Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank

For other people named Norman Foster, see Norman Foster (disambiguation).

The Lord Foster of Thames Bank
Born	1 June 1935 (1935-06-01) (age 76) Manchester[1], Lancs, England
Nationality	British
Awards	Stirling Prize, Pritzker Architecture Prize, Minerva Medal, Prince of Asturias Award
Work
Practice	Foster + Partners
Buildings	30 St Mary Axe, London Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters, Ipswich Wembley Stadium
Projects	American Air Museum at the Imperial War Museum Duxford

Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank, OM (born 1 June 1935) is a British architect whose company maintains an international design practice, Foster + Partners.

Foster was raised in Manchester in a working-class family and was intrigued by design and engineering from a young age. His years observing Mancunian architecture subsequently influenced his works, and was inspired to pursue a career in Architecture after a treasurer clerk noticed his tendency to sketch and venture around Manchester to view buildings while he worked at Manchester Town Hall.^[2]

Foster managed to gain an internship at a local architects office before submitting a portfolio for a place at the University of Manchester School of Architecture. He won a place at Manchester and then won a scholarship to continue his studies at the Yale School of Architecture in the United States.

Foster returned to the United Kingdom in 1963 and set up his own practice, Team 4 before changing its name to Foster + Partners. His breakthrough building was arguably the Willis Building in Ipswich in 1975 and has since gone on to design landmark structures such as the new Wembley Stadium and 30 St Mary Axe. His buildings has made him one of Britain's most prolific architects of his generation.^[3] In 2009 Foster was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award in the Arts category.

Biography

Early life in Manchester

Foster was born to Robert Foster and Lilian Smith^[4] in 1935 in Reddish (now part of Greater Manchester), Stockport. Foster himself stated he has no recollection of Reddish^[5] as within months of being born, his parents rented a terraced house, 4 Crescent Grove in Levenshulme for fourteen-shillings a week.^[6]

Foster's parents were diligent, hard workers - so diligent that Foster, an only child without siblings, felt their heavy workload restricted his relationship with his parents and would often be looked after by neighbours or other family members.^[7] He attended Burnage Grammar School (now Burnage High School) in Burnage. Foster stated he always felt 'different' at school and was bullied.^[8] He often retired into the world of books and was quiet and awkward in his early years often making faux pas.^[9]

Alfred Waterhouse's Manchester Town Hall, where Foster worked as a junior clerk.

Foster would often venture around Manchester observing buildings. The art deco Daily Express Building in Manchester was a building that intrigued Foster. Foster later incorporated black glass into his breakthrough building, the Willis Building in Ipswich

Manchester was 'one of the workshops of the world'^[8] during his childhood, as Foster later put it and was 'the embodiment of a great city'.^[10] His father, Robert, worked at Metropolitan Vickers at the Trafford Park plant - both helped fuel his interest in engineering and design.^[8] As a youngster, he was fascinated with engineering marvels and the process of designing which ultimately spurred his wish to pursue a career in designing buildings.^[11] Specific interests included aircraft, a keen hobby he maintains to this day^[11]; and trains, an interest generated by viewing passing trains on the railway track outside his terrace home in Manchester during his childhood.^[11]

During his O-Levels in his later school years, Foster's father convinced him to take the entrance to get on the Manchester Town Hall's trainee scheme.^[12] He passed in 1951 and landed a job as an office junior in the Manchester Treasurer Department.^[12] Foster's parents were pleased, but their son was disappointed. Bored of office work, Foster would often venture out into Manchester to observe buildings during lunch breaks and sketch designs while at his desk. This trait alerted a town hall clerk, who Foster refers to by the name of Mr Cobb. Cobb's son was studying architecture and after discussions with the clerk Foster soon considered a career in architecture.^[13] He worked on a permanent basis in the Manchester City Treasurer's office, before completing the compulsory National Service in 1953. Foster chose to do Service in the Royal Air Force, a choice inspired by his passion for aircraft.^[14]

Foster returned to Manchester, and did not wish to return to work at the town hall as his parents wanted him to and remained unsure of the path to follow.^[15] With 7 O-levels, he applied for a job at a duplicating office machine company and when asked by the interviewer why he applied, Foster replied: 'mainly because it offered the prospect of a company car, and a £1,000 salary.'^[16] Foster was searching for a world away from his working-class roots, and much to the alienation of his parents.^[17]

Education

After failing to gain a job, Foster was led to John Beardstow, a local architect in Manchester. After a successful interview, he gained a job as an assistant to a contract manager at the practice.^[18] Foster was unsure how to become an architect, and if it was even possible coming from a working class background where money for tuition was slim. Nevertheless, he queried colleagues at the architecture practice for advice on how to become an architect. Advised to create a portfolio to hand to an architecture school, he took various drawings, such as perspective and shop drawings from Beardstow's practice as inspiration.^[19] Foster intended to submit this portfolio to an architectural school in the hope of gaining, however inadvertently Beardstow was so impressed with the drawings he promoted the young Foster to the drawing department of the practice.^[20] However after trying to convince Foster to stay and learn his trade as an architect at Beardstow's, Foster declined and wanted to pursue a place at an architecture school.

After he was discharged, in 1956 Foster won a place at the University of Manchester School of Architecture and City Planning. Foster failed to get a grant to help fund his studies, and being from a working-class background money was at a minimum. He took up a number of part time jobs to fund his studies in Architecture.^[21] His jobs in his teenage years included being an ice-cream salesman, night-club bouncer^[21] and working night shifts at the local bakery to make crumpets.^[8] He combined these with self-tuition via visits to the local library in Levenshulme.^[22] Foster took a keen interest in the works of Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer and graduated from Manchester in 1961.^[1]

Foster won the Henry Fellowship to the Yale School of Architecture, where he met future business partner Richard Rogers and earned his Master's degree. He then travelled in America for a year, returning to the UK in 1963 where he set up an architectural practice as Team 4 with Rogers and the sisters Georgie and Wendy Cheesman. Georgie (later Wolton) was the only one of the team that had passed her RIBA exams allowing them to set up in practice on their own. Team 4 quickly earned a reputation for high-tech industrial design.

Foster and Partners

The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in Ipswich was one of Foster's earliest commissions after founding Foster Associates.

After Team 4 went their separate ways, in 1967 Foster and Wendy Cheesman founded Foster Associates, which later became Foster and Partners. 1968 saw the beginning of a long period of collaboration with American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, which continued until Fuller's death in 1983, on several projects that became catalysts in the development of an environmentally sensitive approach to design – including the Samuel Beckett Theatre project.

Foster + Partners' breakthrough building in the UK was the Willis Faber & Dumas headquarters in Ipswich, from 1974. The client was a family firm insurance company which wanted to restore a sense of community to the workplace. Foster created open-plan office floors long before open-plan became the norm. In a town not over-endowed with public facilities, the roof gardens, 25m swimming pool and gymnasium greatly enhanced the quality of life of the company's 1200 employees.^[23] The building is wrapped in a full-height glass facade which moulds itself to the medieval street plan and contributes real drama, subtly shifting from opaque, reflective black to a glowing backlit transparency as the sun sets. This black glass design was inspired by the Daily Express Building in Manchester which featured black vitrolite, a work Foster admired in his youth. The building is now Grade One listed.

The HSBC Building in Hong Kong. Designed by Foster in the 1980s

Foster soon gained a reputation as an architect specialising in the design of office buildings. In the 1980s he designed the HSBC Main Building in Hong Kong for the banking firm, HSBC. The building is marked by a high level of light transparency for its inhabitants, as all 3500 workers have a view out to Victoria Peak or a view over the Hong Kong bay and Chinese mainland from the north side.^[24]

Present day

View of 30 St Mary Axe. The building serves as the London headquarters for Swiss Re and is informally known as 'The Gherkin'.

Foster was assigned with a brief to create a new development on the former site of the Baltic Exchange in the 1990s. The Exchange was bombed beyond repair by the IRA and so a new building was considered. Foster + Partners first submitted a plan for a 385m skyscraper which would be called the London Millenium Tower, but the skyscraper's height was seen as excessive and out of touch with London's skyline.^[25]

The Millenium Tower proposal was scraped and instead Foster proposed 30 St Mary Axe, which gained the nickname of "the gherkin" due to its design which alluded to its shape. Foster worked with its engineering collaborators to integrate complex computer systems with the most basic physical laws, such as convection when designing St Mary Axe. Green, sustainable energy ideas inclue the complex facade which lets in air for passive cooling and then vents it as it warms and rises.

Foster's earlier designs reflected a sophisticated, machine-influenced high-tech vision. His style has since evolved into a more sharp-edged modernity. In 2004, Foster designed the tallest bridge in the world, the Millau Viaduct in southern France, with the Millau Mayor Jacques Godfrain stating; "The architect, Norman Foster, gave us a model of art."^[26]

In January 2007, The Sunday Times reported that Foster had called in Catalyst, a corporate finance house, to find buyers for Foster + Partners. Foster does not intend to retire, but sell his 80–90% holding in the company valued at £300M to £500M.^[27]

In 2007, he worked with Philippe Starck and Sir Richard Branson of the Virgin Group for the Virgin Galactic plans.^[28]

Foster currently sits on the Board of Trustees at architectural charity Article 25 who design, construct and manage innovative, safe, sustainable buildings in some of the most inhospitable and unstable regions of the world. He has also been on the Board of Trustees of The Architecture Foundation.

Recognition

Foster was knighted in 1990 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1997. In 1999, he was created a life peer, as Baron Foster of Thames Bank, of Reddish in the County of Greater Manchester.^[29] As a resident of Switzerland, in 2010 he stepped down from his seat in the House of Lords in order to maintain his non-domiciled status, and so be able to avoid paying UK residents' taxes on income earned abroad.^[30][31] Foster was also criticised by some in the Architecture world for not advocating the importance of high standards of architecture and planning in the House of Lords.^[32] Foster last gave a speech to the Lords in 2003 before his resignation in 2010.^[32]

He is the second British architect to win the Stirling Prize twice: the first for the American Air Museum at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in 1998, and the second for 30 St Mary Axe in 2004. In consideration of his whole portfolio, Foster was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1999. He is also a Fellow of the Chartered Society of Designers and winner of the Minerva Medal, the Society's highest award. Foster is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.^[33]

In Germany, Lord Foster received the Order Pour le Mérite; in Malaysia he was awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, for the University of Technology Petronas.^[34][35] and in 2008 he was granted an honorary degree from the Dundee School of Architecture at the University of Dundee. In 2009 he received the Prince of Asturias Award in the category Arts.

Personal life

Foster married business partner Wendy Cheesman. She died from cancer in 1989, leaving him with four sons. He was divorced from Sabiha Rumani Malik in 1998 and is currently married to Elena Ochoa Foster, Lady Foster of Thames Bank.

A qualified pilot, Foster flies his own private jet and helicopter between his home above the London offices of Foster + Partners, as well to his homes in France and Switzerland.^[27] In 2007, Foster bought a Swiss 1720s chateau from the German industrialist Charles Grohe, which became his home from late 2008.^[36]

Selected projects

Foster has established an extremely prolific career in the span of four decades. The following are some of his major constructions:

Proposed or under construction

Torre Caja Madrid, in Madrid, (Spain).

• Florence TAV Station, Florence, Italy (2003–2010)
• York University subway station- Toronto, Canada (Opening 2015)
• Palmer Tompkinson Building, Longslade 2012
• South Beach, Singapore, Singapore, 2012
• Centro Cultural, Bogota, Colombia (2013)
• APIIC Tower, Hyderabad, India (2007–2020)
• Black Sea Gardens, Byala, Bulgaria (2008)
• Tower, Cork, Republic of Ireland, (2008–2011)
• Culture and Leisure Centre, Ciudad del Motor de Aragón[2], Alcañiz, Spain (2007) (competition won)
• Tivoli Hotel, Copenhagen, Denmark (2010) (competition won)
• Museum of Aviation, Getafe, Spain (currently in design phase)
• 200 Greenwich Street, Tower 2 of the planned reconstruction of the World Trade Center in New York City, United States (under construction)
• Reconstruction of New Holland Island, Saint Petersburg, Russia (ongoing)
• Russia Tower, Moscow, Russia (cancelled)
• U2 Tower, Dublin, Ireland (2008–2011) (competition won) (construction postponed)
• Spinningfield Square, Manchester, UK (2005–2010)
• Dallas Center for the Performing Arts, Dallas, United States (2009)
• The Bow, Calgary, Canada (2007–2011)
• Jameson House, Vancouver, Canada
• The Troika [3], Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2004–2009)
• Queen's Dock, Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, Glasgow, Scotland (2004–2007)
• Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Middlesex Guildhall, London, United Kingdom (2009)
• Khan Shatyry in Astana, Kazakhstan.
• Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (2007–2023)
• New Yale School of Management campus, New Haven, CT (announced 4 September 2007)
• Camp Nou stadium, Barcelona, Spain (announced 18 September 2007)^[37]
• Crystal Island, Moscow, Russia^[38][39]
• Zagreb Airport, Zagreb, Croatia^[40]
• Hermitage Plaza, Paris (La Défense), France (2010–2014)
• Dubai Towers, Melbourne (TBD)
• Future Apple Campus in Cupertino, California.^[41]

Completed

Reichstag dome at night

The restored Reichstag in Berlin, housing the German parliament. The dome is part of Foster's redesign.

The Hearst Tower in New York City.

The Expo MRT Station, part of the Mass Rapid Transit system in Singapore.

Dresden Hauptbahnhof roof and cupola

• 1970–1971, IBM Pilot Head Office, Cosham, Portsmouth, UK
• 1971–1975, Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters, Ipswich, UK
• 1973-1977, Beanhill Housing Estate, Milton Keynes, UK^[42]
• 1974–1978, Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK^[43]
• 1983, Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, United Kingdom
• 1979–1986, HSBC Main Building, Hong Kong
• 1981–1991, Terminal building at London Stansted Airport, UK
• 1992, Torre de Collserola, Barcelona, Spain
• 1984–1993, Carré d'Art, Nîmes, France
• 1993, Kings Norton Library, Cranfield University, UK
• 1993, Lycée Albert Camus, Fréjus, France
• 1994, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska
• 1988–1995, Metro of Bilbao, Spain
• 1995, Faculty of Law, Cambridge
• 1995–1997, The Clyde Auditorium, part of the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow, Scotland
• 1996, National Sea Life Centre, Birmingham. UK
• 1991–1997, Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt, Germany
• 1992–1998, Hong Kong International Airport, Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong
• 1993–1998, Valencia Congress Centre, Valencia, Spain
• 1999, Redevelopment of the Great Court of the British Museum, London, United Kingdom
• 1999, Social Sciences Division, Manor Road Building, University of Oxford, UK
• 1999, Reichstag restoration, Berlin, Germany
• 2000, Greater London Authority Building (London City Hall), London, United Kingdom
• 1996–2000, Millennium Bridge, London, United Kingdom
• 2000, Center for Clinical Science Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
• 2001, Expo MRT Station, Singapore
• 2001, Al Faisaliyah Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
• 2001, La Poterie metro station, Rennes, France
• 2001, J Sainsbury headquarters, Holborn Circus, London
• 1999–2001, Lionel Robbins Building renovation, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom
• 2002, 8 Canada Square (HSBC Group Head Office), London
• 1997–2003, Metropolitan Building in Warsaw
• 2003, Clark Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
• 2003, Universiti Teknologi Petronas main campus, Malaysia
• 2003, Capital City Academy, London UK
• 1997–2004, 30 St Mary Axe, Swiss Re London headquarters, London, United Kingdom
• 2004, The Sage Gateshead, Gateshead, UK
• 2004, McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, United Kingdom
• 2004, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London
• 2004, The Millau Viaduct, near Millau, France
• 2005, Supreme Court Building, Singapore
• 2005, Western Årsta Bridge, Stockholm, Sweden
• 2005, 40 luxury apartments, St. Moritz, Switzerland
• 2005, National Police Memorial, The Mall, London, United Kingdom
• 2005, The Philological Library at the Free University of Berlin, Germany
• 2005, Deutsche Bank Place, Sydney, Australia (the first Sir Norman Foster building in the Southern Hemisphere)
• 2002–2006, Dresden Hauptbahnhof reconstruction, Dresden, Germany
• 2006, Hearst Tower,^[44] New York City, United States
• 2006, The Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building^[45] at the University of Toronto, Canada
• 2006, Palace of Peace and Reconciliation,^[46] Astana, Kazakhstan
• 2002–2007, Wembley Stadium, London, United Kingdom
• 2004–2007, The Willis Building, City of London, United Kingdom
• 2005–2007, Thomas Deacon Academy
• 2004–2007, Kogod Courtyard, Center for American Art and Portraiture at the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC^[47]
• 2007, International Terminal, Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, China
• 2006–2008, Lumiere residences, Regent Place, Sydney, Australia
• 2006–2008, John Spoor Broome Library, California State University Channel Islands.
• 2007–2008, New Elephant House, Copenhagen Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark
• 2004–2008, Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain
• 2010, Art of the Americas Wing at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, US

Non-architectural projects

Foster's other design work has included the Nomos desk system for Italian manufacturer Tecno,^[48] and the motor yacht Izanami (later Ronin) for Lürssen Yachts.^[49]

See also

• Thin-shell structure
• Peter Rice

References

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} "Norman Foster". Foster+Partners. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Team/SeniorPartners/11/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2011-09-27. 
2. ^ Sudjic, Deyan (2010). Norman Foster: A life in architecture. Weidenfeld. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-29785-868-3. 
3. ^ Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press,2006
4. ^ Sudjic. p. 11. 
5. ^ Sudjic. p. 11. 
6. ^ "Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture by Deyan Sudjic". The Guardian. 23 May 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/may/23/norman-foster-biography-book-review. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
7. ^ Sudjic. p. 19. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Guardian Profile: Sir Norman Foster: The master builder". The Guardian. 2 January 1999. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/1999/jan/02/books.guardianreview10. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
9. ^ "Book review: Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture". scotsman.com. 13 June 2010. http://www.scotsman.com/features/Book-review-Norman-Foster-A.6357545.jp. Retrieved 2011-10-06. 
10. ^ Sudjic. p. 32. 
11. ^ ^{a b c} "Taller, higher, bigger, Foster". The Guardian. 24 October 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2005/oct/24/architecture. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Sudjic. p. 27. 
13. ^ Sudjic. p. 30. 
14. ^ Sudjic. p. 34. 
15. ^ Sudjic. p. 35. 
16. ^ Sujic. p. 36. 
17. ^ Sudjic. p. 37. 
18. ^ Sudjic. p. 36. 
19. ^ Sudjic. p. 39. 
20. ^ Sudjic. p. 40. 
21. ^ ^{a b} "Norman Foster: Building the future". BBC. 9 May 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/742087.stm. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
22. ^ "Architect's Levenshulme inpsiration". Manchester Evening News. 30 October 2008. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1076763_architects_levenshulme_inpsiration. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
23. ^ Lord Norman Foster portrait The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2011
24. ^ Treiber, Daniel (1995). Norman Foster. E & FN Spon. p. 76. 
25. ^ "London Millenium Tower". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=102960. Retrieved 2011-10-10. 
26. ^ France shows off tallest bridge BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2011
27. ^ ^{a b} "Foster puts £500m firm up for sale". The Times (London). 21 January 2007. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,176-2559000,00.html. 
28. ^ Carré d'Art, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2008, p. 134
29. ^ Minute Office, House of Lords. "Announcement of Foster's introduction at the House of Lords". Publications.parliament.uk. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/minutes/991103/ldminute.htm. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
30. ^ "Norman Foster in the Lords: what might have been" The Guardian 12 July 2010 Retrieved 12 July 2010
31. ^ "Tory donor Lord Ashcroft gives up non-dom tax status". BBC News. 7 July 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/politics/10535852.stm. 
32. ^ ^{a b} "Norman Foster in the Lords: what might have been". The Guardian. 12 July 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2010/jul/12/norman-foster-house-of-lords. Retrieved 2011-10-07. 
33. ^ Design Futures Council Senior Fellows http://www.di.net/about/senior_fellows/
34. ^ "The Tenth Award Cycle 2005–2007". The Aga Khan Development Network. http://www.akdn.org/akaa_award10.asp. Retrieved 21 January 2009. 
35. ^ "Petronas University of Technology receives 2007 Aga Khan Award for Architecture". Foster + Partners. 9 April 2007. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/News/302/Default.aspx. Retrieved 21 January 2009. 
36. ^ Watts, Robert; Woolf, Marie (27 April 2008). "Lord Foster designs himself new life in Switzerland". Sunday Times (UK). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/architecture_and_design/article3822530.ece. Retrieved 27 April 2008. 
37. ^ "Barcelona chooses Norman Foster to remodel Camp Nou stadium". International Herald Tribune. 18 September 2007. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/09/18/sports/EU-SPT-SOC-Barcelona-Stadium.php. 
38. ^ Gourlay, Chris; Watts, Robert (23 December 2007). "Foster plans worlds biggest building". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087365.ece. Retrieved 20 May 2010. 
39. ^ "World’s Biggest Building Coming to Moscow: Crystal Island". Inhabitat. http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/12/26/tallest-skyscraper-in-the-world-coming-to-moscow/. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
40. ^ "The results of the international urban-architectural competition for the new passenger terminal airport Zagreb". D-a-z.hr. http://www.d-a-z.hr/?sec=natjecajirezultat&id=37. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
41. ^ "TNorman Foster trabaja en el diseño de la nueva 'Ciudad de Apple' en Cupertino". Eleconomista.es. 29 November 2010. http://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/2639712/11/10/Norman-Foster-trabaja-en-el-diseno-de-la-nueva-Ciudad-de-Apple-en-Cupertino.html. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
42. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8418263.stm
43. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8418263.stm
44. ^ Hearst Tower, New York City
45. ^ University of Toronto Capital Projects
46. ^ By YURI ZARAKHOVICH (25 September 2006). "TIME Europe magazine". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901061002-1538845,00.html. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
47. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
48. ^ "Foster + Partners". Fosterandpartners.com. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0350/Default.aspx. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
49. ^ "Foster + Partners". Fosterandpartners.com. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0555/Default.aspx. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 

Bibliography

• Sudjic, Deyan (2010). Norman Foster: A life in architecture. Weidenfeld. ISBN 978-0-29785-868-3. 

External links

• Foster and Partners
• Bio at the Pritzker Prize
• Lord Norman Robert Foster information at Structurae
• Interview with Norman Foster(video)
• Foster's projects on the map, Guardian gallery of 16 projects
• Building "The Gherkin" (film)
• A (video) tour of the Clark Center
• Norman Foster's building Valencia Conference Centre
• Foster and Partners Projects in the Middle East
• TED Talks: Norman Foster's green agenda at TED in 2007
• Foster chosen for iconic redevelopment Mikhail Bode, Russia Beyond the Headlines 18 December 2007
• "Driven designer constructs a global empire," Financial Times, 30 January 2011
• "Norman Foster" (Review of Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture, by Deyan Sudjic), Financial Times, 5 June 2010

Persondata
Name	Foster, Norman
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1 June 1935
Place of birth	Stockport, Cheshire, England
Date of death
Place of death