Don Quijote (spacecraft)

For other uses, see Don Quixote (disambiguation).

Don Quixote

Operator	European Space Agency
Bus	Modified SMART-1[1]
Mission type	Orbiter, Impactor, and Lander
Flyby of	2003 SM84 or 99942 Apophis[2]
Launch date	2013 or 2015
Homepage	http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/NEO/SEMZRZNVGJE_0.html
Mass	Orbiter (kg) Impactor (kg) Dry 395 532 Payload 20.6 9 Propellant 96 1162 Wet 491 1694

Don Quijote is a proposed space probe under development by the European Space Agency, which would study the effects of crashing a spacecraft into an asteroid. The mission is intended to test whether a spacecraft could successfully deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth. The orbiter is being designed to last for seven years.

The mission is still in the planning stages with launch dates proposed for 2013 or 2015.^[3]

Overview

The mission will consist of two spacecraft that will execute a series of maneuvers around a small, 500-metre (1,600-foot) asteroid.

• The first spacecraft, Sancho, will arrive at the asteroid and orbit it for several months, studying it. The orbiter will use a single xenon ion engine.
• After a few months, the second spacecraft, Hidalgo, will hurtle toward the asteroid on a collision course. It will sleep for most of the trip and then steer itself using optical sensors with an accuracy of 50 meters. Sancho will retreat to a safe distance while Hidalgo will hit the asteroid at around 10 km/s.
• Sancho will then return to its close orbit and see how much the asteroid's shape, internal structure, orbit and rotation have been affected by the impact. [1]
• Sancho will release the Autonomous Surface Package, a Lander which will free-fall toward the asteroid for 2 hours before landing. This package will be directed towards the interior of the impact crater where it will investigate properties of the surface.

Propulsion

The craft would be launched by a Vega launcher and a Star 48 upper stage. The ESA is currently considering two design scenarios: the "Cheap Option" using a chemical propulsion system and the "Flexible Option" using an electric propulsion system. The former would be targeted to the Amor asteroid 2003 SM84, the latter to the asteroid 99942 Apophis.[2]

Instrumentation

Sancho (orbiter)

The instruments on the orbiter are classified into those essential to the success of the mission and those for the completion of extended mission objectives. The primary instruments are the Radio Science Experiment, Orbiter Camera, Imaging Laser Altimeter, and a LIDAR instrument. For the extended mission objectives, the orbiter carries an IR Spectrometer, a Thermal IR Imager, an X-Ray Spectrometer, a Radiation Monitor and the Autonomous Surface Package (ASP).^[1]

Hidalgo (impactor)

Unlike many other spacecraft, the goal of the Hidalgo impactor is to be as massive as possible upon reaching the target asteroid; because of this goal, the propulsion module is not jettisoned after use. The impactor carries few subsystems to make it as low-cost and maneuverable as possible. It has no moving appendages (solar panels, etc.) to complicate orientation, it uses only its RCS thrusters for course corrections, and it has a high resolution targeting camera for ~50 m targeting accuracy on impact. The LISA Pathfinder design was considered at as an initial design reference.^[1]

Target

Originally, the ESA identified two near-Earth asteroids as possible targets: 2002 AT₄ and (10302) 1989 ML. Neither asteroid represents a threat to Earth.^[2] In a subsequent study, two different possibilities were selected: the Amor asteroid 2003 SM84 and 99942 Apophis; the latter is of particular significance to Earth as it will make a close approach in 2029 and 2036.[3]

Names

The mission is named after the fictional Spanish knight from Miguel de Cervantes renowned novel, Don Quixote, who charged against a windmill, thinking it to be a giant. Like the Don, the Hidalgo spacecraft will 'attack' an object much larger than itself, hopefully with more impressive results. 'Sancho' is named after Sancho Panza, the Don's squire, who preferred to stay back and watch from a safe distance, which is the role assigned to that probe.

Further reading

• Gil-Fernández, J.; Panzeca, R.; and Corral, C. (2008-10-15). "Impacting small Near Earth Objects". Advances in Space Research 42 (8): 1352. Bibcode 2008AdSpR..42.1352G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2008.02.023. 

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Don Quixote: Mission Design". ESA. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/NEO/SEMZRZNVGJE_0.html. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "Sancho study: designing the minimum Earth escape spacecraft". ESA. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/NEO/SEMVXVB1S6F_0.html. 
3. ^ http://www.esa.int/esaMI/NEO/SEMVXVB1S6F_0.html

External links

• ESA: NEO Space Mission Preparation (overview of the mission)
• ESA News: ESA selects targets for asteroid-deflecting mission

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