other modes
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas.
Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport.
Space transport is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.
Components of a mode of transport
A transport mode is a combination of the following:
- Transportation infrastructure: thoroughfares, networks, hubs (stations, bus terminals, airport terminals), etc.
- Vehicles and containers: automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, wagons, trains, ships, and aircraft
- A stationary or mobile workforce
- Propulsion system and power supply (traction)
- Operations: driving, management, traffic signals, railway signalling, air traffic control, etc.
Worldwide comparison of the most important transport modes
Worldwide, the most widely-used modes for passenger transport are the Automobile (16,000 bn passenger km), followed by Buses (7,000), Air (2,800), Railways (1,900), and Urban Rail (250) [1].
The most widely used modes for freight transport are Sea (40,000 bn ton km), followed by Road (7,000), Railways (6,500), Oil pipelines (2,000) and Inland Navigation (1,500) [2].
EU 15 USA Japan World GDP (PPP) per capita (€) 19,000 28,600 22,300 5,500 Passenger km per capita [3] Private Car 10,100 22,700 6,200 2,700 Bus/ Coach 1,050 870 740 1,200 Railway 750 78 2,900 320 Air (domestic except World) 860 2,800 580 480 See also
- Co-modality
- Dual-mode transit
- Intermodal Journey Planner
- Modal share
- Mode choice
- Multimodal transport
- Transshipment
References
- ^ Cooper et al., 1998: 281
- ^ Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US. The Guardian. April 28, 2009.
- ^ Cooper et al., 1998: 279
- ^ "What is the difference between a road and a street?". Word FAQ. Lexico Publishing Group. 2007. http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/d01.html. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
- ^ Cooper et al., 1998: 278
- ^ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2007, p. x and p. 32.
- ^ Stopford, 1997: 4–6
- ^ Stopford, 1997: 8–9
- ^ Cooper et al., 1998: 280
Categories:- Transport by mode
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