First aid kit

For other uses, see First aid kit (disambiguation).

Large and small first aid kits used by the British Red Cross for event first aid, in the internationally recognised ISO green with a white cross. These kits also feature the red cross which is a protected symbol under the Geneva Conventions and may only be used by the Red Cross or military

A small first aid kit, but in a non-recognised colour and bearing an equal white cross on a red background, illegal under the Geneva conventions

A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid,^[1] and can put together for the purpose (by an individual or organization, for instance), or purchased complete. There is a wide variation in the contents of first aid kits based on the knowledge and experience of those putting it together, the differing first aid requirements of the area where it may be used, and variations in legislation or regulation in a given area.

The international standard for first aid kits is that they should be identified with the ISO graphical symbol for first aid (from ISO 7010) which is an equal white cross on a green background, although many kits do not comply with this standard, either because they are put together by an individual or they predate the standards.

Format

First aid kits can be assembled in almost any type of container, and this will depend on whether they are commercially produced or assembled by an individual. Standard kits often come in durable plastic boxes, fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets. The type of container will vary depending on purpose, and they range in size from wallet sized through to large rucksacks.

It is recommended that all kits are in a clean, waterproof container to keep the contents safe and aseptic.^[2] Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or expired out of date.

Appearance

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets a standard for first aid kits of being green, with a white cross, in order to make them easily recognisable to anyone requiring first aid.

• 

  ISO First Aid Symbol

• 

  Alternate version of the first aid symbol

• 

  Symbol of the Red Cross

• 

  Star of Life

Whilst the ISO recommend the use of the green background and white cross, some individuals or organisations use a red cross on white background, but use of this symbol by anyone but the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) or associated agency may be illegal under the terms of the First Geneva Convention, which designates the red cross as a protected symbol in all countries signatory to it. One of the few exceptions is in North America, where despite the passing of the First Geneva convention is 1864, and its ratification in the United States in 1881, Johnson & Johnson has used the red cross as a mark on its products since 1887 and registered the symbol as a U.S. trademark for medicinal and surgical plasters in 1905.^[3]

Some first aid kits may also feature the Star of Life, normally associated with emergency medical services, but which are also used to indicate that the service using it can offer an appropriate point of care. However, for very small medical institutions and domestic purposes, the Red Cross on a plain, white background is preffered.

Contents

Adhesive bandages are one of the most commonly used items in a first aid kit.

Plastic Tweezers

Disposable gloves are often found in modern first-aid kits.

Commercially available first aid kits available via normal retail routes have traditionally been intended for treatment of minor injuries only. Typical contents include adhesive bandages, regular strength pain medication, gauze and low grade disinfectant.

Specialized first aid kits are available for various regions, vehicles or activities, which may focus on specific risks or concerns related to the activity. For example, first aid kits sold through marine supply stores for use in watercraft may contain seasickness remedies.

Airway, Breathing and Circulation

First aid treats the ABCs as the foundation of good treatment. For this reason, most modern commercial first aid kits (although not necessarily those assembled at home) will contain a suitable infection barrier for performing artificial respiration as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, examples include:

• Pocket mask
• Face shield

Advanced first aid kits may also contain items such as:

• Oropharyngeal airway
• Nasopharyngeal airway
• Bag valve mask
• Manual aspirator or suction unit
• Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)
• Stethoscope

Trauma injuries

Trauma injuries, such as bleeding, bone fractures or burns, are usually the main focus of most first aid kits, with items such as bandages and dressings being found in the vast majority of all kits.

• Adhesive bandages (band-aids, sticking plasters) - can include ones shaped for particular body parts, such as knuckles
  • Moleskin— for blister treatment and prevention
• Dressings (sterile, applied directly to the wound)
  • Sterile eye pads
  • Sterile gauze pads
  • Sterile non-adherent pads, containing a non-stick teflon layer
  • Petrolatum gauze pads, used as an occlusive ( air-tight) dressing for sucking chest wounds, as well as a non-stick dressing
• Bandages (for securing dressings, not necessarily sterile)
  • Gauze roller bandages - absorbent, breathable, and often elastic
  • Elastic bandages - used for sprains, and pressure bandages
  • Adhesive, elastic roller bandages (commonly called 'Vet wrap') - very effective pressure bandages or durable, waterproof bandaging
  • Triangular bandages - used as slings, tourniquets, to tie splints, and many other uses
• Butterfly closure strips - used like stitches to close wounds, usually only included for higher level response as can seal in infection in uncleaned wounds.
• Saline for cleaning wounds or washing out foreign bodies from eyes
• soap - used with water to clean superficial wounds once bleeding is stopped
• Antiseptic wipes or sprays for reducing the risk of infection in abrasions or around wounds. Dirty wounds must still be cleaned for antiseptics to be effective.
• Burn dressing, which is usually a sterile pad soaked in a cooling gel
• Adhesive tape, hypoallergenic
• Hemostatic agents may be included in first aid kits, especially military or tactical kits, to promote clotting for severe bleeding.

Personal protective equipment

The use of personal protective equipment or PPE will vary by kit, depending on its use and anticipated risk of infection. The adjuncts to artificial respiration are covered above, but other common infection control PPE includes:

• Gloves which are single use and disposable to prevent cross infection
• Goggles or other eye protection
• Surgical mask or N95 mask to reduce possibility of airborne infection transmission (sometimes placed on patient instead of caregivers. For this purpose the mask should not have an exhale valve)
• Apron

Instruments and equipment

• Trauma shears, for cutting clothing and general use
• Scissors are less useful but often included instead
• Tweezers
• Lighter, for sanitizing tweezers or pliers etc.
• alcohol pads for sanitizing equipment, or unbroken skin. This is sometimes used to debride wounds, however some training authorities advise against this as it may kill cells which bacteria can then feed on
• Irrigation syringe - with catheter tip for cleaning wounds with sterile water, saline solution, or a weak iodine solution. The stream of liquid flushes out particles of dirt and debris.
• Torch (also known as a flashlight)
• Instant-acting chemical cold packs
• Alcohol rub (hand sanitizer) or antiseptic hand wipes
• Thermometer
• Space blanket (lightweight plastic foil blanket, also known as "emergency blanket")
• Penlight
• Cotton swab

Medication

Medication can be a controversial addition to a first aid kit, especially if it is for use on members of the public. It is, however, common for personal or family first aid kits to contain certain medications. Dependent on scope of practice, the main types of medicine are life saving medications, which may be commonly found in first aid kits used by paid or assigned first aiders for members of the public or employees, painkillers, which are often found in personal kits, but may also be found in public provision and lastly symptomatic relief medicines, which are generally only found in personal kits.

Life saving

• Aspirin^[2] primarily used for central medical chest pain as an anti-platelet
• Epinephrine autoinjector (brand name Epipen) - often included in kits for wilderness use and in places such as summer camps, to treat anaphylactic shock.

Pain killers

• Paracetamol (also known as Acetaminophen) is one of the most common pain killing medication, as either tablet or syrup
• Anti-inflammatory painkillers such as Ibuprofen, Naproxen or other NSAIDs can be used as part of treating sprains and strains
• Codeine which is both a painkiller and anti-diarrheal

Symptomatic relief

• Anti diarrhea medication such as Loperamide - especially important in remote or third world locations where dehydration caused by diarrhea is a leading killer of children
• Oral rehydration salts
• Antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine
• Poison treatments
  • Absorption, such as activated charcoal
  • Emetics to induce vomiting, such as syrup of ipecac although first aid manuals now advise against inducing vomiting.
• Smelling Salts (ammonium carbonate)

Topical medications

• Antiseptic ointment, fluid, moist wipe or spray, including benzalkonium chloride, Neomycin, Polymyxin B Sulfate or Bacitracin Zinc.
  • Povidone iodine is an antiseptic in the from of liquid, swabstick, or towelette
• Aloe vera gel - used for a wide variety of skin problems, including burns, sunburns, itching, and dry skin; used as a substitute for triple-antibiotic gel to keep a wound moist and prevent bandages from sticking
• Burn gel - a water-based gel that acts as a cooling agent and often includes a mild anesthetic such as lidocaine and, sometimes, an antiseptic such as tea tree oil
• Anti-itch ointment
  • Hydrocortisone cream
  • antihistamine cream containing diphenhydramine
  • Calamine lotion
• Anti-fungal cream
• Tincture of benzoin - often in the form of an individually sealed swabstick, protects the skin and aids the adhesion of butterfly strips or adhesive bandages.

Improvised uses

Besides its regular use in first aid, many first-aid items can also have improvised uses in a survival situation. For example, alcohol pads and petroleum jelly-based ointments can be used as a fire-starting aid in an emergency, and the latter can even be used as an improvised lubricant for certain mechanical devices, and adhesive tapes and bandages can be used for repairs. These alternate uses can be an important consideration when picking items for a kit that may be used in wilderness or survival situations. An alternative could however also be the use of additional kits with tools such as Survival kits and Mini survival kits.

Workplace first aid kit

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires all job sites and workplaces to make available first aid equipment for use by injured employees .^[4] While providing regulations for some industries such as logging ^[5] in general the regulation lack specifics on the contents of the first aid kit. This is understandable, as the regulation covers every means of employment, and different jobs have different types of injuries and different first-aid requirements. However, in a non-mandatory section, ^[6] the OSHA regulations do refer to ANSI/ISEA Specification Z308.1 ^[7] as the basis for the suggested minimum contents of a first aid kit. Another source for modern first aid kit information is United States Forest Service Specification 6170-6 ,^[8] which specifies the contents of several different-sized kits, intended to serve groups of differing size.

In general, the type of first aid facilities required in a workplace are determined by many factors, such as:

• the laws and regulation of the state or territory in which it is located;
• the type of industry concerned; for example, industries such as mining may have specific industry regulations detailing specialised instructions;
• the type of hazards present in the workplace;
• the number of employees in the workplace;
• the number of different locations that the workplace is spread over;
• the proximity to local services (doctors, hospital, ambulance).

Historic first aid kits

Travel pharmacy (early 20th century).

As the understanding of first aid and lifesaving measures has advanced, and the nature of public health risks has changed, the contents of first aid kits have changed to reflect prevailing understandings and conditions. For example, earlier US Federal specifications ^{[9] [10]} for first aid kits included incision/suction-type snakebite kits and mercurochrome antiseptic. As explained in the article on snakebite, this type of snakebite kit is no longer recommended. Mercurochrome is not approved by the US FDA due to concerns over mercury poisoning. Other examples include the CPR face shields and specific body-fluid barriers included in modern kits, to assist in CPR and to help prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens such as HIV. Modern CPR not having been popularized until after 1960, and HIV not being recognized until 1983.

See also

• First aid
• Bug-out bag
• Medical bag
• Injury

References

1. ^ Windale, Rose. "Saving lives with Emergency Medicine". healthzine.org. http://www.healthzine.org/Medicine/emergency-medicine. Retrieved 2008-12-19. 
2. ^ ^{a b} First Aid Manual 8th Edition. St John Ambulance, St Andrews First Aid, British Red Cross. 2002. ISBN 0-7513-3704-8. 
3. ^ USPTO record for Johnson & Johnson's Red Cross mark.
4. ^ 29 CFR 1910.151 (1998-06-10). "Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Medical services and first aid.". http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9806. Retrieved 2006-08-28. 
5. ^ 29 CFR 1910.266 App A (1995-09-08). "Occupational Safety and Health Standards: First-aid Kits (Mandatory).". http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9863. Retrieved 2006-08-28. 
6. ^ 29 CFR 1910.151 App A (2005-01-05). "Occupational Safety and Health Standards: Appendix A to § 1910.151 -- First aid kits (Non-Mandatory).". http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9807. Retrieved 2006-08-28. 
7. ^ ANSI/ISEA (2009-05-12). "ANSI/ISEA Z308.1-2009, American National Standard - Minimum Requirements for Workplace First Aid Kits and Supplies.". http://www.safetyequipment.org/c/stdz3081-2009.cfm. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
8. ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (2006-01-25). "6170-6H, Kits, First Aid". http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/programs/fire/documents/0006/6170_6H.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
9. ^ GG-K-391A (1954-10-19). "Kit (Empty) First-Aid, Burn-Treatment and Snake Bite, and Kit Contents (Unit-Type).". https://assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/basic_profile.cfm?ident_number=50116. Retrieved 2009-08-24. 
10. ^ GG-K-392 (1957-04-25). "Kit, First Aid (Commercial Types), and Kit Contents.". https://assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/basic_profile.cfm?ident_number=50118. Retrieved 2009-08-24. 

External links

• How to make your own first-aid kit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Free Video "How to Use a First Aid Kit... What your First Aid Course Didn't Teach You""
• Occupational Health & Safety Magazine Article "The Do's & Don'ts of First Aid Compliance"
• Red Cross' Anatomy of a First Aid Kit