Glycogen storage disease

Glycogen storage disease
Classification and external resources
Glycogen
ICD-10	E74.0
ICD-9	271.0
MeSH	D006008

Glycogen storage disease (GSD, also glycogenosis and dextrinosis) is the result of defects in the processing of glycogen synthesis or breakdown within muscles, liver, and other cell types.^[1] GSD has two classes of cause: genetic and acquired. Genetic GSD is caused by any inborn error of metabolism (genetically defective enzymes) involved in these processes. In livestock, acquired GSD is caused by intoxication with the alkaloid castanospermine.^[2]

Overall, according to a study in British Columbia, approximately 2.3 children per 100 000 births (1 in 43,000) have some form of glycogen storage disease.^[3] In the United States, they are estimated to occur in 1 per 20,000-25,000 births.^[4] A Dutch study estimated it to be 1 in 40,000.^[5]

Types

Micrograph of glycogen storage disease with histologic features consistent with Cori disease. Liver biopsy. H&E stain.

There are eleven (11) distinct diseases that are commonly considered to be glycogen storage diseases (some previously thought to be distinct have been reclassified). (Although glycogen synthase deficiency does not result in storage of extra glycogen in the liver, it is often classified with the GSDs as type 0 because it is another defect of glycogen storage and can cause similar problems.)

• GSD type VIII: In the past, considered a distinct condition.^[6] Now classified with VI.^[7] Has been described as X-linked recessive.^[8]

• GSD type X: In the past, considered a distinct condition.^[9][10] Now classified with VI.^[7]

Number	Enzyme deficiency	Eponym	Incidence	Hypo- glycemia?	Hepato- megaly?	Hyperlip- idemia?	Muscle symptoms	Development/ prognosis	Other symptoms
GSD type I	glucose-6-phosphatase	von Gierke's disease	1 in 50,000[4]- 100,000[11] births	Yes	Yes	Yes	None	Growth failure	Lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia
GSD type II	acid maltase	Pompe's disease	1 in 60,000- 140,000 births[5]	No	Yes	No	Muscle weakness	*Death by age ~2 years (infantile variant)	heart failure
GSD type III	glycogen debrancher	Cori's disease or Forbes' disease	1 in 100,000 births	Yes	Yes	Yes	Myopathy
GSD type IV	glycogen branching enzyme	Andersen disease		No	Yes, also cirrhosis	No	None	Failure to thrive, death at age ~5 years
GSD type V	muscle glycogen phosphorylase	McArdle disease	1 in 100,000[12]	No	No	No	Exercise-induced cramps, Rhabdomyolysis		Renal failure by myoglobinuria
GSD type VI	liver glycogen phosphorylase	Hers' disease	1 in 65,000- 85,000 births[13]	Yes	Yes	No	None
GSD type VII	muscle phosphofructokinase	Tarui's disease		No	No	No	Exercise-induced muscle cramps and weakness	growth retardation	Haemolytic anaemia
GSD type IX	phosphorylase kinase, PHKA2	-		No	No	Yes	None	Delayed motor development, Growth retardation
GSD type XI	glucose transporter, GLUT2	Fanconi-Bickel syndrome		Yes	Yes	No	None
GSD type XII	Aldolase A	Red cell aldolase deficiency		?	?	?	Exercise intolerance, cramps
GSD type XIII	β-enolase	-		?	?	?	Exercise intolerance, cramps	Increasing intensity of myalgias over decades[14]	Serum CK: Episodic elevations; Reduced with rest[14]
GSD type 0	glycogen synthase	-		Yes	No	No	Occasional muscle cramping

References

1. ^ "glycogen storage disease" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2. ^ Stegelmeier BL, Molyneux RJ, Elbein AD, James LF (May 1995). "The lesions of locoweed (Astragalus mollissimus), swainsonine, and castanospermine in rats". Veterinary Pathology 32 (3): 289–98. doi:10.1177/030098589503200311. PMID 7604496. 
3. ^ Applegarth DA, Toone JR, Lowry RB (January 2000). "Incidence of inborn errors of metabolism in British Columbia, 1969-1996". Pediatrics 105 (1): e10. doi:10.1542/peds.105.1.e10. PMID 10617747. 
4. ^ ^{a b} eMedicine Specialties > Glycogen-Storage Disease Type I Author: Karl S Roth. Updated: Aug 31, 2009
5. ^ ^{a b} Ausems MG, Verbiest J, Hermans MP, et al. (September 1999). "Frequency of glycogen storage disease type II in The Netherlands: implications for diagnosis and genetic counselling". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 7 (6): 713–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200367. PMID 10482961. 
6. ^ Ludwig M, Wolfson S, Rennert O (October 1972). "Glycogen storage disease, type 8". Arch. Dis. Child. 47 (255): 830–3. doi:10.1136/adc.47.255.830. PMC 1648209. PMID 4508182. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1648209. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "eMedicine - Glycogen-Storage Disease Type VI : Article by Lynne Ierardi-Curto". http://www.emedicine.com/ped/TOPIC2564.HTM. 
8. ^ "Definition: glycogen storage disease type VIII from Online Medical Dictionary". http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?glycogen+storage+disease+type+VIII. 
9. ^ Warren MF, Hamilton PB (January 1981). "Glycogen storage disease type X caused by ochratoxin A in broiler chickens". Poult. Sci. 60 (1): 120–3. PMID 6940112. 
10. ^ Huff WE, Doerr JA, Hamilton PB (January 1979). "Decreased glycogen mobilization during ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37 (1): 122–6. PMC 243410. PMID 760630. http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=760630. 
11. ^ The Association for Glycogen Storage Disease > Type I Glycogen Storage Disease Type I GSD This page was created in October 2006.
12. ^ http://mcardlesdisease.org/
13. ^ eMedicine Specialties > Pediatrics: Genetics and Metabolic Disease > Metabolic Diseases > Glycogen-Storage Disease Type VI Author: Lynne Ierardi-Curto, MD, PhD. Updated: Aug 4, 2008
14. ^ ^{a b} http://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/msys/glycogen.html#enolase