- Anarchism in Ireland
-
Irish anarchism has little historical tradition before the 1970s, and as a movement it only really developed from the late 1990s – although one organisation, the Workers Solidarity Movement has had a continuous existence since 1984. Anarchists have been active in Ireland as far back as 1886, but these were short-lived groups or isolated individuals with large gaps between activity.
Contents
Origins
The first mention of an Irish connection to anarchism was the Boston-based Irish nationalist W. G. H. Smart, who wrote articles for The Anarchist in 1880 and 1881.[1] In 1886, Michael Gabriel, an English anarchist, arrived in Dublin and moved to Bayview Avenue in the North Strand. He was a member of the Socialist League, an organisation whose members included libertarian Marxist William Morris and anarchist Joseph Lane. A branch of the League was formed and it is known that anarchist publications were among those distributed by them. Around the same time, George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) wrote the article "What's in a name (how an anarchist might put it)" at the request of Charlotte Wilson for issue no. 1 of The Anarchist in 1885. Shaw had been taught French by the Communard Richard Deck, who introduced him to Proudhon. Later he was embarrassed by unauthorised reprints, as he was a Fabian socialist, not an anarchist. Irish writer Oscar Wilde notably expressed anarchist sympathies, especially in his essay "The Soul of Man under Socialism."[2]
Around 1890 John Creaghe, an Irish doctor who was joint founder (with Fred Charles), of The Sheffield Anarchist, took part in the "no rent" agitation before leaving Sheffield in 1891. He went on to become the founding editor in Argentina of the anarchist paper, El Oprimido, which was one of the first to support the "organisers" current (as opposed to refusal to organise large scale organisations). In 1892 English anarchists visited Fred Allen at the Dublin independent offices to see if his Fair Trial Fund could be used for anarchist as well as Irish Republican Brotherhood prisoners.[3] In 1894 at Trinity College Dublin's Fabian Society "over 200 students listened sympathetically" to a lecture on "Anarchism and Darwinism"[4]
In the 20th century Captain Jack White, was active as an anarchist in the 1930s after returning from the Spanish Revolution.[5][6]
Modern development
In the late 1960s, as the civil rights campaign took off, People's Democracy, before it became a small Trotskyist group, included some self-described anarchists such as John McGuffin and Jackie Crawford. The latter was one of the group who sold Freedom in Belfast's Castle Street in the late 1960s. There was an anarchist banner on the Belfast-Derry civil rights march. PD members, including John Grey, contributed to a special issue of the British Anarchy Magazine about Northern Ireland in 1971.
In the early 1970s some ex-members of the Official IRA became interested in anarchism and developed contact with Black Flag magazine in London. Among names used were Dublin Anarchist Group and New Earth. Their existence was brief and not widely known.[7] A number of jailings for "armed actions" saw the group disappear. Two members, Noel and Marie Murray, were later sentenced to death for the killing of an off-duty Garda during a bank raid as part of a group called the Anarchist Black Cross. Their sentences were commuted to life imprisonment after an international protest campaign. In 1970 there existed a hippy commune in a squatted house on Dublin's exclusive Merrion Road known as the Island Commune, which ended when one mentally disturbed participant tried to poison others. Some inhabitants, including Ubi Dwyer of Windsor Free Festival fame, sold Freedom outside the GPO on Saturdays.
Origins of the movement
The first steps towards building a movement came in the late 1970s when a number of young Irish people who had been living and working in Britain returned home, bringing their new-found anarchist politics with them. Local groups were set up in Belfast, Dublin, Limerick and Dundalk. Over the next decade anarchist papers appeared, some for just one or two editions, others with a much longer life. Titles included Outta Control (Belfast), Anarchist Worker (Dublin), Antrim Alternative (Ballymena), Black Star (Ballymena), Resistance (Dublin) and Organise! (Ballymena). Bookshops were opened in Belfast (Just Books in Winetavern Street) and Dublin (ABC in Marlborough Street). All of these groups attracted people who identified themselves as anarchists but had little in the way of agreed politics or activities, and no organised discussions or education about anarchism. This imposed limits to what they could achieve and even to their continued existence - all groups were short-lived, had little impact and left no lasting legacy.
In 1978, ex-members of the Belfast Anarchist Collective and the Dublin Anarchist Group decided that a more politically united, class-based, and public organisation was necessary. Their discussions led to the Anarchist Workers Alliance, which existed from 1978-81, although only to any substantial extent in Dublin.[7] It produced Anarchist Worker nos. 1-7; documents on the national question, women's liberation, trade unions, and a constitution.
Some anarchist-inspired material can also be seen on Indymedia.ie.
Active organisations
There are several anarchist organisations operating in Ireland:
- The Workers Solidarity Movement is a platformist anarchist group with members in Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Belfast, Derry, and Galway formed in 1984.
- Organise!, a small class struggle anarchist organisation based in Northern Ireland was formed in 2003 from a merger of the Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation, Anarchist Federation, Anarchist Prisoner Support and a number of individuals.
- The Dublin-based Revolutionary Anarcha-Feminist Group (RAG), a group for female anarchists was formed in 2005 and has published four issues of a magazine, The Rag.
- There are also a number of organisations which, while not explicitly anarchist, share much in common with the anarchist movement. These include the Grassroots Gatherings (2001-present), the Dublin Grassroots Network (2003-2004), Grassroots Dissent (2004-), Galway Social Space (2008-2010), Rossport Solidarity Camp (2005-present), and Seomra Spraoi (2004-present).
- Freedom Ireland, a group of individuals that support the principles of voluntaryism, who view the initiation of aggression as immoral and see it as an illegitimate way to organise society. Formed in 2010.
References
- ^ The Raven no.6
- ^ Goodway, David. Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow. Liverpool University Press, 2006, pp. 62-92
- ^ Owen McGee in The IRB, p. 216; based on Dublin Metropolitan Police report
- ^ Owen McGee in The IRB, p. 218; based on Dublin police report
- ^ Jack White: Irish Anarchist who organised Irish Citizens Army
- ^ White, Captain Jack. Misfit : An Autobiography. Dublin: Livewire publications, 2005 (2nd ed.)
- ^ a b Glossary of the Left in Ireland 1960-83 Gralton Magazine, Aug/Sept. 1983
Further reading
- Fintan Lane, The Emergence Of Modern Irish Socialism 1885-87
- Fintan Lane, "Practical anarchists, we": social revolutionaries in Dublin, 1885-87, History Ireland, March/April 2008.
Anarchism in Europe Sovereign
states- Albania
- Andorra
- Armenia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Georgia
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Italy
- Kazakhstan
- Latvia
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Malta
- Moldova
- Monaco
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- (England
- Northern Ireland
- Scotland
- Wales)
States with limited
recognition- Abkhazia
- Kosovo
- Nagorno-Karabakh
- Northern Cyprus
- South Ossetia
- Transnistria
Other entities Categories:- Anarchism in the Republic of Ireland
- Political movements in the Republic of Ireland
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
