Rambutan

This article is about the tree. For the cipher, see Rambutan (cryptography).

Rambutan
Unpeeled and peeled rambutan
Rambutan fruits in bunches
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Sapindaceae
Genus:	Nephelium
Species:	N. lappaceum
Binomial name
Nephelium lappaceum L.[2]

The rambutan ( /ræmˈbuːtən/; taxonomic name: Nephelium lappaceum) is a medium-sized tropical tree in the family Sapindaceae, and the fruit of this tree. It is native to Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia, although its precise natural distribution is unknown. It is closely related to several other edible tropical fruits including the lychee, longan, and mamoncillo. It is believed to be native to the Malay Archipelago,^[3] from where it spread westwards to Thailand, Burma, Sri Lanka and India; eastwards to Vietnam, the Philippines and Indonesia.^[4] The name rambutan is derived from the Malay word rambutan, meaning "hairy". ^[4]

A second species regularly sold at Costa Rican markets is often known as "wild" rambutan. Yellow in color, it is a little smaller than the usual red variety. The flesh exposed when the outer skin is peeled off is sweet and sour, slightly grape-like and gummy to the taste. In Costa Rican Spanish, it is known as mamón chino (translated "Chinese sucker") due to its Asian origin and the likeness of the edible part with Melicoccus bijugatus.

Rambutan are non-climacteric fruit - that is, they ripen only on the tree.

Description

It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 12–20 m.^[4] The leaves are alternate, 10–30 cm long, pinnate, with 3-11 leaflets, each leaflet 5–15 cm wide and 3-10 cm broad, with an entire margin. The flowers are small, 2.5–5 mm, apetalous, discoidal, and borne in erect terminal panicles 15–30 cm wide.^[4]

Rambutan trees are either male (producing only staminate flowers and, hence, produce no fruit), female (producing flowers that are only functionally female), or hermaphroditic (producing flowers that are female with a small percentage of male flowers).

The fruit is a round to oval drupe 3–6 cm (rarely to 8 cm) tall and 3-4 cm broad, borne in a loose pendant cluster of 10-20 together. The leathery skin is reddish (rarely orange or yellow), and covered with fleshy pliable spines, hence the name rambutan, derived from the Malay word rambut which means hairs. The fruit flesh is translucent, whitish or very pale pink, with a sweet, mildly acidic flavor.^[4]

The single seed is glossy brown, 1–1.3 cm, with a white basal scar. The seed is soft and crunchy. They are mildly poisonous when raw, but may be cooked and eaten.

Production

It is a popular garden fruit tree and propagated commercially in small orchards. It is one of the best known fruits of Southeast Asia and is also widely cultivated elsewhere in the tropics including Africa, the Caribbean islands, Costa Rica, Panama, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. Thailand is the largest producer from Surat Thani Province Thailand. Rambutan production is increasing in Australia and, in 1997, was one of the top three tropical fruits produced in Hawaii. It is also produced in Ecuador where it is known as "achotillo" and on the island of Puerto Rico.^[4]

The fruit are usually sold fresh, used in making jams and jellies, or canned. Evergreen rambutan trees with their abundant coloured fruit make beautiful landscape specimens.

Rambutan before ripening

Quality

The best quality rambutan is generally that which is harvested still attached to the branch (pictured above). It is less susceptible to rot, damage, and pests, and remains fresh for a much longer time than rambutan that has been picked from the branch.

Another indicator of quality is the ease of detachment of the flesh from the seed. An easily detachable flesh normally will have bits of the woody seed coating. Thus, it is a common Malay wisdom to not eat too much rambutan when one has a cough.

Cultivation and uses

Rambutan, canned, syrup pack

Nutritional value per serving
Serving size	100 g
Energy	343 kJ (82 kcal)
Carbohydrates	20.87
- Dietary fiber	0.9
Fat	0.21
Protein	0.65
Water	78.04 g
Vitamin A equiv.	0 μg (0%)
Vitamin A	3 IU
- beta-carotene	2 μg (0%)
Thiamine (vit. B1)	0.013 mg (1%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)	0.022 mg (2%)
Niacin (vit. B3)	1.352 mg (9%)
Pantothenic acid (B5)	0.018 mg (0%)
Vitamin B6	0.020 mg (2%)
Folate (vit. B9)	8 μg (2%)
Vitamin B12	0.00 μg (0%)
Vitamin C	4.9 mg (6%)
Calcium	22 mg (2%)
Iron	0.35 mg (3%)
Magnesium	7 mg (2%)
Manganese	0.343 mg (16%)
Phosphorus	9 mg (1%)
Potassium	42 mg (1%)
Sodium	10.9 mg (1%)
Nutrient values and weights are for edible portion Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Rambutan is adapted to warm tropical climates, around 22–30°, and is sensitive to temperatures below 10°C.^[4] It is grown commercially within 12–15° of the equator.^[5] The tree grows well on heights up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) above sea-level and does best in deep soil; clay loam or sandy loam rich in organic matter, and thrive on hilly terrain as they require good drainage.^[5] Rambutan is propagated by grafting,^[5] air-layering,^[5] and budding; the latter is most common as trees grown from seed often produce sour fruit. Budded trees may fruit after 2–3 years with optimum production occurring after 8–10 years. Trees grown from seed bear after 5–6 years.

Rambutan cut open.

The aril is attached to the seed in some commercial cultivars, but "freestone" cultivators are available and in high demand. There is usually a single light brown seed which is high in certain fats and oils (primarily oleic acid and arachidic acid) valuable to industry, and used in cooking and the manufacture of soap. Rambutan roots, bark, and leaves have various uses in medicine and in the production of dyes.

Rambutan trees bear fruit twice annually, once in late fall and early winter with a shorter season in late spring and early summer. The fragile nutritious fruit must ripen on the tree, then they are harvested over a four to seven week period. The fresh fruit are easily bruised and have a limited shelf life. An average tree may produce 5,000-6,000 or more fruit (60–70 kg or 130-155 lb per tree). Yields begin at 1.2 tonnes per hectare (0.5 tons/acre) in young orchards and may reach 20 tonnes per hectare (8 tons per acre) on mature trees. In Hawaii, 24 of 38 cultivated hectares (60 of 95 acres) were harvested producing 120 tonnes of fruit in 1997. It has been suggested that yields could be increased via improved orchard management, including pollination, and by planting high yielding compact cultivars.

Most commercial cultivars are hermaphroditic (producing flowers that are female with a small percentage of male flowers); cultivars that produce only functionally female flowers require the presence of male trees. Male trees are seldom found as vegetative selection has favored hermaphroditic clones that produce a high proportion of functionally female flowers and a much lower number of flowers that produce pollen. There are over 3000 greenish-white flowers in male panicles, each with 5-7 anthers and a non-functional ovary. Male flowers have yellow nectaries and 5-7 stamens. There are about 500 greenish-yellow flowers in each hermaphroditic panicle. Each flower has six anthers, usually a bi-lobed stigma, and one ovule in each of its two sections (locules).^[4] The flowers are receptive for about one day but may persist if pollinators are excluded.

In Thailand the rambutan trees were first planted in Surat Thani in 1926 by the Chinese Malay Mr. K. Vong in Ban Na San. An annual rambutan fair is held during August harvest time.^[6]

In Malaysia, rambutan flowers from March to July and again between June and November, usually in response to rain following a dry period. Flowering periods differ for other localities. Most, but not all, flowers open early in the day. Up to 100 flowers in each female panicle may be open each day during peak bloom. Initial fruit set may approach 25% but a high level of abortion level contributes to a much lower level of production at harvest (1 to 3%). The fruit matures 15–18 weeks after flowering.

Rambutan cultivation in Sri Lanka mainly consists of small home gardens. Malwana, a village located in the Kelani River Valley, is popular for its rambutan orchards. Their production comes to market in the months of May, June and July, when it is very common to observe seasonal traders along the streets of Colombo. Sri Lanka also has some off-season rambutan production in the months of January and February in areas like Bibile, Medagama and Monaragala.

Both male and female flowers are faintly sweet scented and have functional nectaries at the ovary base. Female flowers produce 2-3 times more nectar than male flowers. Nectar sugar concentration ranges between 18-47% and is similar between the flower types. Rambutan is an important nectar source for bees in Malaysia.

Cross-pollination is a necessity because anther is absent in most functionally female flowers. Although apomixis may occur in some cultivars, research has shown that rambutan, like lychee, is dependent upon insects for pollination. In Malaysia, where only about one percent of the female flowers set fruit, research revealed that no fruit is set on bagged flowers while hand pollination resulted in 13 percent fruit set. These studies further suggest that pollinators may maintain a fidelity to either male or hermaphroditic flowers (trees), thus limiting pollination and fruit set under natural conditions where crossing between male and female flowers is required.

Cultivars

There are well over 200 cultivars developed from selected clones available throughout tropical Asia. Most of the cultivars are also selected for compact growth reaching a height of only 3-5 m for easier harvesting.

In Nicaragua, a joint World Relief/ European Union team distributed seedlings to organizations such as APAC (Ascociación Pueblos en Acción Comunitaria) in 2001 to more than 100 farmers. Some of these farmers saw the first production of rambutan from their trees in 2005-2006. The initiative is directed at the local market. However, it will be several years before growing practices and distribution are perfected. Other than seedling trees, the only known commercial cultivars in Nicaragua are R134, R162 and a Yellow Rambutan that lost its name when it was smuggled from Honduras in 2004-2005 (Frankie, J. A., Winrock International).

Pollination

Aromatic rambutan flowers are highly attractive to many insects, especially bees. Flies (Diptera) and bees (Hymenoptera) and ants (Solenopsis) are the main pollinators. Among the Diptera, Lucilia sp. is abundant and among the Hymenoptera, honey bees (Apis dorsata and A. cerana) and the stingless bee genus Trigona spp. are the major visitors.^[4] Apis cerana colonies foraging on rambutan flowers produce large quantities of honey. Bees foraging for nectar routinely contact the stigmata of male flowers and gather significant quantities of the sticky pollen from male blossoms. Little pollen has been seen on bees foraging female flowers. Although male flowers open at 6 am, foraging by A. cerana is most intense between 7 am and 11 am, tapering off rather abruptly thereafter. In Thailand, A. cerana is the preferred species for small scale pollination of rambutan. Its hair is also helpful in pollination where pollen can be hooked on and transported to female flowers.

See also

• Ackee
• Korlan
• Longan
• Lychee
• Mamoncillo
• Pulasan, a very similar fruit native to Peninsular Malaysia

Footnotes

1. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). Nephelium lappaceum. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
2. ^ "Nephelium lappaceum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506073. Retrieved 18 September 2010. 
3. ^ "Rambutan fruit, recipes, Thai tropical fruit information". Importfood.com. http://importfood.com/inforambutan.html. Retrieved 16 August 2010. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} "The Rambutan Information Website". Panoramic Fruit Farm. http://rambutan.com. Retrieved 25 June 2011. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Third Regional Workshop on Tropical Fruits. Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura. 1994. p. 86. ISSN 0253-4746. http://books.google.com/books?id=9zlkAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA85. 
6. ^ Agar, Charles; Eveland, Jennifer (2005). Frommer's Southeast Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 158. ISBN 9780764578298. http://books.google.com/books?id=3wG5lM88rdAC&pg=PA158. Retrieved 18 September 2010. 

References

• Tindall, H. D. (1994). Rambutan cultivation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251033258. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ag-1Fzs0bxMC.