James Naismith

James A. Naismith
Naismith circa 1900
Sport(s)	College basketball
Current position
Title	Head coach; Athletic Director
Team	University of Kansas
Biographical details
Born	November 6, 1861(1861-11-06)
Place of birth	Almonte, Canada West
Died	November 28, 1939(1939-11-28) (aged 78)
Place of death	Lawrence, Kansas
Coaching career (HC unless noted)
1898–1907	University of Kansas
Head coaching record
Overall	55 – 60
Accomplishments and honors
Awards
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame FIBA Hall of Fame Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame Canadian Sports Hall of Fame Ontario Sports Legends Hall of Fame Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame McGill University Sports Hall of Fame Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame Inventor of basketball

James A. Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American sports coach and innovator. He invented the sport of basketball in 1891 and is often credited with introducing the first football helmet. He wrote the original basketball rulebook, founded the University of Kansas basketball program, and lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

Born in Ontario, Canada, Naismith studied physical education in Montreal before moving to the U.S.A, where he developed basketball in late 1891 while enrolled at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts.^[1] Naismith also studied medicine in Denver, taking his MD in 1898 before moving to the University of Kansas. Following a number of years as a faculty member and part-time basketball coach—during the sport's fledgling years (1898–1907)—at the University of Kansas, Naismith moved on to further academic obligations at that university, where he also served as the Athletic Director for the Kansas Jayhawks. He became a U.S. citizen in 1925.^[2]

Naismith's contributions to basketball have earned him several posthumous honours, such as in the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the Ontario Sports Legends Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame and the FIBA Hall of Fame. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, where he is a member of the original Hall of Fame class, was named in Naismith's honour.

Early years

Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay Township (now Almonte, Ontario).^[3] Struggling in school but gifted in farm labour, Naismith spent his days outside playing catch, hide-and-seek, or duck on a rock, a medieval game in which a person guards a large drake stone from opposing players, who try to knock it down by throwing smaller stones at it. To play duck on a rock most effectively, Naismith soon found out that a soft lobbing shot was far more effective than a straight hard throw, a thought which later proved essential for the invention of basketball.^[4] Orphaned early in his life, Naismith lived with his aunt and uncle for many years and attended grade school at Bennies Corners near Almonte. Then he enrolled in Almonte High School, from which he graduated in 1883.^[4] Naismith had no given middle name, but chose the initial 'A.' as a young man.^[5]

McGill University

In the same year, Naismith entered McGill University in Montreal. Although described as a slight figure, standing 5 foot 10 ½ and listed at 168 pounds,^[6] he was a talented and versatile athlete, representing McGill in Canadian football, rugby, soccer and gymnastics. He played center on the football team, introduced the first football helmet into regular play^[4] and won multiple Wicksteed medals for outstanding gymnastics performances.^[7] Naismith earned a BA in Physical Education (1888) and a Diploma at the Presbyterian College in Montreal (1890).^[4] From 1891 on, Naismith taught physical education and became the first McGill director of athletics, but then left Montreal to become a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts.^[7]

Springfield College: Invention of "Basket Ball"

At Springfield YMCA, Naismith struggled with a rowdy class which was confined to indoor games throughout the harsh New England winter and thus was perpetually short-tempered. Under orders from Dr. Luther Gulick, head of Springfield YMCA Physical Education, Naismith was given 14 days to create an indoor game that would provide an "athletic distraction": Gulick demanded that it would not take up much room, could help its track athletes to keep in shape^[7] and explicitly emphasized to "make it fair for all players and not too rough."^[6]

In his attempt to think up a new game, Naismith was guided by three main thoughts.^[4] Firstly, he analyzed the most popular games of those times (rugby, lacrosse, soccer, football, hockey and baseball); Naismith noticed the hazards of a ball and concluded that the big soft soccer ball was safest. Secondly, he saw that most physical contact occurred while running with the ball, dribbling or hitting it, so he decided that passing was the only legal option. Finally, Naismith further reduced body contact by making the goal unguardable, namely placing it high above the player's heads. To score goals, he forced the players to throw a soft lobbing shot that had proven effective in his old favorite game duck on a rock. Naismith christened this new game "Basket Ball"^[4] and put his thoughts together in 13 basic rules.^[8]

statue of James Naismith Picture of the original 1891 "Basket Ball" court in Springfield College. Note the peach basket attached to the wall. The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with Dr. James Naismith at the back, right. Basketball games at Allen Fieldhouse take place on the James Naismith Court.

The first game of "Basket Ball" was played in December 1891. In a handwritten report, Naismith described the circumstances of the inaugural match; in contrast to modern basketball, the players played nine versus nine, handled a soccer ball, not a basketball, and instead of shooting at two hoops, the goals were a pair of peach baskets: "When Mr. Stubbins brot [sic] up the peach baskets to the gym I secured them on the inside of the railing of the gallery. This was about 10 feet from the floor, one at each end of the gymnasium. I then put the 13 rules on the bulletin board just behind the instructor's platform, secured a soccer ball and awaited the arrival of the class... The class did not show much enthusiasm but followed my lead... I then explained what they had to do to make goals, tossed the ball up between the two center men & tried to keep them somewhat near the rules. Most of the fouls were called for running with the ball, though tackling the man with the ball was not uncommon."^[9] In contrast to modern basketball, the original rules did not include what is known today as the dribble. Since the ball could only be moved up the court via a pass early players tossed the ball over their heads as they ran up court. Also, following each "goal" a jump ball was taken in the middle of the court. Both practices are obsolete in the rules of modern basketball.^[10]

By 1892, basketball had grown so popular on campus that Dennis Horkenbach (editor-in-chief of The Triangle, the Springfield college newspaper) featured it in an article called "A New Game",^[3] and there were calls to call this new game "Naismith Ball", but Naismith refused.^[4] By 1893, basketball was introduced internationally by the YMCA movement.^[3] From Springfield, Naismith went to Denver where he acquired a medical degree and in 1898 he joined the University of Kansas faculty at Lawrence, Kansas after coaching at Baker University.^[6]

There is some evidence that Dr. Naismith borrowed components for the game of basketball from Lambert G. Will.^[11] This evidence disputes the claim that Dr. Naismith was the sole inventor of the game. A team photo shows Will's team with a dated basketball before Naismith's claim of having the first game.^[12]

University of Kansas

The University of Kansas men's basketball program officially began in 1898, following Naismith's arrival, just six years after Naismith penned the sport's first official rules. Naismith was not initially hired to coach basketball, but rather as a chapel director and physical education instructor.^[13] In these early days, the majority of the basketball games were played against nearby YMCA teams, with YMCA's across the nation having played an integral part in the birth of basketball. Other common opponents were Haskell Indian Nations University and William Jewell College. Under Naismith, the team played only two current Big 12 schools: Missouri (twice) and Kansas State (once). Naismith was, ironically, the only coach in the program's history to have a losing record (55–60).^[14] However, Naismith coached Forrest "Phog" Allen, his eventual successor at Kansas,^[15] who went on to join his mentor in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.^[16] When Allen became a coach himself and told him that he was going to coach basketball at Baker University in 1904, Naismith discouraged him: "You can't coach basketball; you just play it."^[7] Instead, Allen embarked on a coaching career that would lead him to be known as "the Father of Basketball Coaching." During his time at Kansas, Allen coached Dean Smith (1952 National Championship team) and Adolph Rupp (1922 Helms Foundation National Championship team). When Dean Smith retired as head Basketball coach at North Carolina he was the winningest coach in college basketball history, #2 was Adolph Rupp (Kentucky) and #3 was Allen. The three coaches have joined Naismith as members of the Basketball Hall of Fame.

By the turn of the century, there were enough college teams in the East of the U.S. that the first intercollegiate competitions could be played out.^[15] Although his sport continuously grew, Naismith long regarded his game as a curiosity and preferred gymnastics and wrestling as better forms of physical education.^[15] However, basketball became a demonstration sport at the 1904 Games in St. Louis, USA. As the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame reports, Naismith was also neither interested in self-promotion nor in the glory of competitive sports.^[17] Instead, he was more interested in his physical education career, receiving an honorary PE Masters degree in 1910,^[4] patrolled the Mexican border for four months in 1916 during World War I, travelled to France, published two books ("A Modern College" in 1911 and "Essence of a Healthy Life" in 1918) and took on American citizenship in 1925.^[4]

In 1935, the National Association of Basketball Coaches (created by Naismith's pupil Phog Allen) collected money so that the 74-year old Naismith could witness the introduction of basketball into the official Olympic sports program of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games.^[17] There, Naismith handed out the medals to three North American teams; United States, for the Gold Medal, Canada, for the Silver Medal, and Mexico, for their Bronze medal win.^[18] During the Olympics, he was named the Honorary President of the International Basketball Federation.^[4] When Naismith returned he commented that seeing the game played by many nations was the greatest compensation he could have received for his invention.^[15] In 1937, Naismith played a role in the formation of the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball, which later became the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA).^[19]

In his later years, Naismith became Professor Emeritus in Kansas and retired in 1937 at the age of 76. Including his years as coach, Naismith served as athletic director and faculty at the school for a total of almost 40 years. Naismith died in 1939 after he suffered a fatal brain hemorrhage and was buried in Lawrence, Kansas. Posthumously, his masterwork "Basketball — its Origins and Development" was published in 1941.^[4] In Lawrence, Kansas, James Naismith has a road named in his honour, Naismith Drive, which runs in front of Allen Fieldhouse (the official address of Allen Fieldhouse is 1651 Naismith Drive), the university's basketball facility. It is a separated, four-lane road that runs north and south from University Drive south to its end at 24th street, just south of the KU campus.^[20] The university also named the court in Allen Fieldhouse, James Naismith Court in his honour. Naismith Hall, a college residential dormitory, is located on the northeastern edge of 19th Street and Naismith Drive.^[20]

Head coaching record

In 1898, Naismith became the first college basketball coach of the University of Kansas basketball team. He compiled a record of 55–60, and is, ironically, the only losing coach in Kansas history.^[14] Naismith is at the top of massive and prestigious coaching tree, as he coached Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame coach Phog Allen, who himself coached Hall of Fame coaches Dean Smith, Adolph Rupp, and Ralph Miller who all coached future college coaches as well.^[15]

Season	Team	Wins	Losses	Win %
1898–99	Kansas	7	4	.636
1899–1900	Kansas	3	4	.429
1900–01	Kansas	4	8	.333
1901–02	Kansas	5	7	.417
1902–03	Kansas	7	8	.467
1903–04	Kansas	5	8	.385
1904–05	Kansas	5	6	.455
1905–06	Kansas	12	7	.632
1906–07	Kansas	7	8	.467
Total	Kansas	55	60	.478

Legacy

Naismith is the inventor of basketball and has written the original 13 rules of this sport.^[17] The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, is named in his honour, and he was an inaugural inductee in 1959.^[17] The National Collegiate Athletic Association rewards its best players and coaches annually with the Naismith Awards, among them the Naismith College Player of the Year, the Naismith College Coach of the Year and the Naismith Prep Player of the Year. After the Olympic introduction to male athletes in 1936, women's basketball became an Olympic event in Montreal during the 1976 Summer Olympics.^[21] Naismith was also inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the Ontario Sports Legends Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame, FIBA Hall of Fame, and The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, which was named in his honour.^[4]

Basketball is today played by more than 300 million people worldwide, making it one of the most popular team sports.^[7] In North America, basketball has produced some of the most-admired athletes of the 20th century. Polls conducted by ESPN and the Associated Press named basketball player Michael Jordan respectively first and second greatest North American athlete of the 20th century, and both polls featured fellow basketballers Wilt Chamberlain (of KU, like Naismith) and Bill Russell in the Top 20.^[22][23]

Personal life

Naismith was the eldest child of Margaret and John Naismith, two Scottish immigrants. His mother, Margaret Young, was born in 1833 and immigrated as the fourth of 11 children to Lanark County, Canada in 1852.^[4] His father, John Naismith, was born in 1836, left Europe when he was 18 and also settled down in Lanark County.^[4] After marrying, John Naismith worked as a saw hand, but unfortunately, the couple soon contracted typhoid fever and died when Naismith was just 9 years old.^[24] He was then raised by a strict, religious grandmother and his uncle Peter.^{[24][dead link]}

On June 20, 1894, Naismith married Maude E. Sherman from Springfield, MA, USA. The couple had five children: Margaret Mason (1895-1976), Helen Carolyn (1897-1980), John Edwin (1900-1986), Maude Ann (1904-1972) and James Sherman (1913-1980).^[6] He was a member of the Pi Gamma Mu and Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternities,^[6] and regarding his spiritual beliefs, Naismith is remembered as a Freemason.^[25] Maude Naismith died in 1937, and on June 11, 1939, he married his second wife Florence B. Kincaid. Naismith suffered a major brain hemorrhage on November 19 the same year and died nine days later in his home located in Lawrence, Kansas.^[26] Naismith was 78 years old.^[24] Naismith is buried with his first wife in Memorial Park Cemetery in Lawrence, KS.^[27] Florence Kincaid died in 1977 at the age of 98 and is buried with her first husband Dr. Frank B. Kincaid in Elmwood Cemetery in Beloit, KS.

During his lifetime, Naismith's education and academic positions held were as follows:^[6]

Location	Position	Period	Remarks
Bennie's Corner Grade School (Ontario)	Primary school	1867–1875
Almonte High School	Secondary school	1875–1877, 1881–83	Dropped out and reentered
McGill University	University student	1883–87
McGill University	Instructor in Physical Education	1887–1890	Gold Wickstead Medal (1887), Best All-Around Athlete; Silver Cup (1886), first prize for one-mile walk; Silver Wickstead Medal (1885), Best All-Around Athlete; Awarded one of McGill's first varsity letters
McGill: Thool Seminary	Education in Theology	1887–1890	Silver medal (1890), second highest award for regular and special honour work in Theology
Springfield College	Instructor in Physical Education	1890–1895	Invented "Basket Ball" in December 1891
YMCA of Denver	Instructor in Physical Education	1895–1898
University of Kansas	Instructor in Physical Education and Chapel Director	1898–1909
University of Kansas	Basketball Coach	1898–1907	First-ever campus basketball coach
University of Kansas	Professor and University Physician	1909–1917	Hiatus from 1914 on due to World War I
First Kansas Infantry	Chaplain/Captain	1914–1917	Military service due to World War I
First Kansas Infantry (Mexican Border)	Chaplain	1916
Military & YMCA secretary in France	Lecturer of Moral Conditions and Sex Education	1917–1919
University of Kansas	Athletic Director	1919–1937	Emeritus in 1937

See also

Basketball portal

• James Naismith's Original Rules of Basketball

References

1. ^ Dr. Porter. Basketball: a biographical dictionary (2005) p 346
2. ^ Rob Rains and Hellen Carpenter, James Naismith: The Man Who Invented Basketball (Temple University Press, 2009) p 105; David L. Porter, Basketball: a biographical dictionary (2005) p. 347
3. ^ ^{a b c} Laughead, George. "Dr. James Naismith, Inventor of Basketball". Kansas Heritage Group. http://www.kansasheritage.org/people/naismith.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} "Dr. James Naismith". Naismith Museum And Hall of Fame. http://www.naismithmuseum.com/naismith_drjamesnaismith/main_drjamesnaismith.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
5. ^ "James A. Naismith". Encyclopedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401920/James-A-Naismith. Retrieved 2011-01-27. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Dodd, Hellen Naismith (January 6, 1959). "James Naismith's Resume". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on November 19, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071119053704/http://www.hoophall.com/history/naismith-resume.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e} Zukerman, Earl (December 17, 2003). "McGill grad James Naismith, inventor of basketball". Varsity Sports News. McGill Athletics. http://athletics.mcgill.ca/varsity_sports_article.ch2?article_id=110. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
8. ^ Naismith, James. "Dr. James Naismith's 13 Original Rules of Basketball". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Archived from the original on 2008-04-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20080408185146/http://www.ncaa.org/champadmin/basketball/original_rules.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
9. ^ Naismith, James. "James Naismith Handwritten Manuscript Detailing First Basketball Game". Heritage Auction Galleries. http://sports.ha.com/common/view_item.php?Sale_No=706&Lot_No=19007&type=prte-pr11136b&ic=. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
10. ^ "Official basketball rules". International Basketball Federation. http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/ruleRegu/p/openNodeIDs/897/selNodeID/897/baskOffiRule.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
11. ^ Baruth, Philip. "Basketball Inventor". Basketball Inventor. Vermont Public Radio. http://www.vpr.net/episode/33157/. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
12. ^ Fosty, George & Darril. "Basketball's Origins, Lingering Questions Remain". Box Score News. http://boxscorenews.com/basketballs-origins-lingering-questions-remain-p783-78.htm. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
13. ^ Chimelis, Ron. "Naismith Untold". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071102090506/http://www.hoophall.com/history/naismith-untold-story.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
14. ^ ^{a b} "Naismith's Record". kusports.com. http://www.kusports.com/basketball/history/naismith/naismith_record.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
15. ^ ^{a b c d e} "James Naismith, A Kansas Portrait". Kansas Historical Society. http://www.kshs.org/portraits/naismith_james.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
16. ^ "Forrest C. "Phog" Allen". Naismith Museum And Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071230130907/http://www.hoophall.com/halloffamers/bhof-phog-allen.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
17. ^ ^{a b c d} "Hall of Fame Feature: James Naismith". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071123173152/http://www.hoophall.com/halloffamers/bhof-james-naismith.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
18. ^ "James Naismith, the inventor of basketball". collegesportsscholarships.com. http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/basketball-inventor-james-naismith.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
19. ^ Kerkhoff, Blair. "The NAIA basketball tournament? Throw 32 teams in the same building and see which is the last one standing at the end of a weeklong frenzy". http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_10_230/ai_n26787758m. Retrieved 2008-09-30. ^{[dead link]}
20. ^ ^{a b} "Google Maps Route". Google Maps. http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&saddr=Naismith+Drive+and+24th+St,+Lawrence,+Kansas&daddr=Naismith+Drive+and+W+University+Drive&hl=en&geocode=&mra=ls&sll=38.95045,-95.25601&sspn=0.027701,0.052013&ie=UTF8&ll=38.950799,-95.251207&spn=0.027701,0.052013&t=h&z=14. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
21. ^ Jenkins, Sally. History of women's basketball "History of women's basketball". WNBA.com. Women's National Basketball Association. http://www.wnba.com/about_us/jenkins_feature.html History of women's basketball. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
22. ^ "Top N. American athletes of the century". ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/athletes.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
23. ^ Associated Press (1999-12-21). "Top 100 athletes of the 20th century". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/ssat2.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
24. ^ ^{a b c} Schlabach, Mark (2005-01-15). "James Naismith Biography". bookrags.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10765-2005Jan14.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
25. ^ "James Naismith". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/naismith_j/naismith_j.html. Retrieved 2008-09-30. 
26. ^ "Naismith Museum & Hall of Fame: Biography of James Naismith". http://www.naismithmuseum.com/naismith_drjamesnaismith/main_drjamesnaismith.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-12. 
27. ^ "James Naismith". http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=753. Retrieved 2009-08-30. 

Further reading

• Naismith, James (1941 "1996"), Basketball: its origin and development, University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0803283709, http://books.google.ca/books?id=yDKtaGdhZncC&lpg=PP1&dq=James%20Naismith&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true 
• Rains, Rob; Carpenter, Hellen, (2009). James Naismith: The Man Who Invented Basketball Temple University Press, ISBN 9781439901335

External links

• Basketball Hall of Fame profile
• Naismith Foundation
• Original 13 basketball rules by Dr. James Naismith
• FIBA Hall of Fame profile
• Works by or about James Naismith in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Persondata
Name	Naismith, James
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1861-11-06
Place of birth	Almonte, Ontario
Date of death	1939-11-28
Place of death	Lawrence, Kansas