Eta Corvi

η Corvi

An artists conception of many Kuiper Belt objects and comets flying through the Eta Corvi system and producing a Late Heavy Bombardment.
Observation data Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation	Corvus
Right ascension	12h 32m 04.2270s[1]
Declination	−16° 11′ 45.627″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V)	4.31[1]
Characteristics
Spectral type	F2 V[1]
U−B color index	+0.00[1]
B−V color index	+0.38[1]
R−I color index	+0.18[2]
Variable type	Suspected[3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	−3.5 ± 2[1] km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: −424.37[1] mas/yr Dec.: −58.41[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)	54.92 ± 0.66[1] mas
Distance	59.4 ± 0.7 ly (18.2 ± 0.2 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)	2.99[4]
Details
Mass	1.43 ± 0.05[4] M☉
Radius	1.2[5] R☉
Temperature	6700[4] K
Metallicity	[Fe/H] = −0.03[4]
Rotational velocity (v sin i)	68 ± 2[6] km/s
Age	1.5 (1.1 to 1.7) × 109  [4] years
Other designations
η Crv, Eta Corvi, Eta Crv, 8 Corvi, 8 Crv, BD−15°3489, GC 17087, GJ 471.2, GJ 9411, HD 109085, HIP 61174, HR 4775, LTT 4755, NLTT 31021, PPM 225971, SAO 157345.[1]
Database references
SIMBAD	data
ARICNS	data

Eta Corvi (Eta Crv, η Corvi, η Crv) is an F-type main sequence star, the sixth-brightest star in the constellation of Corvus.^[1][7] Two debris disks have been detected orbiting this star, one warm within a few AU and another out at ~150 AU.^[8][9]

Properties

This star is about 40% more massive than the Sun but is only about 30% of the Sun's age. The concentration of iron in its atmosphere is only about 93% that of the Sun's.^[4] The projected rotational velocity at the equator (v sin i) is a brisk 68 km/s.^[6]

The IRAS satellite detected an excess of infrared radiation from this star, beyond what would normally be expected for a stellar object of this class.^[10] Observations in the submillimetre band confirmed the presence of excess dust in orbit around the star having about 60% of the mass of the Moon and a temperature of 80 K. The data indicated a debris disk with an estimated maximum radius of 180 A.U. from the star, or 180 times the separation of the Earth and the Sun.^[11] (Compare to the Kuiper belt, which extends out to 55 A.U. from the Sun.)

Recent submillimeter observations confirm the presence of an outer flat, circumstellar disk of debris with an outer radius of 150 A.U. It is oriented at an inclination to the line of sight from the Earth. Most of the inner 100 A.U. of the disk is relatively free of material, which suggests it was cleared away by a planetary system.^[8] In addition, infrared radiation which appears to be from an inner, hotter, debris disk within 3.5 AU of the star has been observed.^[9]

Since the Poynting-Robertson effect would cause the dust in the outer disk to spiral in to the star within 20 million years, much younger than the age of the system, the observed presence of dust in the outer disk means that it must be constantly replenished. It is thought that this happens by the collisions of planetesimals orbiting at a distance of about 150 A.U., which are repeatedly broken down into smaller and smaller pieces, eventually becoming dust.^[8] The origin of the inner disk is not clear. It may have originated from planetesimals recently having moved from the outer regions of the system into the inner system, in a process similar to the Late Heavy Bombardment in the history of the Solar System, and subsequently being ground to dust by collisions.^[12]

The Eta Corvi system^[8][9]

Companion (in order from star)	Mass	Semimajor axis (AU)	Orbital period (years)	Eccentricity
Dust disk	< 3.5 AU
Dust disk	100–150 AU

Water- and Organics-rich Habitable Zone Dust possibly from a Late Heavy Bombardment

In 2010-2011, Dr. Carey Lisse of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and his group ^[13] analyzed the Spitzer IRS 5 – 35 μm spectrum of the warm, ~360K circumstellar dust and found that it showed clear evidence for warm, water- and carbon-rich dust at ~ 3 AU from the central star, in the system’s habitable zone, uncoupled and in a separate reservoir from the system’s extended sub-mm dust ring at 150 ± 20 AU. Spectral features similar in kind and amplitude to those found for ultra-primitive, (i.e., formed very early in the lifetime of the Eta Corvi system) ~10 Myr old cometary material were found (water ice & gas, olivines & pyroxenes, amorphous carbon and metal sulfides), in addition to emissions due to impact produced silica and high temperature/pressure carbonaceous phases. The warm dust is very primitive, and definitely not from an asteroidal parent body. A large amount, at least 3 x 10¹⁹ kg, of 0.1 – 1000 µm warm dust is present, in a roughly collisional equilibrium distribution with dn/da ~ a^-3.5. This is the equivalent of a 160 km radius large Centaur or medium sized Kuiper Belt object of 1.0 g cm^-3 density or a “comet” of 260 km radius and 0.40 g cm^-3 density. The warm dust mass is much larger than that of a solar system comet (10¹² – 10¹⁵ kg), but is very similar to the mass of a Kuiper Belt object (10¹⁹ – 10²¹ kg). The amount of water tied up in the observed material, ~10¹⁹ kg, is > 0.1% of the water in the Earth’s oceans, & the amount of carbon is also considerable, ~10¹⁸ kg.

The team found that the best model for what is going on is that some process (e.g., planetary migration) is dynamically exciting the Eta Corvi-equivalent of our solar system's Kuiper Belt (KB), causing frequent collisions amongst Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) and producing the observed copious KB dust. As part of this process, one or more of the excited KBOs was scattered onto an orbit that sent it into the inner system, where it collided with a planetary-class body at ~3 AU, releasing a large amount of thermally unprocessed, primitive ice and carbon-rich dust. Their analysis suggests that the system is likely a good analogue for the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) processes that occurred in the early Solar System at 0.6 – 0.8 Gyr after the formation of the Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (minerals such as olivines that are among the first solids condensed from the cooling protoplanetary disk) and is thus worthy of further detailed study in order to understand the nature of our LHB. It is also a good system to perform a search for a rocky planetary body at ~3 AU (the impactee), and for a giant planet at ~115 AU (the KB dynamical stirrer at ~ the 3:2 resonance of the KB dust at 150 AU).

Name

In Chinese astronomy, Eta Corvi is called 左轄, Pinyin: Zuǒxiá, meaning Left Linchpin, because this star is marking itself and stand alone in Left Linchpin asterism, Chariot mansion (see : Chinese constellation).^[14] 左轄 (Zuǒxiá), westernized into Tso Hea, but the name Tso Hea was designated for β Corvi (Kraz) by R.H. Allen.^[15]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} "SIMBAD query result: NSV 5690 -- Variable Star". Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=HD+109085. Retrieved 2008-11-19. 
2. ^ HR 4775, database entry, The Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version), D. Hoffleit and W. H. Warren, Jr., CDS ID V/50. Accessed on line November 19, 2008.
3. ^ NSV 5690, database entry, New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars, the improved version, Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia. Accessed on line November 19, 2008.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} HD 109085, database entry, The Geneva-Copenhagen Survey of Solar neighbourhood, J. Holmberg et al., 2007, CDS ID V/117A. Accessed on line November 19, 2008. Also, see Nordström, B.; Mayor, M.; Andersen, J.; Holmberg, J.; Pont, F.; Jørgensen, B. R.; Olsen, E. H.; Udry, S.; Mowlavi, N. (2004). "The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood: Ages, metallicities and kinematic properties of ~14,000 F and G dwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics 418 (3): 989–1019. arXiv:astro-ph/0405198. Bibcode 2004A&A...418..989N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035959. 
5. ^ HD 109085, database entry, Catalog of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS), 3rd edition, L. E. Pasinetti-Fracassini, L. Pastori, S. Covino, and A. Pozzi, CDS ID II/224. Accessed on line November 19, 2008.
6. ^ ^{a b} A. Mora et al. (2001). "EXPORT: Spectral classification and projected rotational velocities of Vega-type and pre-main sequence stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 378 (1): 116–131. Bibcode 2001A&A...378..116M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011098. 
7. ^ Eta Corvi, Stars, Jim Kaler. Accessed on line November 19, 2008.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Wyatt, M. C.; Greaves, J. S.; Dent, W. R. F.; Coulson, I. M. (2005). "Submillimeter Images of a Dusty Kuiper Belt around η Corvi". The Astrophysical Journal 620 (1): 492–500. arXiv:astro-ph/0411061. Bibcode 2005ApJ...620..492W. doi:10.1086/426929. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/620/1/492/60638.html. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
9. ^ ^{a b c} The nature of mid-infrared excesses from hot dust around Sun-like stars, R. Smith, M. C. Wyatt, and W. R. F. Dent, Astronomy and Astrophysics 485, #3 (July 2008), pp. 897–915, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078719, Bibcode: 2008A&A...485..897S.
10. ^ Stencel, Robert E.; Backman, Dana E. (1991). "A survey for infrared excesses among high galactic latitude SAO stars". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 75: 905–924. Bibcode 1991ApJS...75..905S. doi:10.1086/191553. 
11. ^ Sheret, I.; Dent, W. R. F.; Wyatt, M. C. (2004). "Submillimetre observations and modelling of Vega-type stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 348 (4): 1282–1294. arXiv:astro-ph/0311593. Bibcode 2004MNRAS.348.1282S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07448.x. 
12. ^ §4, Transience of Hot Dust around Sun-like Stars, M. C. Wyatt, R. Smith, J. S. Greaves, C. A. Beichman, G. Bryden, and C. M. Lisse, Astrophysical Journal 658, #1 (March 20, 2007), pp. 569–583, doi:10.1086/510999, Bibcode: 2007ApJ...658..569W.
13. ^ Lisse, C. M; Wyatt, M. C; Chen, C. H; Morlok, A; Watson, D. M; Manoj, P; Sheehan, P; Currie, T. M et al. (2011). "Spitzer Evidence for a Late Heavy Bombardment and the Formation of Urelites in η Corvi at ~1 Gyr". ArXiv e-prints. arXiv:1110.4172. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011arXiv1110.4172L. 
14. ^ (Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 22 日
15. ^ Richard Hinckley Allen: Star Names — Their Lore and Meaning: Corvus

External links

• Kaler, James B.. "Eta Corvi". University of Illinois. http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/etacrv.html. Retrieved 2006-08-10.