SMART-1

Infobox_Spacecraft
Name = SMART-1


Caption = SMART-1. (ESA)
Organization = ESA
Major_Contractors =
Mission_Type = Orbiter
Satellite_Of = Moon
Orbital_Insertion_Date =
Launch = September 27, 2003
Launch_Vehicle = Ariane 5
Decay =
Mission_Duration = 3 years
NSSDC_ID = 2003-043C
Webpage = [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/index.html SMART-1]
Mass = 367 kg (809 lb)
Power =
Orbital_elements =
Semimajor_Axis =
Eccentricity =
Inclination =
Orbital_Period =
Apoapsis =
Periapsis =
Orbits =

SMART-1 was a Swedish-designed European Space Agency satellite that orbited around the Moon. It was launched on 27 September, 2003 at 23:14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. "SMART" stands for Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology. On September 3, 2006 (05:42 UTC), SMART-1 was deliberately crashed into the Moon's surface, ending its mission. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5309656.stm BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Probe crashes into Moon's surface ] ]

pacecraft design

SMART-1 was about one metre (approximately 100 centimeters) across, and lightweight in comparison to other probes. Its launch mass was 367 kg or 809 pounds, of which 287 kg (633 lb) was non-propellant.

It was propelled by a solar-powered Hall effect thruster (Snecma PPS-1350-G) using xenon propellant, of which there was 82 kg (50 litres by volume at a pressure of 150 bar) at launch. The thrusters used an electrostatic field to ionize the xenon and accelerate the ions to a high speed. This ion engine setup achieved a specific impulse of 16.1 kN·s/kg (1,640 seconds), more than three times the maximum for chemical rockets. Therefore 1 kg of propellant (1/350 to 1/300 of the total mass of the spacecraft) produced a delta-v of about 45 m/s. The thruster had a weight of 29 kg with a peak power consumption of 1,200 watts. [cite journal|journal=Acta Astronautica|volume= 55|year= 2004|pages= 121 – 130|title= Accommodating electric propulsion on SMART-1 |author=Kugelberg J., Bodin P., Persson S., Rathsman P.|doi= 10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.04.003]

The solar arrays made 1,190 W available for powering the thruster, giving a nominal thrust of 68 mN, hence an acceleration of 0.2 mm/s² or 0.7 m/s per hour (i.e., just under 0.00002 "g" of acceleration). As for all ion-engine powered craft, orbital maneuvers were not carried out in short bursts but very gradually. The particular trajectory taken by SMART-1 to the Moon required thrusting for about one third to one half of every orbit. When spiralling away from the Earth thrusting was done on the perigee part of the orbit. The total delta-v expected over the thrusting lifetime of 5,000 hours is about 4 km/s, corresponding to a total impulse of 1.5 MN·s.

As part of the European Space Agency's strategy to build very inexpensive and relatively small spaceships, the total cost of SMART-1 was a relatively small 110 million euros (about 170 million U.S. dollars).

SMART-1 was designed and developed by the Swedish Space Corporation [ [http://www.ssc.se/default.asp?groupid=2004121510349606 Swedish Space Corporation ] ] on behalf of ESA. Assembly of the spacecraft was carried out by Saab Space in Linköping. Tests of the spacecraft were directed by Swedish Space Corporation and executed by Saab Space.

The project manager at ESA was Giuseppe Racca and the project mananger at the Swedish Space Corporation was Peter Rathsman.

Mission

As a part of Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology, SMART-1 tested new spacecraft technologies. The primary objective of SMART-1 was to test the solar-powered ion thruster. A secondary objective was to gather more information about the Moon, such as how it was created. SMART-1 mapped the lunar surface by way of X-ray and infrared imaging, taking images from several different angles so that the Moon's surface can be mapped in three dimensions. It also determined the Moon's chemical composition using X-ray spectroscopy. A specific goal was to use infrared light to search for frozen water at the Moon's south pole, where some areas of the surface are never exposed to direct sunlight. SMART-1 also mapped the Moon's Peaks of Eternal Light (PELs), mountaintops which are permanently bathed in sunlight and surrounded by craters shaded in eternal darkness. SMART-1 also tested the use of miniaturized scientific instruments, which are considered more efficient.

SMART-1 ended its mission by being deliberately crashed onto the Moon's surface at Lunar coords and quad cat|34.24|S|46.12|W. Scientists hope that the impact will have kicked up a large enough quantity of fresh lunar "soil" so that they may study its composition.

Instruments

AMIE

The Advanced Moon micro-Imager Experiment was a miniature colour camera for lunar imaging. The CCD camera with three filters of 750, 900 and 950 nm was able to take images with an average pixel resolution of 80 m (about 260 ft). The camera weighed 2.1 kg (about 4.5 lb) and had a power consumption of 9 watts. [cite journal| title= Science objectives and first results from the SMART-1/AMIE multicolour micro-camera|author= Josset J. L., Beauvivre S., Cerroni P., De Sanctis M. C., Pinet P., Chevrel S., Langevin Y., Barucci M. A., Plancke P., Koschny D., Almeida M., Sodnik Z., Mancuso S., Hoffmann B. A., Muinonen K., Shevchenko V., Shkuratov Y., Ehrenfreund P., Foing B. H.|journal= Moon and Near-Earth Objects Advances in Space Science|volume=37|pages=14–20|year= 2006 ]

D-CIXS

The Demonstration of a Compact X-ray Spectrometer was an X-ray telescope for the identification of chemical elements on the lunar surface. It detected the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) of crystal compounds created through the interaction of the electron shell with the solar wind particles to measure the abundance of the three main components: magnesium, silicon and aluminium. The detection of iron, calcium and titanium depended on the solar activity. The detection range for x-rays was 0.5 to 10 keV. The spectrometer and XSM (described below) together weighed 5.2 kg and had a power consumption of 18 watts.

XSM

The X-ray solar monitor studied the solar variability to complement D-CIXS measurements.

IR

The Smart-1 Infrared Spectrometer was an infrared spectrometer for the identification of mineral spectra of olivine and pyroxene. It detected wave lengths from 0.93 to 2.4 µm with 256 channels. The package weighed 2.3 kg and had a power consumption of 4.1 watts. [cite journal| title= Scientific objectives and selection of targets for the SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer (SIR)|author= Basilevsky A. T., Keller H. U., Nathues A., Mall J., Hiesinger H., Rosiek M.|journal= Planetary and Space Science|volume= 52|pages= 1261–1285|year= 2004|doi=10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.002 ]

EPDP

The Electric Propulsion Diagnostic Package was to acquire data on the new propulsion system on SMART-1. The package weighed 0.8 kg and had a power consumption of 1.8 watts. [cite journal| author= Di Cara D. M., Estublier D.|title=Smart-1: An analysis of flight data |journal= Acta Astronautica| volume= 57 |issue= 2-8 |year= 2005| pages= 250–256|doi= 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.036 ]

PEDE

The Space Potential Electron and Dust Experiment. The experiment weighed 0.8 kg and had a power consumption of 1.8 watts. Its name was intentionally chosen so that its acronym is the same as the first name of Spede Pasanen, famous Finnish movie actor, movie producer, inventor etc.

KATE

K_a band TT&C (telemetry, tracking and control) Experiment. The experiment weighed 6.2 kg and had a power consumption of 26 watts.

Flight

SMART-1 was launched September 27, 2003 together with Insat 3E and eBird 1, by an Ariane 5 rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. After 42 minutes it was released into a geostationary transfer orbit of 7,035 × 42,223 km . From there it used its Solar Electric Primary Propulsion (SEPP) to gradually spiral out during thirteen months.

The orbit can be seen up to October 26, 2004 at [http://www.moontoday.net/news/viewsr.html?pid=14345 moontoday.net] , when the orbit was 179,718 × 305,214 km. On that date, after the 289th engine pulse, the SEPP had accumulated a total on-time of nearly 3,648 hours out of a total flight time of 8,000 hours, hence a little less than half of its total mission. It consumed about 58.8 kg of xenon and produced a delta-v of 2,737 m/s (46.5 m/s per kg xenon, 0.75 m/s per hour on-time). It was powered on again on November 15 for a planned burn of 4.5 days to enter fully into lunar orbit. It took until February 2005 using the electric thruster to decelerate into the final orbit 300-3,000 km above the Moon's surface. [cite journal| author = Rathsman P., Kugelberg J., Bodin P., Racca G. D., , Foing B., Stagnaro|title= SMART-1: Development and lessons learnt| journal= Acta Astronautica
volume= 57 |issue= 2-8 | year= 2005| pages= 455–468| doi= 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.041 ]

*September 27, 2003: SMART-1 launched from the European Spaceport in Kourou by an Ariane 5 launcher.
*June 17, 2004: SMART-1 took a test image of Earth with the camera that would later be used for Moon closeup pictures. It shows parts of Europe and Africa. It was taken on May 21 with the AMIE camera.
*November 2, 2004: Last perigee of Earth orbit.
*November 15, 2004: First perilune of lunar orbit.
*January 15, 2005: Calcium detected in Mare Crisium.
*January 26, 2005: First close up pictures of the lunar surface sent back.
*February 27, 2005: Reached final orbit around the Moon with an orbital period of about 5 hours.
*April 15, 2005: The search for PELs begins.
*September 3, 2006: Mission ends with a planned crash into the Moon during orbit number 2,890. [ [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMV386LARE_0.html ESA - SMART-1 - Intense final hours for SMART-1 ] ]

ee also

*List of artificial objects on the Moon

References

*Kaydash V., Kreslavsky M., Shkuratov Yu., Gerasimenko S., Pinet P., Chevrel S., Josset J.-L., Beauvivre S., Almeida M., Foing B. (2007). "PHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED LUNAR SITES BY SMART-1 AMIE DATA". "Lunar Planetary Science, XXXVIII," abstract 1535, http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1535.pdf] .

External links

* [http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/ SMART-1 official website]
* [http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=10 ESA SMART-1 scientific website]
* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=SMART-1 SMART-1 Mission Profile] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
* [http://viva-fizika.org/content.php?article.21 SMART 1 on Serbian science portal Viva fizika]
* [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/newsletters/lpib/lpib101.pdf SMART-1, Europe at the Moon]