Shoe size

A shoe size is an alphanumerical indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person. Often it just consists of a number indicating the length because many shoemakers only provide a standard width for economic reasons.

There are several different shoe-size systems that are used worldwide. These systems differ in what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Only a few systems also take the width of the feet into account. Some regions use different shoe-size systems for different types of shoes (e.g., men's, women's, children's, sport, or safety shoes).

Deriving the shoe size

Foot versus shoe and last

The length of a foot is commonly defined as the distance between two parallel lines that are perpendicular to the foot and in contact with the most prominent toe and the most prominent part of the heel. Foot length is measured with the subject standing barefoot and the weight of the body equally distributed on both feet.

The sizes of the left and right feet are often slightly different. In this case, both feet are measured, and purchasers of mass-produced shoes are advised to purchase a shoe size based upon the larger foot.

Each size of shoe is suitable for a small interval of foot lengths. The inner cavity of a shoe must typically be 15–20 mm longer than the foot, but this relation varies between different types of shoes.

There are three characteristic lengths that a shoe-size system can refer to:

• The median length of feet for which a shoe is suitable. For customers, this measure has the advantage of being directly related to their body measures. It applies equally to any type, form, or material of shoe. However, this measure is less popular with manufacturers,^{[citation needed]} because it requires them to test carefully for each new shoe model, for which range of foot sizes it is recommendable. It puts on the manufacturer the burden of ensuring that the shoe will fit a foot of a given length.

• The length of the inner cavity of the shoe. This measure has the advantage that it can be measured easily on the finished product. However, it will vary with manufacturing tolerances and provides the customer only very crude information about the range of foot sizes for which the shoe is suitable.

• The length of the "last," the foot-shaped template over which the shoe is manufactured. This measure is the easiest one for the manufacturer to use, because it identifies only the tool used to produce the shoe. It makes no promise about manufacturing tolerances or for what size of foot the shoe is actually suitable. It leaves all responsibility and risk of choosing the correct size with the customer. Further, the last can be measured in several different ways resulting in different measurements.^[1]

All these measures differ substantially from one another for the same shoe.

Length unit

Sizing systems also differ in what units of measurement they use. This also results in different increments between shoe sizes because usually, only "full" or "half" sizes are made.

The following length units are commonly used today to define shoe-size systems:

• The Paris point equals to ⅔ centimetres (6.6 mm or ~0.26 in). Usually, only full sizes are made, resulting in an increment of ⅔ centimetre. This unit is commonly used in Continental Europe.
• The barleycorn is an old English unit that equals to ⅓ inch (8.46 mm). Half sizes are commonly made, resulting in an increment of ¹⁄₆ inch (4.23 mm). This archaic measure is still the basis for current UK and U.S. shoe sizes, with the largest shoe size taken as thirteen inches (a size 13) and then counting backwards in barleycorn units
• Further, metric measurements in centimetres (cm) or millimetres (mm) are used. The increment is usually 0.5 cm (5 mm or ~0.20 in), which is between the step size of the Parisian and the English system. It is used with the international Mondopoint system and with the Asian system.

Due to the different units of measurements, converting between different sizing systems results in round-off errors as well as unusual sizes such as "10⅔".

Zero point

The sizing systems also place size 0 (or 1) at different locations:

• If size 0 is placed at a foot's length of 0, the shoe size is directly proportional to the length of the foot in the chosen unit of measurement. Sizes of children's, men's, and women's shoes, as well as sizes of different types of shoes, can be compared directly. This is used with the Mondopoint and the Asian system.
• However, size 0 can also represent a length of the shoe's inner cavity of 0. The shoe size is then directly proportional to the inner length of the shoe. This is used with systems that also take the measurement from the shoe. While sizes of children's, men's and women's shoes can be compared directly, this is not necessarily true for different types of shoes that require a different amount of "wiggle room." This is used with the Continental European system.
• Further, size 0 (or 1) can just be a shoe with a given length, typically the shortest length deemed practical. This can be different for children's, teenagers's, men's, and women's shoes, making it impossible to compare sizes. For example, a women's shoe at size 8 is a different length from a men's shoe at size 8 in the US system, but not the British.

Width designators

Some systems also include the width of a foot. There are different methods indicating the width:

• The measured width is indicated in millimetres (mm). This is done with the Mondopoint system.

• The measured width is assigned a letter (or combination of letters), which is taken from a table (indexed to length and width) or just assigned on an ad-hoc basis: Examples include (each starting with the narrowest width):

• A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE, EEEE, F, G (typical North American system)
• 4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, C, D, E, 2E, 3E, 4E, 5E, 6E (variant North American)
• D, E, F, G (common UK; "medium" is usually F, but varies by manufacturer — makers Edward Green and Crockett & Jones, among others, use E instead.)
• N (narrow), M (medium) or R (regular), W (wide)

The exact foot width for which these sizes are suitable can vary significantly between manufacturers. The A-E width indicators used by most US and some UK shoe manufacturers are typically based on the width of the foot, and common step sizes are 3/16 of an inch.

Common sizing systems

Mondopoint

The International Standard is ISO 9407:1991, "Shoe sizes—Mondopoint system of sizing and marking",^[2] which recommends a shoe-size system known as Mondopoint.

It is based on the mean foot length and width for which the shoe is suitable, measured in millimetres. A shoe size of 280/110 indicates a mean foot length of 280 millimetres (11 in) and width of 110 millimetres (4.3 in).

Because Mondopoint also takes the foot width into account, it allows for better fitting than most other systems. It is, therefore, used by NATO and other military services.

European standard EN 13402, used also for clothes, recommends instead that shoes be labelled with the interval of foot lengths for which they are suitable, measured in centimetres.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Shoe size in the United Kingdom (British size) is based on the length of the last, measured in barleycorn (approx 1/3 inch) starting from the smallest practical size, which is size zero. It is not formally standardised.

A child's size zero is equivalent to a hand (4 in, 12 barleycorns or 10.16 cm), and the sizes go up to size 13½ (8½ in, 25.5 barleycorns or 21.59 cm). Thus, the calculation for a child shoe size in the UK is:

$\mbox{child shoe size} = 3\times\mbox{last length in inches}-12$

An adult size one is then the next size up (8⅔ in or 22.01 cm) and each size up continues the progression in barleycorns.^[3] The calculation for an adult shoe size in the UK is thus:

$\mbox{adult shoe size} = 3\times\mbox{last length in inches}-25$

United States and Canada

In North America, there are different systems that are used concurrently. The size indications are usually similar but not exactly equivalent, especially with athletic shoes at extreme sizes.

Customary

The traditional system is similar to English sizes but start counting at one rather than zero, so equivalent sizes are one greater. (This is similar to the way that floors in buildings are numbered from one rather than from zero (ground) in these regions).

So the calculation for a male shoe size in the USA or Canada is:

$\mbox{male shoe size} = 3\times\mbox{last length in inches}-24$

Women's sizes are almost always determined with the "common" scale, in which women's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus 1.5 (for example, a men's 10.5 is a women's 12). In other words:

$\mbox{female shoe size (common)} = 3\times\mbox{last length in inches}-22.5$

In the less popular scale, known as the "standard" or "FIA" (Footwear Industries of America) scale, women's sizes are men's sizes plus 1 (so a men's 10.5 is a women's 11.5).

$\mbox{female shoe size (FIA)} = 3\times\mbox{last length in inches}-23$

Children's

Children's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus 12.33. Thus, girls' and boys' sizes do not differ, even though men's and women's do.

$\mbox{child shoe size} = 3\times\mbox{last length in inches}-11.67$

Children's shoe stores in the United States and Canada use a sizing scheme which ends at 13, after which it starts at 1 again as adult sizes.

Shoe Size	Inches	Centimetres
5	413⁄16	12
6	51⁄8	13
7	51⁄2	14
8	513⁄16	15
9	61⁄8	15.5
10	61⁄2	16.5
11	613⁄16	17.5
12	71⁄8	18
13	71⁄2	19.1
1	713⁄16	20
2	81⁄8	20.5
3	81⁄2	21.5
4	813⁄16	22.4
5	91⁄8	23
6	91⁄2	24
7	913⁄16	25

Brannock Device

Drawing of a Brannock Device (from U.S. Patent 1,724,244)

A slightly different sizing method is based on the Brannock Device, a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock in 1925 and now found in many shoe stores. The formula used by the Brannock device assumes a foot length ⅔ inch (1.7 cm) less than the length of the last; thus, men's size 1 is equivalent to a foot's length of 7 ⅔ inches.^[4] Women's sizes are one size up.

$\mbox{male shoe size (Brannock)} = 3\times\mbox{foot length in inches}-22$^[5]

$\mbox{female shoe size (Brannock)} = 3\times\mbox{foot length in inches}-21$^[5]

The method also measures the length of the distance of the heel and the widest point of the foot. For that purpose, the device has another, shorter scale at the side of the foot. If this scale indicates a larger size, it is taken in place of the foot's length.^[6]

For children's sizes, additional wiggle room is added to allow for growth.^[6]

The device also measures the width of the foot and assigns it designations of AAA, AA, A, B, C, D, E, EE, or EEE. The widths are 3/16 in apart and differ by shoe length.^[4]

Continental Europe

The Continental European system is used in France, Germany,^[7] Italy, Spain,^[8] and most other continental European countries.

In this system, the shoe size is the length of the last, expressed in Paris points, for both sexes and for adults and children alike. Because a Paris point is ⅔ of a centimetre, the formula is as follows:

$\mathrm{shoe~size ~({Paris~points}) = {\frac{3}{2}}\times{last~length}\left({cm}\right)}$

To compute the size based on actual foot length, one must first add a length of about 1.5 to 2 cm. For instance, for a shoe having an internal length 1.5 cm longer than the foot:

$\mathrm{shoe~size ~({Paris~points})= {\frac{3}{2}}\times{{\left[~foot~length\left({cm}\right)+1.5~{cm}~\right]}}}$

Asia

The Asian system is based on metric measurements and standardised as JIS S 5037:1998, CNS 4800, S 1093, or KS M 6681. Foot length and girth are taken into account.^[9]

The foot length is indicated in centimetres; an increment of 5 mm is used. This system was also used in the GDR.

The length is followed by designators for girth (A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE, EEEE, F, G), which is taken from a table indexed to girth and length. There are different tables for men's, women's, and children's (less than 12 years of age) shoes. The tables also include the width as supplemental indications. Not all designators are used for all genders and in all countries. For example, the largest girth for women in China is EEEE, whereas in Japan, it is F.

Shoe size comparison

Please, note that the following tables indicate theoretical sizes calculated from the standards and information given above. Differences between these tables and makers' tables or other tables found on the Web are usually due to the following factors:

• The systems are not fully standardised. Differences between shoes from different makers, which are due to different methods of measuring the shoes, different manufacturing processes, or different allowances^[1] are sometimes related to different countries. A “German” size may then differ from a “French” size, although both countries use the Continental European system.
• Different widths may have the result that for wide feet, a shoe multiple sizes larger (and actually too long) may be required. This may also result in different size indications, especially if different typical widths are attributed to different sizing systems or countries.
• Some tables for children take future growth into account. The shoe size is then larger than what would correspond to the actual length of the foot.^[6]
• An indication in centimetres or inches can mean the length of the foot or the length of the shoe's inner cavity. This relation is not constant but varies due to different amounts of wiggle room required for different sizes of shoes.
• There are several U.S. systems, which differ substantially for sizes far above or below medium sizes.

Further, some tables available on the Web simply contain errors. For example, the wiggle room or different zero point is not taken into account, or tables based on different U.S. systems (traditional and athletic) are simply combined although they are incompatible.

Children

Example: A child's foot that is 185 millimetres (7.3 in) long requires a shoe that is about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) longer. The inner length of 200 millimetres (7.9 in) is EU shoe size 29 or UK size 11.

Adults

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Andersson, Bendt. "Recommendations to suppliers and manufacturers of orthopedic footwear concerning sizes of shoes and lasts" (PDF). http://www.hi.se/Global/pdf/2004/04319-pdf.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-06.  (Swedish)
2. ^ International Standard ISO 9407:1991, Shoe sizes — Mondopoint system of sizing and marking
3. ^ Cairns, Warwick. About the Size of It. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-01628-6. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Brannock Device Co. "History". http://brannock.com/cgi-bin/start.cgi/brannock/history.html. Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Brannock Device Co. "Size Conversion Chart". http://brannock.com/cgi-bin/htmlos.cgi/002916.1.481015045600010383. Retrieved 2010-04-20. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} Brannock Device Co. "Instructions". http://brannock.com/cgi-bin/start.cgi/brannock/instructions.html. Retrieved 2009-01-06. 
7. ^ German Standard DIN 66074:1975, Shoe sizes
8. ^ Spanish Standard UNE 59850:1998, Shoes: Size designation
9. ^ (Japanese) Rakuten.co.jp

External links

• Increased hallux angle in children and its association with insufficient length of footwear, biomedcentral.com
• A Study on the parameters of the feet of adolescent boyPDF (122 KB), cueronet.com
• Chart of US shoe widths by size.

This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.